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Which histones get released during NETosis?

Protein subunit

Influenza A virus

Histone citrullination

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Histones H3 and H4 are released during NETosis .

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Host DNA released by NETosis in neutrophils exposed to seasonal H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Louisa L. Y. Chan, John M. Nicholls, J. S. Malik Peiris, Yu-Lung Lau, Michael C. W. Chan, Renee W. Y. Chan, Renee W. Y. Chan - Show less +6 more 23 Jun 2020-Respiratory Research 13 Citations	The paper does not mention specifically which histones get released during NETosis.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI S100A11 (calgizzarin) is released via NETosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and stimulates IL-6 and TNF secretion by neutrophils. Adéla Navrátilová, Viktor Bečvář, J. Baloun, Dres Damgaard, Claus Henrik Nielsen, David Veigl, Karel Pavelka, Jiří Vencovský, Ladislav Šenolt, Lucie Andrés Cerezo - Show less +9 more 16 Mar 2021-Scientific Reports 11 Citations	The paper does not mention specifically which histones get released during NETosis.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Opposition between PKC isoforms regulates histone deimination and neutrophil extracellular chromatin release. Indira Neeli, Marko Z. Radic - Show less +1 more 20 Feb 2013-Frontiers in Immunology 207 Citations	The paper does not provide information about which specific histones get released during NETosis.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Knotting the NETs: analyzing histone modifications in neutrophil extracellular traps. Indira Neeli, Marko Z. Radic - Show less +1 more 06 Apr 2012-Arthritis Research & Therapy 32 Citations	The paper does not explicitly mention which histones get released during NETosis.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Histones released by NETosis enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 by bridging the spike protein subunit 2 and sialic acid on host cells Weiqi Hong, Jingyun Yang, Jun Zou, Zhenfei Bi, Cai He, Hong Lei, Xuemei He, Xia Li, Aqu Alu, Wen Ren, Zigeng Wang, Xiaohua Jiang, Kunhong Zhong, Guowen Jia, Yun jeong Yang, Wenhai Yu, Q. Huang, Mengli Yang, Yanan Zhou, Yuan Zhao, Dexuan Kuang, Junbin Wang, Haixuan Wang, Siyuan Chen, Min Luo, Ziqi Zhang, Tianqi Lu, Li Chen, Ha Thanh Que, Zhiyao He, Q. Sun, Wei Wang, Guobo Shen, Guangwen Lu, Zhi Wei Zhao, Li Yang, Jinliang Yang, Zhenling Wang, Jiong Li, Lunzhi Dai, Chong Chen, Jianhua Geng, Maling Gou, Lu Chen, Haohao Dong, Yong Peng, Canhua Huang, Zhiyong Qian, Wei Chen, Changfa Fan, Yuquan Wei, Zhaoming Su, Aiping Tong, Shuaiyao Lu, Xiaozhong Peng, Xiawei Wei - Show less +55 more 10 Mar 2022-Cellular & Molecular Immunology 15 Citations	The paper does not mention specifically which histones get released during NETosis.

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How do histone decrotonylation reinforce HIV latency?5 answersHistone decrotonylation reinforces HIV latency by reprogramming the local chromatin at the HIV long-terminal repeat (LTR) through increased histone acetylation and reduced histone methylation. This epigenetic modification of the HIV LTR, histone crotonylation, is regulated by the crotonyl-CoA-producing enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2). Reactivation of latent HIV can be achieved by inducing histone crotonylation through increased expression of ACSS2, leading to increased histone acetylation and decreased histone methylation at the HIV LTR. Inhibition or knockdown of ACSS2 diminishes histone crotonylation-induced HIV replication and reactivation. Additionally, histone decrotonylation induced by ACSS2 is highly synergistic with protein kinase C agonists or histone deacetylase inhibitors in reactivating latent HIV. This study identifies histone lysine crotonylation as a novel epigenetic regulator for HIV transcription that can be targeted for HIV eradication.

What are histone modifications?5 answersHistone modifications are chemical changes to the amino acid residues of histone proteins that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These modifications include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and many others. They form a "histone code" that can be used as an epigenetic marker and play a crucial role in various cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and chromosome segregation. Histone-modifying enzymes, such as histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and histone methyltransferases (KMTs), add or remove these modifications, thereby altering the functional profile of the epigenome. Understanding the role of histone post-translational modifications is important for preventing and treating human diseases, including cancer.

Does heparin can cleaved extracellular histones?4 answersHeparin has been shown to neutralize the pathologic effects of extracellular histones in vitro and in animal models. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) binds histones and neutralizes their cytotoxicity. Heparin, as well as selectively desulfated heparins, can attenuate the activities of histones and reduce histone-induced inflammatory markers. Heparin and chondroitin sulfate (CS) both bind to extracellular histones and inhibit their cytotoxicity. UFH treatment decreased the levels of circulating histones and alleviated intestinal microvascular endothelial injuries in endotoxemic rats. UFH protected the microcirculation of the intestinal serosa and mucosa in endotoxemic rats. UFH attenuated microcirculatory dysfunction in endotoxemic rats by antagonizing extracellular histones. CS can be a novel agent for lethal thrombosis with the risk for hemorrhage. CS showed less effect on the coagulation system than heparin did. Heparin and selectively desulfated heparin reduced histone-induced inflammatory markers.

What histones are released during NETosis?4 answersHistones H3 and H4 are released during NETosis.

List out the pathways involved in Lung injury and NETosis?5 answersLung injury and NETosis involve multiple pathways. Cutaneous chemical burns can promote lung injury through the activation of neutrophils and the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In sepsis, CXCR1/2 signaling induces NET formation, which contributes to thrombosis and organ injury. The immunoreceptor GPVI plays a key role in pulmonary thrombo-inflammation and neutrophil recruitment, PNC-formation, and NETosis in acute lung injury (ALI). NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils is linked to the generation of NETs, which can enhance host defense but also contribute to inflammatory injury. NETosis is involved in the pathogenesis of various organ injuries, including the brain, lung, heart, kidney, musculoskeletal system, gut, and reproductive system.

Where are B cells released?3 answers

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