Showing papers on "Animal welfare published in 1998"
Book•
11 Jun 1998TL;DR: The ethics of animal farming - implications for the stock person human-animal interactions and the productivity and welfare of farm animals and the stockperson as a professional.
Abstract: The ethics of animal farming - implications for the stockperson human-animal interactions and the productivity and welfare of farm animals the stockperson as a professional - skills, knowledge and status attitudes of stockpersons - their development, maintenance and implications stockperson behaviour - their development, maintenance and implications a model of stockperson-animal interactions and their implications for farm animals changing stockperson attitudes and behaviour, and the consequences for farm animals stockperson training and selection - the future.
397 citations
TL;DR: Since the 1940s, perceived companion animal overpopulation in the United States has been an important issue to the animal welfare community, but the nature and scope of this problem have been notoriously difficult to characterize.
Abstract: Since the 1940s, perceived companion animal overpopulation in the United States has been an important issue to the animal welfare community (Moulton, Wright, & Rinky, 1991). This surplus of animals has resulted in millions of dogs and cats being euthanized annually in animal shelters across the country. The nature and scope of this problem have been notoriously difficult to characterize. The number of animal shelters in the United Stares, the demographics of the population of animals passing through them, and the characteristics of per owners relinquishing animals are poorly understood. What portion of these animals are adopted or euthanized, why they are relinquished, and their source of acquisition are all questions for which there have been little data. Consequently, we are no closer to answering the fundamental question of how and why many animals are destroyed each year in shelters (Arkow, 1994).
351 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, animal welfare and the meat market livestock presentation and welfare before slaughter solving livestock handling problems in slaughter plants physiology of stress, distress, stunning and slaughter muscle structure, exercise and metabolism post-mortem muscle metabolism and meat quality cattle sheep pigs poultry fish processed meats stunning.
Abstract: Animal welfare and the meat market livestock presentation and welfare before slaughter solving livestock handling problems in slaughter plants physiology of stress, distress, stunning and slaughter muscle structure, exercise and metabolism post-mortem muscle metabolism and meat quality cattle sheep pigs poultry fish processed meats stunning and slaughter stunning and meat quality caring for animals and for quality.
275 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: To develop objective methods for monitoring animal welfare at slaughter plants to ensure compliance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, 6 variables evaluated at each plant were stunning efficacy, insensibility of animals hanging on the bleeding rail, vocalization, electric prod use, number of animals slipping, and number of Animals falling.
Abstract: Objective To develop objective methods for monitoring animal welfare at slaughter plants to ensure compliance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act. Design Survey of existing procedures. Sample population 24 federally inspected slaughter plants. Procedure 6 variables evaluated at each plant were stunning efficacy, insensibility of animals hanging on the bleeding rail, vocalization, electric prod use, number of animals slipping, and number of animals falling. Results Of 11 beef plants, only 4 were able to render 95% of cattle insensible with a single shot from a captive-bolt stunner. Personnel at 7 of 11 plants placed the stunning wand correctly on 99% or more of pigs and sheep. At 4 beef plants, percentage of cattle prodded with an electric prod ranged from 5% at a plant at which handlers only prodded cattle that refused to move to 90% at another plant. Use of electric prods at 6 pork plants scored for prod use ranged from 15 to almost 100% of pigs. Percentage of cattle that vocalized during stunning and handling ranged from 1.1% at a plant at which electric prods were only used on cattle that refused to move to 32% at another plant at which electric prods were used on 90% of cattle and a restraint device was inappropriately used to apply excessive pressure. Clinical implications To obtain the most accurate assessment of animal welfare at slaughter plants, it is important to score all of the aforementioned variables.
129 citations
TL;DR: Researchers in the dairy industry may want to reevaluate their criteria for setting research priorities to include zoonotic risks, international trade implications, and animal welfare concerns.
121 citations
70 citations
01 Jan 1998
66 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a brief history of animal protection and the emergence of animal rights, describes the scope of the movement and identifies major players such as Paul and Linda McCartney and organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, who are actively involved in the movement.
Abstract: In the past decade, philosopher Bernard Rollin has pointed out, we have "witnesed a major revolution in social concern with animal welfare and the moral status of animals." Adopting the stance of a moderate, the author of this text attempts to provide an unbiased examination of the paths and goals of the members of the animal rights movement and of its detractors. Given the level of confusion, suspicion, misunderstanding and mistrust between the two sides, Guither admits the difficulty in locating, and much less staying in, the middle ground. The philosophical conflict, however, is fairly clear: those who resist reform, fearing that radical change in the treatment of animals will infringe on their business and property rights, versus the new activists who espouse a different set of moral and ethical obligations towards animals. From his position as a moderate, Guither presents a brief history of animal protection and the emergence of animal rights, describes the scope of the movement and identifies major players, such as Paul and Linda McCartney and organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, who are actively involved in the movement. He concentrates on what is actually happening in the 1990s, discussing in detail the possible consequences of the current debate for those who own, use or enjoy animals in entertainment and leisure pursuits. A reference work for students in animal sciences and veterinary medicine, the book should also pose questions for philosophers, sociologists and public policymakers, as well as animal owners, animal and biomedical researchers and manufacturers and distributors of animal equipment and supplies.
56 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that such measures must be interpreted with caution, but can be useful indicators of people's concerns about animal welfare issues and their preferences for public policies on animal welfare.
Abstract: A contingent valuation survey of 2000 people in Great Britain was conducted to find out about people's concerns about farm animal welfare and their willingness to pay to support legislation to phase out the use of cages in egg production in the European Union (EU) by 2005. The survey found that respondents were concerned about a range of farm animal welfare issues, and that the majority supported the proposed legislation and stated that they were willing to pay a significant increase on the current price of eggs to support it. People's willingness to pay to support the legislation would appear to outweigh the extra resource costs of producing eggs without using cages. However, possible sources of bias in the survey and the validity of the willingness to pay measure estimated are discussed. It is concluded that such measures must be interpreted with caution, but can be useful indicators of people's concerns about animal welfare issues and their preferences for public policies on animal welfare.
43 citations
TL;DR: When asked to rank different animal species by intelligence, there was a remarkable degree of similarity across all groups regardless of background; the overall ranking from highest intelligence to lowest was dog, cat, pig, horse, cow, sheep, chicken, and turkey.
Abstract: Faculty, staff, and graduate students in a number of departments, students in an undergraduate course, and some groups outside the university were polled to obtain their perceptions about whether domestic animals have minds, the ability to think, and differing degrees of intelligence (the surveys focused only on horses, cows, sheep, dogs, chickens, pigs, cats, and turkeys). A clear majority of all groups surveyed (except the Department of Zoology) said yes, they believe animals have minds, but a substantial number of those in animal sciences and zoology (17 to 25%) said no. A number of others in animal sciences, zoology, and philosophy (11 to 37%) refused to answer the question because the concept of mind was not defined. From 80 to 100% of respondents in other groups said yes to the question of minds. From 67 to 100% of all participants said yes, they perceive that animals have the ability to think, but a substantial number of animal scientists, zoologists, veterinarians, and English faculty said no, animals don't think (6 to 33%). On the question Do domestic animals differ in relative intelligence?, the responses varied from 88% in animal sciences to 100%. Surprisingly, when asked to rank different animal species by intelligence, there was a remarkable degree of similarity across all groups regardless of background; the overall ranking from highest intelligence to lowest was dog, cat, pig, horse, cow, sheep, chicken, and turkey. Most of the respondents believed that the possession of minds, thought, and intelligence were relevant factors in how animals should be treated and the prevalent concept was that we should not be cruel to animals, but should treat them humanely.
42 citations
01 Jan 1998
Book•
05 May 1998
Abstract: Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations List of Tables Introduction The Institutional Framework of Animal Protection The Economics and Politics of Animal Exploitation The Animal Protection Movement: Recruitment, Ideology and Strategy Lobbying for Animals Parliament and Animal Protection American Legislators and Animal Protection The Politics of Farm Animal Welfare in the United States The Politics of Farm Animal Welfare in Britain The Politics of Animal Research in Britain The Politics of Animal Research in the United States Conclusion: Animal Protection and Pluralist Politics Index
TL;DR: The 1996 March for the Animals participants reported that most goals of the animal rights movement were moderately to critically important, although beliefs about their chances of being realized varied considerably as discussed by the authors, and the tactics judged to be least effective included the liberation of laboratory animals and the harassment of researchers.
Abstract: Mail-in surveys were distributed to animal activists attending the 1996 March for the Animals. Age and genderdemographic characteristics of the 209 activists who participated in the study were similar to those of the 1990 March for the Animals demonstrators. Most goals of the animal rights movement were judged to be moderately to critically important, although beliefs about their chances of being realized varied considerably. Movement tactics judged to be least effective included the liberation of laboratory animals and the harassment of researchers. Education was seen as being a particularly important instrument of future social change. Demonstrators' scores on the Life Orientation Test - a measure of dispositional optimism - were significantly greater than scores of comparison groups of college students and of patients awaiting coronary bypass surgery. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of optimism and activists' perceptions of the achievement of movement objectives.
Book•
01 Apr 1998
TL;DR: A survey of clinicians specializing in eating disorders treatment, citation analysis of selected animal models, researcher's studies, and the level of invasiveness of animal models is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Psychology's use of animals - current practices: the field of psychology numbers - of animals used and of users species used nature and scope of use suffering involved trends in invasiveness psychologists' attitudes toward laboratory animals an historical perspective psychology and the animal rights movement psychologist's sound-bytes and sound advice. Construction of a science: experimentalism construction of the laboratory construction of the laboratory animal critique of experimentalism critique of laboratory animal construction or deconstruction - positivism or mystification? Animals as models: concepts of models psychology's use of animal models claims and actuality degraded heuristic rhetorical device ethical and attitudinal implications. Selected animal models: presentation - eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, animal models of bulimia - shame feeding, animal models of bulimia - stress-induced eating, an animal model of anorexia nervosa - activity-stress evaluation - the laboratory-based animal model strategy, bias toward physiological explanation and analysis, preoccupation with technology, treatment as technological fix, discourses on therapy, therapies and animal research, evaluation of therapy of the eating disorders, pharmacological therapy and animal research, survey of clinicians specializing in eating disorders treatment, citation analysis of selected animal models - researcher's studies, level of invasiveness of selected animal models - researcher's studies. Ethical issues in psychology's use of animals: spectrum of ethical positions similar or different - an organizing concept individual-based philosophy - Regan's case for animal studies application to psychological research nonindividual-based philosophy relation-based ethics community-based ethics singer's utilitarianism application to psychological research. Psychology's ethics - the official positions: the humane ethic permissive utilitarianism assessment of costs measurements of benefits historical considerations.
TL;DR: Love of cats, opportunity for nurturing, and enhanced feelings of self-esteem appear to be some of the factors underlying the remarkable commitment of the caretakers in maintaining cat colonies on the island of Oahu.
Abstract: Individuals who were maintaining colonies of homeless, free-roaming cats on the island of Oahu were surveyed to learn about the attitudes and care practices associated with colony maintenance. The 75 respondents were primarily female pet owners, middle-aged, living with spouses, well-educated, and employed full time, dispelling the image of caretakers as elderly, socially-isolated individuals. Most of the them believed that outdoor cat colonies should continue to exist and that colony maintenance is a way of curbing pet overpopulation so long as the cats are sterilized. The majority of respondents had been maintaining cat colonies for two to four years. All caretakers reported having attempted to socialize the cats and nearly half had been successful in adopting out cats. Most were caring for one colony consisting of fewer than 10 animals which were fed once or twice daily. All caretakers were making efforts to trap the cats and take them for sterilization and veterinary care. Although many took advantage of the Hawaiian Humane Society's free sterilization program for colony cats, some caretakers paid out-of-pocket for sterilization and more than half reported paying for all veterinary care. Love of cats, opportunity for nurturing, and enhanced feelings of self-esteem appear to be some of the factors underlying the remarkable commitment of the caretakers. Colony management may not be practical in some areas due to risks to wildlife and human health. However, where feasible, the availability of individuals willing to provide ongoing, responsible care to these animals may be a significant resource for animal welfare and control organizations.
TL;DR: It is argued that if the authors take seriously the risk of transferring new infectious agents from animal to human populations and the interests of donor animals, then a moratorium on xenotransplantation is called for.
Abstract: This paper considers the ethical issues raised by xenotransplantation under four headings: interfering with nature; effects on the recipient; effects on other humans; and effects on donor animals. The first two issues raise no insuperable problems: charges of unnaturalness are misguided, and the risks that xenotransplantation carries for the recipient are a matter for properly informed consent. The other two issues raise more serious problems, however, and it is argued that if we take seriously the risk of transferring new infectious agents from animal to human populations and the interests of donor animals, then a moratorium on xenotransplantation is called for. The paper finds that the recent Nuffield Council and Department of Health reports on xenotransplantation are insufficiently cautious in the conclusions that they draw from these considerations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The only way of solving this massive problem is modernisation of the animal power system through inputs of technology and management, which would result in huge economic benefits, justifying the required investment, and concurrently reducing DA suffering as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that animal welfare depends upon the provision of all necessary physiological and psychological requirements and the absence or control of adverse factors, and that animals can neither obtain nor sustain rights for themselves they depend upon humans for their welfare.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the possibility of a paradigm shift which would result in animal welfare succeeding in its aims through making it people-centred rather than animalcentred.
Book•
20 Oct 1998
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the intensification of Livestock Production and the Veterinary Regime during the Twentieth Century and Pandering to Pets: Pet-keeping and the Emergence of Small Animal Practice.
Abstract: Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Domestication, Dependency and Disease 3. Animals, Disease and Human Social Life: From Ancient Times to the Early Modern Period 4. The Unfolding Veterinary Regime 5. The Intensification of Livestock Production and the Veterinary Regime during the Twentieth Century 6. Pandering to Pets: Pet-keeping and the Emergence of Small Animal Practice 7. Epilogue. Appendix.
TL;DR: Too often, veterinary services in practice are perceived as making a diagnosis, applying or administering effective treatment and that recovery from a disease or injury is an indication of success and the linear approach of diagnosis, treatment, success should be changed to the holistic approach of comprehensive care.
01 Jan 1998
Book•
08 Oct 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a history of the dual role of the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CORE) and the Animal Welfare Issues in Animal Behavior Research (AWR).
Abstract: PART I. CHANGING RESEARCH PRACTICES REGARDING ANIMAL CARE AND USE: INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE 1. Responsible Animal Care and Use: Moving Toward a Less-Troubled Middle Ground 2. Is the Fox Guarding the Henhouse? A Historical Study of the Dual Role of the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics 3. Change During a Life in Animal Research: the Loss and Regaining of Ambivalence PART II. CURRENT CONCERNS ON THE RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH: DECISION MAKING 4. Ethological Research Techniques and Methods 5. Animal Welfare Issues in Animal Behavior Research 6. Snake Stories: From the Additive Model to Ethology's Fifth Aim 7. Minding Animals PART III. ASSESSING ANIMAL WELL-BEING: ASKING THE ANIMAL 8. The Search for Animal Well-Being 9. Considering Animal Welfare from the Animal's Point of View PART IV. EFFECTS ON HUMANS OF RESEARCH INVOLVING ANIMALS 10. Pushing the Boundaries: Scientists in the Public Arena 11. Understanding Animal Activism
TL;DR: There were no significant differences between pet owners and nonowners in level of happiness, life satisfaction, depression, hobbies or interests, medication use, and medical problems.
Abstract: (1998). Pet Ownership and Health Status of Elderly in the Community. Anthrozoos: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 168-171.
TL;DR: This article outlines an approach to the treatment and management of ewes with vaginal prolapse based upon the authors' practical experience, and reasons that the treatment of vaginal prolapses must be considered an act of veterinary surgery, not least for animal welfare reasons.
Abstract: PREPARTUM vaginal prolapse raises major animal welfare and economic concerns, affecting up to 15 per cent of ewes in modern intensively managed lowland sheep flocks in the UK. While some control can be effected by culling ewes which have previously prolapsed, this policy does not address the immediate treatment and management needs of vaginal prolapse cases presented to the veterinary practitioner or (of much greater concern) those cases which receive no veterinary care. This article outlines an approach to the treatment and management of ewes with vaginal prolapse based upon the authors9 practical experience, and reasons that the treatment of vaginal prolapse must be considered an act of veterinary surgery, not least for animal welfare reasons. Furthermore, complications associated with vaginal prolapse cannot be dealt with by the shepherd.