Showing papers on "Accommodation published in 2005"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted interviews with 19 hosts and 30 guests at boutique accommodation establishments in Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand and highlighted the emotive aspects of the experiences gained by guests and revealed five key experiential dimensions that are seen as important to the success of boutique accommodation product: unique character, personalized, homely, quality and value added.
Abstract: There has been increased attention given in the tourism literature to the experiential consumption of tourism. This article addresses the lack of attention in previous studies to the experiential nature of accommodation products, especially with regard to boutique or specialist accommodation. Attention to tourists’ experiences with accommodation is essential for determining guest satisfaction and the personal benefits that guests derive from their stay. In-depth interviews with 19 hosts and 30 guests at boutique accommodation establishments in Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand highlighted the emotive aspects of the experiences gained by guests and revealed five key experiential dimensions that are seen as important to the success of boutique accommodation product: unique character, personalized, homely, quality, and value added. Ways in which the experiential qualities offered by boutique accommodation are perceived to differ from that provided by other traditional and specialist types of accommod...
264 citations
TL;DR: This paper finds that the context of design inscribed into e-government systems in both explicit and implicit ways can produce a mismatch with the context in which it is deployed, which creates a contextual collision that can often lead to e- government failure.
Abstract: e-Government is a global project of technology transfer taking designs from one context into a different context. Using examples of ‘e-transparency’ projects, this paper finds that the context of design inscribed into e-government systems in both explicit and implicit ways can produce a mismatch with the context in which it is deployed. This creates a contextual collision that can often lead to e-government failure. In other cases, there is some form of accommodation between the two contexts: users may appropriate inscribed elements to their own purposes or there may even be a reciprocating accommodation leading to a viable system. Factors that shape either failure or accommodation are identified, as are the networks of interests that determine the design inscription and deployment accommodation processes. Conclusions are drawn about policy on e-government project design and development of e-government capacities; and about the relevance of developing/transitional economy cases for the literature on the sociology of technology.
231 citations
TL;DR: Focusing on non-invasive in vivo human imaging technologies, including Scheimpflug photography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the data suggest that the human uveal tract acts as a unit in response to age-related increasing lens thickness and strongly implicates lifelong lens growth as the causal factor in the development of presbyopia.
169 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the one-to-one stimulus/response slope in accommodation function should not always be considered as ideal, because higher order aberrations, especially changes of spherical aberration, may influence the actual accommodative demand.
Abstract: It is well accepted that the accommodation system is characterized by steady-state errors in focus. The purpose of this study was to correlate these errors with changes in ocular wavefront aberration and corresponding image quality when accommodating. A wavefront analyzing system, the Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System (COAS), was used in conjunction with a Badal optometer to allow continuous recording of the aberration structure of the eye for a range of accommodative demands (up to 8 D). Fifty consecutive recordings from seven subjects were taken. Monocular accommodative response was calculated as (i) the equivalent refraction minimizing wavefront error and (ii) the defocus needed to optimize the modulation transfer function at high spatial frequencies. Previously reported changes in ocular aberrations with accommodation (e.g., the shift of spherical aberration to negative values) were confirmed. Increased accommodation errors for near targets (lags) were evident for all subjects, although their magnitude showed a significant intersubject variability. It is concluded that the one-to-one stimulus/response slope in accommodation function should not always be considered as ideal, because higher order aberrations, especially changes of spherical aberration, may influence the actual accommodative demand. Fluctuations may serve to preserve image quality when errors of accommodation are moderate, by temporarily searching for the best focus.
159 citations
TL;DR: The focus group discussion identified four main areas that influence the selection of hotel accommodation, those of: location, price, facilities and cleanliness as mentioned in this paper, and a much higher awareness of the importance of these factors and how different circumstances influenced the selection than anticipated from previous research.
Abstract: – To investigate the factors that influence the selection of hotel accommodation by guests. Much of the previous research into this topic used a variety of closed and open question surveys., – This research was conducted using four focus groups utilizing a modified nominal group approach. It was found that the use of focus group discussion greatly assisted in producing depth of insight into the research question. TextSmart™, a content analysis software tool, was used for the analysis of the focus group data, which allowed for a visual “Spacial Map” analysis of the discussion., – The focus group discussion identified four main areas that influence the selection of hotel accommodation, those of: location, price, facilities and cleanliness. There was a much higher awareness of the importance of these factors and how different circumstances influence the selection than anticipated from previous research., – Although there are clearly limitations in relation to the number and size of the focus groups, and that the research was only conducted in New Zealand, it does begin to move current research into a new direction., – This research further explains guest selection, identifying trigger points which indicate areas where practitioners may apply strategic decision making, so that resources can be best utilized., – The use of focus groups to further develop current understanding of the factors influencing the selection of guest accommodation.
148 citations
TL;DR: Current research on extended time testing, particularly the implications of ETTA for assessment, is discussed, with a focus on students with learning disabilities.
Abstract: Several pieces of legislation, most recently No Child Left Behind, hinge on effective assessment of students with disabilities. Mandated inclusion and mandated accountability for progress raises many interesting questions regarding how to fairly, effectively, and validly perform assessments on students with disabilities. The purpose of this article is to summarize and discuss current research on extended time testing, particularly the implications of ETTA for assessment. Research indicates that in regard to students with learning disabilities practitioners and researchers need (a) to find ways to provide realistic, not inflated, estimates of a student’s ability, (b) to determine if test instruments are suitable for use with students with learning disabilities, (c) to consider whether students with learning disabilities were included in the normative and validation samples, (d) to know that scores from accommodated assessments should be tentative, and (e) to weigh whether scores from assessments that are not validated are more useful than information available from other sources.
133 citations
01 Jun 2005
TL;DR: The authors investigate the validity of a model of the implementation of structural language change which is intricately linked to verbal communication in face-to-face situations, and discuss the available evidence for Niedzielski and Giles' claim that "accommodation theory should be one of the major frameworks to which researchers in language change should turn".
Abstract: Introduction In this chapter, we will discuss the available evidence for Niedzielski and Giles' claim that ‘accommodation theory should be one of the major frameworks to which researchers in language change should turn’ (1996: 338). We will investigate the validity of a model of the implementation of structural language change which is intricately linked to verbal communication in face-to-face situations, and which, if only for this reason, is highly appealing. In its prototypical version, the model stipulates the following (hierarchically ordered) components. 1st component . In face-to-face communication between speakers with more traditional speech habits and those who use an innovative form, the former accommodates to the linguistic behaviour of the latter. Accommodation may consist of either the adoption of the new feature and/or the abandonment of the older one(s). It is the first case which may, in the long run, lead to the expansion of the innovation in geographical and social space. Thus, interpersonal accommodation is seen as the root of any structural convergence or advergence (as it should more correctly be called since in the prototypical case it is unilateral). However, interpersonal accommodation does not always lead to language change, since it is restricted to the interactional episode at hand, i.e. it does not always have a lasting effect on the accommodating speaker's linguistic ‘habits’. In order to have such an effect, two further steps are necessary. 2nd component . Short-term accommodation becomes long-term accommodation as soon as it permanently affects the accommodating speakers.
110 citations
TL;DR: Eye preference seems to be essentially reflected by eyedness, sighting dominance, and stereoscopic prevalence, but largely unrelated to fixation disparity, accommodation, and visual acuity.
Abstract: Eye preference refers to an asymmetric use of the two eyes, but it does not imply a unitary asymmetry between the eyes. Many different methods are used to assess eye preference, including eyedness questionnaires and sighting tasks that require binocular and monocular alignment of a target through a hole in the middle of a card or funnel. The results of these coarse accounts of eye preference are useful as a first screening, but do not allow for graded quantification of the manifested asymmetry in binocular vision. Moreover, they often concern only a rather selective range of binocular functions. The aim of the present study was to further differentiate eye preference within the context of other binocular functions as measured in standard optometric tests, and to validate their relation to questionnaire data of eyedness. Conventional accounts of eye preference (German adaptation of Coren’s questionnaire and a sighting task) were compared with various optometric tests of binocular function within a sample of 103 subjects. Examination included visual acuity and accommodation in each eye, stereoscopic prevalence, suppression due to binocular rivalry, fixation disparity (Mallett test). Sighting dominance was leftward in 32% and rightward in 68% of the cases and was highly correlated (Kendall’s τb=0.70) with eyedness. Further significant associations were restricted to stereoscopic prevalence which correlated with sighting dominance (τb=0.55), eyedness (τb=0.50), and rivalry dominance (τb=0.28). Eye preference seems to be essentially reflected by eyedness, sighting dominance, and stereoscopic prevalence, but largely unrelated to fixation disparity, accommodation, and visual acuity.
86 citations
TL;DR: Under binocular viewing conditions, myopic children when viewing the target through fully correcting glasses tend to show larger lag of accommodation than emmetropic children, but the lags of accommodation are usually reduced by their spectacle undercorrection.
81 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that corrected myopes do not experience dioptric blur levels that are substantially different from emmetropes when they view free space targets.
Abstract: Purpose Decreased blur-sensitivity found in myopia has been linked with reduced accommodation responses and myopigenesis Although the mechanism for myopia progression remains unclear, it is commonly known that myopic patients rarely report near visual symptoms and are generally very sensitive to small changes in their distance prescription This experiment investigated the effect of monocular and binocular viewing on static and dynamic accommodation in emmetropes and myopes for real targets to monitor whether inaccuracies in the myopic accommodation response are maintained when a full set of visual cues, including size and disparity, is available Methods Monocular and binocular steady-state accommodation responses were measured with a Canon R1 autorefractor for target vergences ranging from 0-5 D in emmetropes (EMM), late-onset myopes (LOM), and early-onset myopes (EOM) Dynamic closed-loop accommodation responses for a stationary target at 025 m and step stimuli of two different magnitudes were recorded for both monocular and binocular viewing Results All refractive groups showed similar accommodation stimulus response curves consistent with previously published data Viewing a stationary near target monocularly, LOMs demonstrated slightly larger accommodation microfluctuations compared with EMMs and EOMs; however, this difference was absent under binocular viewing conditions Dynamic accommodation step responses revealed significantly (p < 005) longer response times for the myopic subject groups for a number of step stimuli No significant difference in either reaction time or the number of correct responses for a given number of step-vergence changes was found between the myopic groups and EMMs Conclusion When viewing real targets with size and disparity cues available, no significant differences in the accuracy of static and dynamic accommodation responses were found among EMM, EOM, and LOM The results suggest that corrected myopes do not experience dioptric blur levels that are substantially different from emmetropes when they view free space targets
81 citations
TL;DR: The examination of a mono‐focal lens showed that a correction lens having the appropriate refractive power and conditions for presenting stereoscopic 3‐D images clearly reduces the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence.
Abstract: — This paper describes a method for reducing the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence when viewing stereoscopic 3-D images. The method uses a newly developed stereoscopic 3-D display system with a telecentric optical system and a mobile LCD. The examination of a mono-focal lens showed that a correction lens having the appropriate refractive power and conditions for presenting stereoscopic 3-D images clearly reduces the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The authors also developed a stereoscopic 3-D display that uses dynamic optical correction to reduce the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The display equalizes the theoretical points of accommodation and convergence. The purpose of the development was to expand the regeneration range of a stereoscopic 3-D image having the appropriate accommodation. An evaluation of the developed display showed that it resolves the discrepancy between convergence and accommodation.
Patent•
01 May 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a haptics system for self-anchoring implantation in a human eye's annular ciliary sulcus for retaining an intraocular lens at a desired position along the human visual axis, and an accommodation measurement implant for determining accommodation and accommodation forces in an experimental set-up including an animal's eye.
Abstract: The present invention pertains to accommodating intraocular lens (AIOL) assemblies including a haptics system for self-anchoring implantation in a human eye's annular ciliary sulcus for retaining an AIOL at a desired position along the human eye's visual axis, and an accommodation measurement implant (AMI) for determining accommodation and accommodation forces in an experimental set-up including an animal's eye.
TL;DR: The pupil response is more closely associated with accommodation than with disaccommodation, and the amount of pupil change per dioptre of refractive change was invariant with various amplitudes ofRefractive change.
TL;DR: It was found that equal periods of myopic and hyperopic defocus generally led to compensatory hyperopia, showing that myopicdefocus had a disproportionate effect, and the degree of hyperopia depended on the frequency of alternation: low frequencies resulted in morehyperopia, whereas at high frequencies the myopic-hyperopic relationship nearly cancelled each other.
Patent•
20 May 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the combination of distance vision and near vision in a patient can be improved, often based on input patient parameters such as pupil size, residual accommodation, and power need.
Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems establish an optical surface shape that mitigates or treats presbyopia in a particular patient. The combination of distance vision and near vision in a patient can be improved, often based on input patient parameters such as pupil size, residual accommodation, and power need. Iterative optimization may generate a customized corrective optical shape for the patient. Threshold residual accommodation is established for presbyopia treatment.
TL;DR: The literature reveals that there has tended to be an assumption that patients will progress from high (er) to low(er) levels of supported accommodation over time, thereby marginalising the needs of a core group of people with particularly challenging behaviour who require long-term, permanent accommodation with high levels of support.
Abstract: This paper discusses the findings of a scoping study that aimed to explore evidence relating to models of good practice with regard to accommodation and related services for people with mental health problems in the UK. The literature reveals that there has tended to be an assumption that patients will progress from high(er) to low(er) levels of supported accommodation over time, thereby marginalising the needs of a core group of people with particularly challenging behaviour who require long-term, permanent accommodation with high levels of support. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the scoping study for current UK policies towards those with mental health problems.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe telework and its use as an accommodation for employees with disabilities, as well as potential barriers to using telework as a form of accommodation for people with disabilities.
Abstract: This article describes telework and its use as an accommodation for employees with disabilities. Potential barriers to using telework as an accommodation are presented, as well as potential funding sources for technology. Two case studies of successful accommodation through telework are presented.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) advocated by Checkland and Scholes (1990) has considerable potential. as discussed by the authors argues that SSM can enable managers and others to address problem situations holistically, identify critical issues, and reach an accommodation of different viewpoints as a basis for improvement.
Abstract: The Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) advocated by Checkland and Scholes (1990) has considerable potential. It can provide policy makers, professionals, and managers in complex health organisations with a valuable addition to management approaches leading to practical improvements through innovative organisational change. With reference to the English National Health Service (NHS), this author argues that SSM can enable managers and others to address problem situations holistically, identify critical issues, and reach an accommodation of different viewpoints as a basis for improvement. The SSM approach can usefully compliment strategic frameworks, such as the Balanced Scorecard, in achieving clarity of thinking about performance and change issues'.
18 Mar 2005
TL;DR: Compared to a normal, fixed-distance display, observers showed improved stereoscopic performance in different psychophysical tasks including speed of fusing stereoscopic images, precision of depth discrimination, and accuracy of perceived depth estimates.
Abstract: Focus cues specify inappropriate 3-D scene parameters in conventional displays because the light comes from a single surface, independent of the depth relations in the portrayed scene. This can lead to distortions in perceived depth, as well as discomfort and fatigue due to the differing demands on accommodation and vergence. Here we examine the efficacy of a stereo-display prototype designed to minimize these problems by using multiple image planes to present near-correct focus cues. Each eye's view is the sum of several images presented at different focal distances. Image intensities are assigned based on the dioptric distance of each image plane from the portrayed object, determined along visual lines. The stimulus to accommodation is more consistent with the portrayed depth than with conventional displays, but it still differs from the stimulus in equivalent real scenes. Compared to a normal, fixed-distance display, observers showed improved stereoscopic performance in different psychophysical tasks including speed of fusing stereoscopic images, precision of depth discrimination, and accuracy of perceived depth estimates. The multiple image-planes approach provides a practical solution for some shortcomings of conventional displays.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The aim of the current work was to extend previously created finite element models of accommodation such as the one by BURD by addition of vitreous by creating a zonule that consisted of anterior and central parts.
Abstract: The aim of the current work was to extend previously created finite element models of accommodation such as the one by BURD [2] by addition of vitreous. The zonule consisted of anterior and central ...
Book•
01 May 2005
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: The impact of climate change on tourism has been examined in terms of changes in a destinations climate; the impact of ancillary effects such as sea-level rise has been neglected as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The impact of climate change on tourism has been examined in terms of changes in a destinations climate; the impact of ancillary effects such as sea-level rise has been neglected. In this study the role that coastal and other landscape features have on the attractiveness of tourist destinations is examined using the hedonic price technique. The average price of accommodation in the coastal districts of Schleswig-Holstein is explained using landscape and other characteristics of these districts. As the western coastline of Schleswig-Holstein is protected by dikes, adaptation measures as well as natural coastal features are represented in the data set. The analysis shows that an increase in the length of dikes in a given district would result in a reduction in the average price of accommodation. An increase in the length of open coast results in an increase in the average price of accommodation. The impact of sea-level rise is examined through an assessment of the financial losses in the accommodation sector through the modification of the coastline caused by the construction of different coastal protection measures. It was found that, purely in terms of accommodation revenues, beach nourishment rather than dike construction is the more beneficial adaptation measure.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the methodological framework and outlines the steps involved in the stated preference approach and a description of the fieldwork and the site where the study took place.
Abstract: This chapter reviews studies about the attributes of dormitories and other student-type accommodation. It presents the methodological framework, and outlines the steps involved in the stated preference approach and a description of the fieldwork and the site where the study took place. The environment-behavior discipline research aims to measure students’ preferences for various accommodation attributes and to determine if preferences differ between types of students. The chapter utilizes a stated preference approach to obtain the measures, thus demonstrating a method that is not well known yet in the environment-behavior literature, but that has become quite popular in related fields such as transportation, housing and marketing. Studies have looked at student preferences for particular room attributes. More insight into students' trade-offs between accommodation attributes could be helpful in the process of managing and designing student accommodation and in the development of optimal learning environments for students.
TL;DR: Induction of ametropia had no effect on lenticular spherical aberration in general and the crystalline lens contributes to refractive error changes of the eye both in the case of myopia and hyperopia.
Abstract: Our goal was to determine whether experimentally induced ametropias have an effect on lenticular accommodation and spherical aberration. Form-deprivation myopia and hyperopia were induced in one eye of hatchling chicks by application of a translucent goggle and +15 D lens, respectively. After 7 days, eyes were enucleated and lenses were optically scanned prior to accommodation, during accommodation, and after accommodation. Accommodation was induced by electrical stimulation of the ciliary nerve. Lenticular focal lengths for form-deprived eyes were significantly shorter than for their controls and accommodation-associated changes in focal length were significantly smaller in myopic eyes compared to their controls. For eyes imposed with +15 D blur, focal lengths were longer than those for their controls and accommodative changes were greater. Spherical aberration of the lens increased with accommodation in both form-deprived and lens-treated birds, but induction of ametropia had no effect on lenticular spherical aberration in general. Nonmonotonicity from lenticular spherical aberration increased during accommodation but effects of refractive error were equivocal. The crystalline lens contributes to refractive error changes of the eye both in the case of myopia and hyperopia. These changes are likely attributable to global changes in the size and shape of the eye.
TL;DR: It is suggested that accommodative relaxation by accommodative far point shift stimuli is effective in the reduction of asthenopia.
Abstract: .
Purpose: To conduct an experimental investigation of the effect of accommodative relaxation using far point shift stimuli for the reduction of asthenopia.
Methods: Twenty-two female students accommodated to a far point shift stimuli during a 2-min period immediately after a 15-min sustained task on a three-dimensional display. Before and after the trial, their accommodative step response and symptoms were assessed. The far point shift stimuli in the optical system, which were presented on a refractometer, were created by moving the target scenery images from far to near, lineally centred about the far point position of each eye. During 2 min of fixating on the far point shift stimuli, changes in refraction were recorded in the same eye.
Results: While looking at the far point shift stimuli, 10 of 22 subjects had changes in refraction that showed a hypermetropic shift, and the other 12 subjects had changes in refraction that showed a myopic shift. The time taken for the accommodative step response from far to near post-trial in the myopic shift group was markedly prolonged, and the accommodative lag at the far target in the optometer was significantly increased. In the myopic shift group, the symptoms of ‘eye fatigue’, ‘eye pain’, ‘eye heaviness’, and ‘eye dryness’ also increased after the trial. In the hyperopic shift group, however, only the symptom of ‘eye dryness’ increased, with no reduction of accommodation function.
Conclusions: We suggest that accommodative relaxation by accommodative far point shift stimuli is effective in the reduction of asthenopia.
TL;DR: Investigating the effect of the apparent depth of pictorial images on accommodation found perceptually‐based accommodation had only a secondary effect on the overall accommodative response level under naturalistic viewing conditions, with blur dominating.
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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, O'Malley clarifies adverse affect discrimination and suggests that a rule, although made in good faith, may discriminate "if it affects a person differently from others" under the Canadian Human Rights Act.
Abstract: Workers traditionally accommodated co-workers. But, as accommodation law developed, tensions emerged. In Meiorin: accommodation is the norm. Employers must eliminate standards, rules, practices, etc. that discriminate on prohibited grounds, up to undue hardship. In the Canadian Human Rights Act, undue hardship includes only cost, health and safety. Other jurisdictions, following Central Alberta Dairy Pool, consider: impact on the collective agreement, other workers’ rights, employee morale, size of operation, workforce and facility adaptability. O’Malley clarifies adverse affect discrimination. A rule, although made in good faith, may discriminate “if it affects a person … differently from others”. Accommodation may override contract provisions (Renaud), including seniority (Goyette). While employers have principal responsibility for accommodation, unions have a role too (Gohm). Unions reduce accommodation tensions by: auditing collective agreements, reviewing accommodation procedures, educating members and leaders.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The role of ocular accommodation, that is, the process of changing the shape of the crystalline lens in order to focus an image onto the retina, in active shifts of visual attention between global and local information, is examined.
Abstract: Background: The link between cognitive changes in attentional focus and the physiological parameters of the eye is not well understood. The aim of the current work was to examine the role of ocular accommodation, that is, the process of changing the shape of the crystalline lens in order to focus an image onto the retina, in active shifts of visual attention between global and local information.
Method: Ten adult participants (aged 19 to 27) viewed sequences of complex global/local figures presented at the same location. They were asked to identify either a global or local red target letter and to look for either a global or local letter x (probe) in the sequence following. Target and probe items were separated by a temporal gap of approximately one second. Refraction was measured using a Canon Autorefractor Rl at the time of target appearance and again at the time of probe presentation. Particular interest was paid to trials where participants were required to shift attention either from a local to global level or in the reverse direction. The difference between the two measurements of refraction gave a ‘change score’ which provided an indication of the change of accommodation.
Results: No significant change in refraction was observed when shifting from the local to the global condition. A mean change in refraction of −0.128 dioptres was observed for the global to local condition. The 95 per cent confidence interval for this difference did not overlap zero, indicating a significant change in refraction, which was attributed to an increase in accommodation.
Discussion: The results suggest that while a change in accommodation occurs in shifting attention from the global to the local aspect of the complex figures, a similar change is not observed in the reverse direction. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that it is more difficult to restrict attentional focus than it is to widen it.