Showing papers on "Architecture published in 1997"

How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They're Built

Abstract: This book on buildings asks the question why so many buildings punish and restrict us because almost none of them adapt well. In real use, buildings need to adapt because their uses are constantly changing. All buildings are predictions, and yet more high-style buildings are designed not to change, not to accommodate new use. A good portion of how buildings learn will be a natural history of how buildings change with time and what things work to make buildings adapt gracefully, what building layouts allow easy redefinition of space and building code considerations that permit remodelling. This practical book aims to integrate all the different aspects of the fragmented design and construction process, so that buildings can be seen as embodying a functional, yet aesthetic and capacious vision, not the conflicts, compromises and conveniences of clients, architects, engineers and contractors, all working in their interests, not the buildings.

Design and analysis

Abstract: Design and Analysis by Bernard Leupen, Christoph Grafe, Nicola Kornig, Marc Lampe, and Peter de Zeeuw Design and Analysis is an insightful, interdisciplinary exploration of the diversity of analytic methods used by architects, designers, urban planners, and landscape architects to understand the structure and principles of the built environment. Developed by a team headed by Bernard Leupen at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, Design and Analysis defies borders of history, geography, and discipline, tracing the evolution of design principles from ancient Greece to the 20th century. "Only methodical analysis gives us an insight into the design process," states architect Bernard Tschumi. Using historical examples from architecture, urban design, and landscape architecture, Design and Analysis defines an ordered system that enables the design student or professional to identify the factors that influence designers' decisions, and shows how to relate them to the finished project. Design and Analysis is organized into six chapters that correspond to these factors: order and composition, functionality, structure, typology, context, and analytical techniques. The authors introduce the analytical drawing as a time-tested means to obtaining insight into the design process. Over 100 line drawings are featured in all. Using contemporary architectural examples to teach ancient design principles, Design and Analysis is more than just an introduction to analytical methods. The authors give an outline of space design as a whole, from individual buildings to urban and landscape ensembles. Though primarily intended for design students to help them appreciate many of the issues that they will face as professionals, Design and Analysis's broad, easy-to-read approach makes it an invaluable handbook for designers of all disciplines.

GATE - a General Architecture for Text Engineering

Abstract: Much progress has been made in the provision of reusable data resources for Natural Language Engineering, such as grammars, lexicons, thesauruscs. Although a number of projects have addressed the provision of reusable algorithmic resources (or 'tools'), takeup of these resources has been relatively slow. This paper describes GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering, which is a freely-available system designed to help alleviate the problem.

Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field

Abstract: The forces and events leading to the formation of the International Seminar on Urban Form (ISUF) are identified. ISUF is expanding the field of urban morphology beyond its original confines in geography, particularly into the domains of architecture and planning. Three schools of urban morphology, in England, Italy and France, are coming together, following seminal work by two morphologists, M.R.G. Conzen and Saverio Muratori. The bringing together of these schools provides the basis for an interdisciplinary field and the opportunity to establish common theoretical foundations for the growing number of urban morphologists in many parts of the world. ISUF's ambitious mission is to address real and timely issues concerning city building by providing a forum for thought and action which includes related disciplines and professions in different cultures. The potential of an interdisciplinary urban morphology to contribute to the understanding and management of urban development in a period of unprecedented change is discussed.

Why Architects Draw

Abstract: Edward Robbins, an anthropologist, has been studying and writing for 20 years about the system of architectural education and practice in this country and abroad. This work examines the social uses of architectural drawing: how drawing acts to direct both the conception and the production of architecture; how it helps architects set an agenda, define what is important about a design, and communicate with colleagues and clients; and how it embodies claims about the architect's role, status, and authority. The centrepiece of Robbins's investigation consists of case study narratives based on interviews with nine architects, a developer-architect and an architectural engineer. These narratives from a broad range of practitioners and schools of thought, including contemporary architects, offer an opportunity to compare different views about the use of drawings. The narratives are illustrated by the architects' drawings (some never before published) from projects in Japan, England, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal and the US, from conception through realization. Included are orthographic and axonometric projections, perspectives, elevations, plans, sections, working drawings, sketches, schematics, construction and finished drawings.

Art and architecture

Abstract: Greek artefacts, craftsmen and artists had penetrated Rome since regal days; from the second century BC this trickle had become a continuing and influential flood, contributing together with Italic and Etruscan architecture and art, and the developing central Italian and Roman concrete architecture, to the rich tapestry of the art of the capital. Vespasian (69-79), founder of the Flavian dynasty, showed an astute pragmatism in his handling of architecture and art. In the provinces the architectural and art forms characteristic of the Flavian era continued to flourish. Dynamism returned to imperial commissions with the Romano-Spanish Trajan. The age of Hadrian (117-38) proved to be extraordinary, largely because of the extent to which he was able to impress upon it his own many-sided personality: ruler, philhellene, architect, dilettante, poet, traveller and romantic. The rich artistic harvest of the Flavian to the Antonine ages was not just an imperial, but a corporate achievement, one which offered a worthy inheritance to following generations.

Fault-tolerant central ticker plant system for distributing financial market data

Abstract: A central ticker plant system for distributing financial market data that receives ticker feed data from many exchanges throughout the world, processes and formats the received data and then distributes or broadcasts the data to regional customers in the form of securities transactional data denoting the security identity and related transactional data. The central ticker plant system is fault-tolerant because of novel hardware redundancy and multi-thread software processing architecture and operates continuously during hardware and software maintenance and repair, ensuring that every financial market data message received from the exchanges is included within 500 milliseconds in broadcast output.

Architectural Representation and the Perspective Hinge

Abstract: Writing from inside the discipline of architecture, rather than from the more common extrapolations from the history of painting and philosophy, Alberto Perez-Gomez and Louise Pelletier focus on the implications of the tool of perspective (and the hegemony of vision) for architectural representation. Their primary thesis is that tools of representation have a direct influence on the conceptual development of projects and generation of forms, and that there are alternatives to the reductive working methods of most contemporary practice. The book examines textual evidence across a broad historical period, concentrating on the relationship between drawing and architectural space in the period from the seventh century to the twentieth century. The book discusses such issues as optical correction and the nature of architectural drawing in selected treatises, revealing the complexity and potential contradiction inherent in any linear history of representation. The authors' ultimate aim is to probe the possibilities of the constructed world--that is, architecture--as a poetic translation, rather than prosaic transcription, of its representations.

Queer Space: Architecture and Same-Sex Desire

Abstract: SummaryBetsky asserts that gay men and women have always been at the forefront of architectural innovation - reclaiming abandoned neighborhoods, redefining urban spaces, and creating liberating interiors out of hostile environments. These "queer spaces" reflect the experiences of homosexuals in a straight culture. Often forced to hide their true nature, gay men and women have turned inward, playing with the norms of interior space and creating environments of stagecraft and celebration where they can define themselves without fear. Their experiments point the way to an architecture that can free us all from the imprisoning structures and spaces of the modern city.

Theories and manifestoes of contemporary architecture

Abstract: This book presents over 120 of the key arguments of today's major architectural philosophers and gurus. These show that the Modern architecture of the early part of this century has mutated into three main traditions: a critical and ecological Post-Modernism; a High-Tech and sculptural Late Modernism, and deconstructive, subversive New Modernism. Here are the seminal texts of James Stirling, Robert Venturi, Colin Rowe, Christopher Alexander, Frank Gehry, Reyner Banham, Bernard Tschumi, Rem Koolhaas and many others who have changed the discourse of architecture. Here also are the anti-Modern texts of the traditionalists - Leon Krier, Demetri Porphyrios, Quinlan Terry, Prince Charles and others. Many of these texts are concise, edited versions of influential books. Highly informative and richly illustrated with over forty drawings and photographs.

The Architecture of the Jumping Universe: A Polemic: How Complexity Science is Changing Architecture and Culture

Abstract: In a revised and updated version of his besteller, Charles Jencks brings readers up to date on the progress of many of the projects discussed. He also includes a number of new projects by some of today's most prominent architects. Over time, and based on many discussions with others, Jencks has formed a new conclusion of how Chaos Theory and Complexity Science are affecting architecture and the environment. Illustrated.

Sustainable Architecture: Principles, Paradigms, and Case Studies

Abstract: Tradition vs technology a new attitude towards aesthetics redefining the role of architecture and urbanism in a post-industrial society educational stratagem energy and resource considerations.

High density gate array cell architecture with sharing of well taps between cells

Abstract: An arrangement and method for making a gate array architecture locates the well taps at the outer corners of each gate cell. The power buses are also located at the outside of the gate cell as well, enabling sharing of the well taps and the power buses. The location of the well taps at the outside corners of the standard cell reduces the number of transistors in a single repeatable cell from eight transistors to four transistors.

Scalable width vector processor architecture for efficient emulation

Abstract: A N-byte vector processor is provided which can emulate 2N-byte processor operations by executing two N-byte operations sequentially. By using N-byte architecture to process 2N-byte wide data, chip size and costs are reduced. One embodiment allows 64-byte operations to be implemented with a 32-byte vector processor by executing a 32-byte instruction on the first 32-bytes of data and then executing a 32-byte instruction on the second 32-bytes of data. Registers and instructions for 64-byte operation are emulated using two 32-byte registers and instructions, respectively, with some instructions requiring modification to accommodate 64-byte operations between adjacent elements, operations requiring specific element locations, operations shifting elements in and out of registers, and operations specifying addresses exceeding 32 bytes.

Advanced Computer Architectures

Abstract: From the Publisher: This timely book provides an unconventional and up-to-date overview of all the important computer architectures and is one of the first texts to present all the relevant concepts of advanced architecture classes by exploring their design spaces. Advanced Computer Architectures will prove an indispensable guide for anyone who needs to be acquainted with the relevant concepts and solutions introduced in recent years to the dramatically changing world of computer architecture. For the student of advanced level courses in computer architecture, this book will provide a comprehensive and accessible overview of the subject whilst its strong practical orientation will make it an invaluable reference for the practitioner.

The Rule and the Model: On the Theory of Architecture and Urbanism

Abstract: Introduction - the choice of words. Part 1 Texts on architecture and the city: texts as "realizers", the "De Re Aedificatoria", inaugural text, the communal edicts and the fate of their argumentation, the pseudo-treatises of the Renaissance and the classical age true and false Utopias, the "Utopia" of Thomas More, inaugural text, after "Utopia", from Theleme to Clarens, from the "Nova Atlantis" to contemporary futurology, rhetorical Utopias texts as "commentators", the objectification of urban space, commentaries for and against the city. Part 2 The "De Re Aedificatoria" - Alberti, or desire and time: the architecture of the "De re Aedificatoria" a theory of edification the beautiful and its antinomies Alberti and Vitruvius - of supra-structural borrowing Alberti and Vitruvius - narratives and histories in the "De Re Aedificatoria" the architect-hero. Part 3 "Utopia", or beyond the mirror: model space and spatial model - a phenomenological approach, protrait space and model space, a universalizable device, model and eternity, the "Pharmakon" the mirror stage and the utopian stage the mythic construction More and Plato More and the problematics of the Renaissance. Part 4 The posteriority of the two paradigms: the fate of the architectural treatises, the first generation, the vitruvianizing regression, two exceptions - the treatises of Perrault and Scamozzi the resistance of the utopian figure, the reductive Utopia of Morely, the canonical Utopia - "Sinapia" and hyperspatialization. Part 5 A new figure in the making - drift and deconstruction: science and Utopia versus the architectural treatise - the fragmented treatise of Patte pre-urbanism. Part 6 The theory of urbanism: the "Teoria" as paradigm, scientistic and scientific discourse, medicalization and Utopia, the dominance of the Morean figure - the pseudo-Albertian traits, the works of the "I" of the "Trattatisto" other theories - from Sitte to Alexander, scientific discourse - simulations and realities, the predominance of the signs of Utopia, the pseudo-Albertian traits, variations on the "I" of the "Trattatisto" "Ouverture" - from words to things appendix - analysis of the construction of the "De Re Aedificatoria".

Roman Architecture and Society

Abstract: Focusing primarily on Rome and other cities of central Italy, James C. Anderson, jr., describes the training, career path, and social status of both architects and builders. He explains how the construction industry was organized-from marble and timber suppliers to bricklayers and carpenters. He examines the political, legal, and economic factors that determined what would be built, and where. And he shows how the various types of public and private Roman buildings relate to the urban space as a whole. Drawing on ancient literary sources as well as on contemporary scholarship, Roman Architecture and Society examines the origins of the architectural achievements, construction techniques, and discoveries that have had an incalculable influence on the postclassical Western world. This detailed and concise account will appeal not only to students and scholars of Roman history, but to all with an interest in ancient architecture and urban society.

On-board planning for New Millennium Deep Space One autonomy

Abstract: The Deep Space One (DS1) mission, scheduled to fly in 1998, will be the first NASA spacecraft to feature an on-board planner. The planner is part of an artificial intelligence based control architecture that comprises the planner/scheduler, a plan execution engine, and a model-based fault diagnosis and reconfiguration engine. This autonomy architecture reduces mission costs and increases mission quality by enabling high-level commanding, robust fault responses, and opportunistic responses to serendipitous events. This paper describes the on-board planning and scheduling component of the DS1 autonomy architecture.

Architecture and Identity: Towards a Global Eco-Culture

Abstract: Part 1: science and technology ditching the dinosaur sanctuary urban chaos or self-organization? design method and new science return to craft manufacture visible and invisible complexities. Part 2: critical theory - meaning and rationality in design critical relativism - the role of metaphor in changing architectural concepts function of tacit knowing in design the essential tension tradition and linked solutions. Part 3: regionalism and globalization - architecture as identity living in a hybrid world regional transformations prime objects localization versus globalization ecodevelopment, technology and regionalism.

Intelligent Environments: Spatial Aspects of the Information Revolution

Abstract: From the Publisher: The environment - as modified and created by people - is largely organized around the use of information, its generation and exchange. How do recent innovations in the technologies of information management and communication affect our use of space and place, and the way we perceive and think about our surroundings? A wide range of professionals and academics reports findings, views and ideas. Together, they describe the architecture of a postmodern paradigm: how swiftly mutating and proliferating technology applications have begun to interact with the construction and reading of space in architecture, economics, geography, history, planning, social science, transport, visual art - but also in the newer domains that have joined this spectrum through the very nature of their impacts: information technology and telecommunications.