Showing papers on "Anisakis published in 2007"

Identification of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential from Europe and China by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Abstract: Using genetic markers defined previously in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), isotopic, and non-isotopic polymerase-chain-reaction-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) were utilized to identify each of three anisakid species [Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.), and Hysterothylacium aduncum] from different host species and geographical locations in Poland and Sweden. While subtle microheterogeneity was observed within each of Anisakis simplex (s.l.) and H. aduncum, distinct SSCP profiles were displayed for each of the three species, allowing identification and differentiation of the three taxa. Subsequent sequencing of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 rDNA revealed that A. simplex (s.l.) represented Anisakis simplex s.s. and Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) represented C. osculatum C. Application of the non-isotopic SSCP assay of ITS-2 to larval anisakid samples from different hosts and geographical locations in China revealed three distinct SSCP profiles, one of which was consistent with that of A. simplex (s.l.), and the other two had different SSCP profiles from that of C. osculatum C and H. aduncum. Sequencing of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 rDNA for representative Chinese anisakid samples examined revealed three anisakid species in China, i.e., Anisakis typica, Anisakis pegreffii, and Hysterothylacium sp. These molecular tools will be useful for identification and investigation of the ecology of anisakid nematodes in China and elsewhere.

Distribution of Anisakis larvae, identified by genetic markers, and their use for stock characterization of demersal and pelagic fish from European waters: an update.

Abstract: In the present paper, recent results obtained on the use of different distributions observed in larval species of Anisakis, genetically identified by means of allozyme markers, for stock characterization of demersal (Merluccius merluccius), small (Trachurus trachurus) and large pelagic (Xiphias gladius) finfish species in European waters, are reviewed and discussed. Several species of Anisakis were identified in the three fish hosts: A. simplex (s.s.), A. physeteris, A. typica, A. ziphidarum, A. pegreffii, A. brevispiculata and A. paggiae. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on all the samples of the three fish species collected in areas comprising their geographical range, according to the different species of Anisakis identified, showed distinct fish populations in European waters. In all the three fish hosts, the pattern of distribution of Anisakis larvae allowed discrimination of Mediterranean stocks from Atlantic stocks. In the case of swordfish, the possible existence of a southern Atlantic stock separated from a northern one is also suggested. Congruence and discordance with the population genetic data inferred from allozyme markers on the same samples of the three fish species are also discussed.

Molecular cloning and expression of two new allergens from Anisakis simplex

Abstract: The nematode Anisakis simplex is a marine parasite that causes allergy as well as anisakiasis. Although five Anisakis allergens have already been identified, immunoblotting studies suggested that unidentified allergens still exist. In this study, an expression cDNA library constructed from A. simplex was subjected to immunoscreening using an Anisakis-allergic patient serum, and two positive clones coding for allergens (named Ani s 5 and 6) were obtained. Ani s 5 (152 amino acid residues) is homologous with nematode proteins belonging to the SXP/RAL-2 protein family and Ani s 6 (84 amino acid residues) with serine protease inhibitors from various animals. Of the 28 patient sera examined, seven and five reacted to recombinant Ani s 5 and 6 expressed in Escherichia coli, respectively. By inhibition immunoblotting experiments using the recombinant allergens as inhibitors, natural Ani s 5 could be identified as a 15-kDa protein in the crude extract of A. simplex but natural Ani s 6 could not be identified probably due to its low expression. In conclusion, Ani s 5 and 6 are new allergens of A. simplex that are specific to some Anisakis-allergic patients.

Sensitization to the fish parasite Anisakis simplex: clinical and laboratory aspects.

Abstract: Hypersensitivity to Anisakis simplex is a worldwide medical problem The parasite larvae die after freezing or cooking, but the tolerance of sensitized subjects to eating frozen fish remains a matter of controversy with contradictory findings The aim of this study was to test if intolerance to properly cooked/frozen fish was due to the recognition of a particular allergen Sixty-four patients with Anisakis simplex sensitization were studied by an IgE multiblot using simultaneously five different antigenic extracts The antigens tested were a crude extract, excretory/secretory allergens, a heated extract, and two gradient ethanol precipitates of the crude extract Intolerance was reported by 20% of the patients and was not related to the detection of any special allergen, nor to total or specific IgE levels Intolerant patients only reported a higher frequency of digestive symptoms than the patients who tolerated fish ingestion The most sensitive immunoblot antigen source was the 50-66% ethanol fraction of a crude extract (10x concentrated) that was found to be positive in 100% of the samples Interestingly, 95% sensitivity in the IgE-immunoblot assay could be achieved using only two allergens, Ani s 1 and Ani s 4 Allergens from the dead larvae remain a problem for 20% of the sensitized subjects The use of a fractionated and concentrated crude extract improved the sensitivity of the immunoblot assay

Anisakidae parasitos de congro-rosa, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil de interesse na saúde pública

Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the species Anisakidae, of interest to public health, parasitizing the cusk-eel, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 purchased in markets ofNiteroi and Rio de Janeiro counties, Brazil, emphasizing their parasite indexes, sites of infection and higienic-sanitary importance. Seventy-four specimens ofG brasiliensis were necropsiedfrom October 2002 to September 2003. Twenty fish specimens (27%>) were parasitized by live larvae of Anisakidae. The collected species were represented by Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis simplex, Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova decipiens, Pseudoterranova sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. and Terranova sp. The species Anisakis sp. and A. simplex presented the higher prevalences, both with 13,5% whereas A. physeteris presented the lower prevalence 1,35%. The other species, Pseudoterranova sp., P. decipiens, Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. and Terranova sp. presented prevalences of 10,8%, 5,4%, 2,7%, 4,1%, 1,4% and 1,4%, respectively. The sites of infection were, the mesentery, stomach and intestinal seroses, intestine, ovary and musculature.

Distribution of larval anisakids in blue whiting off Portuguese fish market

Abstract: Specimens of Micromesistius poutassou (n=238) obtained in a fish market of Oporto, Portugal, were examined for the presence of larval anisakids. Anisakis sp. L3 larvae (prevalence = 77.7 %; mean intensity = 5.8; mean abundance = 4.5) and Hysterothylacium sp. L3 larvae (prevalence = 5 %; mean intensity = 4.1; mean abundance = 0.2) were found in body cavity, mesenteries, liver and muscles. The Anisakis sp. intensity and abundance were significantly related to the host body length. The percentage of Anisakis sp. in muscle was inversely related to the host length.

Molecular detection of sibling species in anisakid nematodes.

Abstract: The number of sibling species of anisakid nematodes detected over the last two decades has been increased, fuelled by the use of genetic/molecular methodologies. In the present review, we summarize the biological species discovered within most of the nominal species belonging to the genera Anisakis, Contracaecum and Pseudoterranova by the use of allozyme (20-24 loci studied) and recently confirmed by us using mitochondrial cox-2 gene sequence analysis (mtDNA cox-2). Ecological evidence relating to the distributional range of the genetically detected sibling species and their host preferences, which represent data sets that can be utilized for species delimitation and definition, are summarized.

Acute gastric anisakiasis: an Italian experience.

Abstract: Anisakidosis is a parasitic disease of the human gastrointestinal tract caused by ingestion of larvae of marine nematodes such as Anisakis spp. or, rarely, Pseudoterranova spp., present in raw or undercooked fish. We report the first series of gastric Anisakis infection (anisakiasis) from a single centre in Italy. In our department, we observed 3 cases, all in women who were urgently hospitalized following intense epigastric pain and vomiting, developed after the ingestion of raw fish. The patients underwent urgent gastroscopy within a few hours. In each, a worm was extracted from the gastric mucosa by means of biopsy forceps. This was followed by prompt clinical improvement. The worm was identified by its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics as an Anisakis spp. larva (L3). In 2 cases, laboratory tests revealed marked leukocytosis and eosinophilia in the peripheral blood 3-4 days after ingestion of the raw fish. The diagnosis of anisakiasis can be made by endoscopy, radiology and abdominal ultrasound, but is often made only at surgery. In the gastric form of the disease, urgent gastroscopy has both a diagnostic and a therapeutic role, because the worm can be removed by means of biopsy forceps.

New data on anisakiasis

Abstract: Acute anisakiasis is generally due to the third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex, and occasionally to other anisakidae. Human infection occurs through consumption of raw seafish, and especially herring, hake, black plaice and cod. Patients sensitized by prior consumption of parasitized fish develop, within a few hours, violent abdominal pain and an allergic reaction. Anisakis-induced urticaria is seen in about one in five cases. Preventive measures have reduced the number of cases. In France for example, the number of cases fell four-fold between 1977-1991 and 1992-2005. In 1990 Kasuya [1] reported chronic anisakiasis related to consumption of cooked parasitized fish. Seafish-induced urticaria might be an allergic response to Anisakis larval antigens rather than to the fish itself. Indeed, 11 patients with mackerel-related urticaria all had a positive reaction to Anisakis simplex larval antigen, while none reacted to mackerel antigen. A low-molecular-weight thermostable A. simplex allergen causes chronic urticaria, angioedema and even anaphylactoid reactions. Victims have a genetic predisposition (HLA class II alleles) that is uncommon in France and Germany but frequent in Japan. A number of cases have been observed in Spain, where fish is particularly popular. Immunoblotting shows cross-reactions between antigens of A. simplex and Toxocara canis, nematodes belonging to the same superfamily. At present, the only way to avoid contracting anisakiasis is not to eat raw or even cooked parasitized seafish.

Anisakiasis: a preventable culinary attack on the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract: the emergency room because of bilious vomiting and intense epigastric pain. She was unable to tolerate liquids and had moderate signs of dehydration. She had eaten raw fish (sushi) the day before. The patient was hospitalized and rehydrated. She stopped vomiting but the epigastric pain was not controlled. She underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy which revealed numerous erosions and ulcers in the gastric body. A parasite with the appearance of an adult Anisakis was found adherent to and penetrating the central part of an ulcer. It was withdrawn with a polypectomy snare. There was a rapid relief of symptoms. The parasitolo− gy report identified Anisakis simplex (l\" Fig. 1). Anisakiasis is related to the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish and occurs in Japanese culture (sushi, sashimi), areas in South America (“ceviche”), Spain (“vin− egar anchovies”) and the Netherlands (raw fish) [1]. Anisakiasis can become a serious clinical problem when it causes gastric involve− ment, with ulcerations, pain and, rarely, intramural pseudotumors. Gastric in− volvement occurs in 90 % of cases. When upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is per− formed 1 or 2 days after infection, the en− doscopic findings are of redness and ero− sions or ulcerations at the site of penetra− tion of the gastrointestinal wall (l\" Fig. 2) [2]. Steroid treatment often solves the crisis, but only expulsion of the worm or its endoscopic removal with a biopsy for− ceps calms the pain [3] (l\" Fig. 3). The best solution to anisakiasis in humans is to prevent it by avoiding water contami− nation and by freezing fish that is to be eaten raw at ± 20 8C for at least 5 days or at ± 35 8C for 15 h. Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AB_2AD_3AF

Peptide and nucleotide sequences of anisakis spp., antibodies that recognise said sequences and uses of same

Abstract: The invention relates to the field encompassing the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of human and animal infections involving species of the genus Anisakis. The invention also relates to the detection of Anisakis antigens in foods.

Survey of Anisakis in seawater fish in coast areas of China and data analysis

Abstract: Objective To understand the infection status of Anisakis in marine fish.Methods All published papers concerning Anisakis infection in marine fish were collected and analyzed by EXECEL database.Results In the past 20 yearsthere were 14 papers on Anisakis infection and totally 4 000 fish belonging to 200 species were dissected.There 3 951 fish of 177 species were given definite names,85.31%(151/177)of the species of marine fish were infected and the total infection rate of marine fish was 47.10%(861/3951).and the sea bass the main fishes for preparing Sashimi was also infected.There 9 genus of Anisakis were identified in China including heGenus of Anisakis,Contracaecum,Terranova and Thynnascaris that were causative agents of human anisakiasis confirmed in other countries.Conclusion The marine fish is generally infected with Anisakis in China and There is the risk of human infection with anisakiasis.Thus effectvie measues be taken to the infection of Anisami to human.

Adverse reaction to specific immunotherapy for house-dust mite in a patient with Anisakis allergy.

Abstract: © 2007 The Authors 259 JEADV 2008, 22, 235–262 Journal compilation © 2007 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology tomography of the chest were without pathological findings. Peripheral blood counts and C-reactive protein were normal in the wife and slightly elevated in her husband. Initial differential diagnosis included sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis, sporotrichosis, and ecthyma. Haematoxylin and eosin stains of punch biopsies of both patients were rich in plasma cells and revealed large parasite-loaded histiocytes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for Leishmania was done with skin biopsies from both patients. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed high sequence identity to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in both cases. Leishmania species are parasites transmitted by bites from sandflies (Phlebotomus species in the Old World and Lutzomyia species in the New World) and can cause disseminated visceral, mucocutaneous, cutaneous, or asymptomatic infections affecting around 2.4 million patients every year. The small ulcers observed in both patients are a typical feature of American leishmaniasis. Infection with L. braziliensis complex is associated with cutaneous as well as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and requires systemic therapy. There were several intravenous treatment options, such as the pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, and liposomal amphotericin B, some of them with considerable toxicity. Miltefosine (Impavido®, Æterna Zentaris, Quebec, Canada), originally introduced as a successful oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis, had already been used successfully in New World leishmaniasis. Both of our patients received oral miltefosine at a dose of 50 mg b.i.d. for 28 days on an outpatient basis. Treatment was tolerated excellently, except for mild diarrhoea in the last week of treatment, a common side-effect. Four weeks after the initiation of therapy, the lesions were markedly reduced and had disappeared 8 weeks later, leaving atrophic scars (fig. 1, right). The lymph node swelling had already disappeared after 4 weeks. Hypergranulation of the husband’s two large ulcers of the lower right required additional topical corticosteroid treatment for 1 month. At a follow-up visit after 12 months, the clinical situation in both was stable with a marked improvement of the cosmetic outcome. Miltefosine interacts with Leishmania phospholipid synthesis. First successfully used against Kala Azar in Indian patients, the efficacy in the treatment of American leishmaniasis was first shown in a study in 72 Colombian soldiers. It is currently marketed in Germany, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and South America. Because miltefosine is teratogenic, women of child-bearing age need contraception. Apart from that, miltefosine is an ideal treatment for all forms of leishmaniasis, requiring systemic treatment, characterized by a favourable side-effect profile for patients treated on an outpatient basis.

Peptide and nucleotide sequences of anisakis spp. and uses thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to the field encompassing the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of human and animal infections involving species of the genus Anisakis. The invention also relates to the detection of Anisakis antigens in foods.