Showing papers on "Architecture published in 2000"

Acme: architectural description of component-based systems

Abstract: Over the past decade there has been considerable experimentation with the design of architecture description languages that can provide a formal basis for description and analysis of the architectures of component-based systems. As the eld has matured there has emerged among the software architecture research community general consensus about many aspects of the foundations for architectural representation and analysis. One result has been the development of a generic architecture description language, called Acme, that can serve as a common representation for software architectures and that permits the integration of diverse collections of independently developed architectural analysis tools. In this paper we describe the Acme language and tools, and our experience in using it to integrate architecture analysis tools and to describe component-based systems.

Representing and encoding plant architecture: A review

Abstract: A plant is made up of components of various types and shapes. The geometrical and topological organisation of these components defines the plant architecture. Before the early 1970's, botanical drawings were the only means to represent plant architecture. In the past two decades, high-performance computers have become available for plant growth analysis and simulation, triggering the development of various formal representations and notations of plant architecture (strings of characters, axial trees, tree graphs, multiscale graphs, linked lists of records, object-oriented representations, matrices, fractals, sets of digitised points, etc.). In this paper, we review the main representations of plant architecture and make explicit their common structure and discrepancies. The apparent heterogeneity of these representations makes it difficult to collect plant architecture information in a generic format to allow multiple uses. However, the collection of plant architecture data is an increasingly important issue, which is also particularly time-consuming. At the end of this review, we suggest that a task of primary importance for the plant-modelling community is to define common data formats and tools in order to create standard plant architecture database systems that may be shared by research teams.

The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960

Abstract: The first complete history of CIAM, an international movement whose mission was to revolutionize architecture and create an agenda for modern urbanism. CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne), founded in Switzerland in 1928, was an avant-garde association of architects intended to advance both modernism and internationalism in architecture. CIAM saw itself as an elite group revolutionizing architecture to serve the interests of society. Its members included some of the best-known architects of the twentieth century, such as Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Richard Neutra, but also hundreds of others who looked to it for doctrines on how to shape the urban environment in a rapidly changing world. In this first book-length history of the organization, architectural historian Eric Mumford focuses on CIAM's discourse to trace the development and promotion of its influential concept of the "Functional City." He views official doctrines and pronouncements in relation to the changing circumstances of the members, revealing how CIAM in the 1930s began to resemble a kind of syndicalist party oriented toward winning over any suitable authority, regardless of political orientation. Mumford also looks at CIAM's efforts after World War II to find a new basis for a socially engaged architecture and describes the attempts by the group of younger members called Team 10 to radically revise CIAM's mission in the 1950s, efforts that led to the organization's dissolution in 1959.

Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures in Indonesia

Abstract: List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements Part One: Architecture 1Origins Revisited 2Modern Architecture and Traditional Policy 3Recreating Origins Part Two: Urban Space 4The Violence of Categories 5Colonial Replica 6Custodians of (Trans)nationality Part Three: (Trans)national Imaginings 7Professional and National Dreams 8Spectre of Comparisons Conclusion Notes References Index

New urbanism and the city: Potential applications and implications for distressed inner‐city neighborhoods

Abstract: New Urbanism has been described as the most influential movement in architecture and planning in the United States since the Modernist movement. In recent years, New Urbanist design principles have been adopted for many housing and neighborhood planning efforts. This article considers the applications and implications of New Urbanism for distressed inner-city neighborhoods. Claims and criticisms of New Urbanism are examined and the long-standing debates over the extent to which physical planning and design can affect human behavior are revisited. The article concludes that New Urbanism is not a panacea, but that its design principles are consistent with broader policies aimed at revitalizing and improving living conditions and opportunities for inner-city residents. New Urbanism needs to be viewed as one strategy to be integrated within the larger array of economic, social, and community development programs attempting to revitalize and improve the quality of life in inner-city neighborhoods.

Words and Buildings: A Vocabulary of Modern Architecture

Abstract: A pioneering and much-cited study of the relationships between architecture and verbal language, and a historical analysis of the vocabulary of architectural criticism as it has developed in the West since the sixteenth century, but with special emphasis upon the language of architectural modernism.

aSOC: A Scalable, Single-Chip Communications Architecture

Abstract: As on-chip integration matures, single-chip system designers must not only be concerned with component-level issues such as performance and power, but also with on-chip system-level issues such as adaptability and scalability. Recent trends indicate that next generation systems will require new architectures and compilation tools that effectively deal with these constraints. In this paper, a new single-chip interconnect architecture, adaptive System-On-a-Chip, is described that not only provides scalable data transfer, but also can be easily reconfigured as application-level communication patterns change. An important aspect of the architecture is its support for compile-time, scheduled communication. To illustrate the benefits of the architecture, three DSP benchmarks have been mapped to candidate SoC devices of assorted sizes, which contain the new, interconnect architecture. The described interconnect architecture is shown to be up to 5 times more efficient than bus-based SoC interconnect architectures via parallel simulation. Additionally, a preliminary layout of our architecture is shown and derived area and performance parameters are presented.

Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture

Abstract: From musty medieval dungeons to modern concrete cellblocks, prison architecture reveals much about how a society sees fit to control and contain those who transgress its boundaries. "Forms of Constraint" is the first general volume to consider how prison design has evolved over the centuries, how it has taken shape in various corners of the globe, and how it reflects the society that oversees it. Rigorously documented and generously illustrated, "Forms of Constraint" surveys prison architecture from earliest times to the present. Embedding his discussion of architectural detail in a history of social ideas about prisoners and imprisonment, criminologist, Norman Johnston considers the architectural design and features of prisons in light of the purposes they were meant to serve.

Principles of Roman architecture

Abstract: The architects of ancient Rome developed a vibrant and enduring tradition, inspiring those who followed in their profession even to the present day. This original book is the first to explore their approach to design. Mark Wilson Jones draws on both new archaeological discoveries and his own analyzes of the monuments to reveal how Roman architects went about the creative process. Wilson Jones begins by outlining the state of knowledge regarding Roman architects, Vitruvius in particular, as well as the dynamics of design as illuminated by surviving architectural drawings and models. Then, in a series of thematic chapters dedicated to the plan, the elevation, and the principal distributive element of Roman buildings, the Corinthian column, he focuses on underlying patterns of design that transcend function and typology. The success of Roman architecture is shown to rest on a robust yet subtle synthesis of theory, beauty, content, and practicality. At the same time, it maintains a vital equilibrium between the apparently conflicting goals of rule and variety. The next part of the book focuses on two singularly enigmatic monuments, Trajan's Column and the Pantheon, to illustrate how architects might bend principles to circumstance. The author resolves long-standing controversies over their conception, showing how both structures came to be modified after work on the site had begun. Even the Romans' mighty building machine had to come to terms with the gap between ideals and the physical realities of construction.

Practice: Architecture, Technique and Representation

Abstract: This is a book of theoretical essays by architect Stan Allen, which examine the ways in which the modes of representation and techniques of realization available to the architect affect the practice of architecture. Allen shows how these models of representation are put into play in specific buildings by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. While the practice of architecture is circumscribed by a function, the many practices that contribute to the realization of this task affect the look of our cities and the spaces we live in.Allen's essays, organized into three sections: RepresentationsBuildingsMedia The final essays analyze the role of media in architecture, specifically the reproduction of buildings in photographic form, and the impact of computer-aided design techniques.

BERRA: a research architecture for service robots

Abstract: The architecture for a mobile service robot is discussed. The paper covers aspects related to overall design and implementation. The robot architecture is of the hybrid deliberative/reactive behavioral type. The strategy is selection where planning is viewed as configuration. The architecture can be divided into three layers, one for deliberation, one for task execution, and one reactive layer. Scalability and a high degree of flexibility have been primary design goals, making it easy to reconfigure the system. The system has been built in an object oriented fashion. An application of the architecture has been tested in a significant number of missions in our lab, where one room has been setup as an ordinary living room.

The Spaces Between Buildings

Abstract: Gates and fences, sidewalks and driveways, alleys and parking lots--these ordinary features have an important architectural impact, influencing how a building relates to the spaces around it. As geographer Larry R. Ford argues, architectural histories and guidebooks tell us surprisingly little about the character of American cities because they concentrate on buildings taken out of context, buildings divorced from space. In The Spaces between Buildings , Ford focuses on the neglected "nooks and crannies" between structures, supplementing his analysis with three photographic essays. Long before Ford knew anything about geography or architecture, he was a connoisseur of front porches, alleys, and loading docks. As a kid in Columbus, Ohio, he knew where to find coal chutes to play in, which rooftops and fire escapes were ideally suited for watching parades, and which stoops were perfect for waiting for a bus. To him the spaces between buildings seemed wonderfully integrated and connected. The Spaces between Buildings is the result of Ford's preoccupation with the relationship of buildings to one another and how their means of access and boundaries organize the areas around us. As Ford observes, a city with friendly, permeable facades and a great variety of street-level doors is more conducive to civic life than a city characterized by fortresslike structures with blank walls and invisible doors. Life on the street is defined and guided by the nature of the surrounding buildings. Similarly, a residential neighborhood with front porches, small lawns or gardens, and houses with lots of windows and architectural details presents a more walkable and gregarious setting than a neighborhood where public space is surrounded by walls, three-car garage doors, blank facades, and concrete driveways. Ford begins by looking at the growth of four urban places, each representing a historical era as much as a geographic location: the Islamic medina; the city shaped by the Spanish renaissance; the nineteenth-century North American city; and the twentieth-century American city. His first essay also discusses the evolution of the free-standing structure as a basic urban building type and the problems encountered in beautifying the often work-a-day back and side yards that have helped to create the image of the untidy American city. The second essay examines the urban trend toward viewing lawns, gardens, hedges, and trees as an essential adjunct to architecture. The final essay focuses on pedestrian and vehicular spaces. Here the author includes the landscape of the garage, sidewalks, streets, and alleys. In its exploration of how spaces become places, The Spaces between Buildings invites readers to see anew the spaces they encounter every day and often take for granted.

Chimera: hypermedia for heterogeneous software development enviroments

Abstract: Emerging software development environments are characterized by heterogeneity: they are composed of diverse object stores, user interfaces, and tools. This paper presents an approach for providing hypermedia services in this heterogeneous setting. Central notions of the approach include the following: anchors are established with respect to interactive views of objects, rather than the objects themselves; composable, n-ary links can be established between anchors on different views of objects which may be stored in distinct object bases; viewers may be implemented in different programming languages; and, hypermedia services are provided to multiple, concurrently active, viewers. The paper describes the approach, supporting architecture, and lessons learned. Related work in the areas of supporing heterogeneity and hypermedia data modeling is discussed. The system has been employed in a variety of contexts including research, development, and education.

The CU communicator: an architecture for dialogue systems.

Abstract: This paper presents our recent work towards development of the University of Colorado (CU) Communicator, an interactive dialogue system for airline, hotel and rental car information. The CU Communicator integrates speech recognition, synthesis and natural language understanding technologies using the DARPA Hub Architecture to allow users to converse with an automated travel agent. During a typical telephonebased interaction, users can retrieve up-to-date travel information such as flight schedules, pricing, along with hotel and rental car availability. The CU Communicator has been under development since April of 1999 and represents our test-bed system for developing robust human-computer interactions where reusability and dialogue system portability serve as two main goals of our work. This paper will focus on describing our recent system improvements and will present an analysis of dialogues received and lessons learned.

An Architecture of Stampi: MPI Library on a Cluster of Parallel Computers

Abstract: In this paper, we present a communication library which extends an MPI application on a single parallel machine to a cluster of parallel machines. Stampi provides some functionality which are required for constructing distributed applications and environments based on the MPI2 standard with a focus on dynamic process management. Since the mechanism of communication bridge is transparent for users, it is very useful to assemble and link MPI applications on meta-computer systems. Furthermore Stampi supports novel functions; one is the communication between a Java applet to the backend parallel computer. Another is supporting remote file-IO. Both give us a framework of distributed resource management based on an MPI communication infrastructure. This paper covers the architecture of Stampi.

Security policy applied to common data security architecture

Abstract: An improved architecture is provided, based upon the prior art common data security architecture, with the modification of adding in a generic trust policy library (217) at an add-in security modules layer (215) and a policy interpreter (224) at a common security services manager layer (202), so that individual users may provide sets of trust policies in the form of a trust policy description file (223), which uses a generic policy description language provided by the architecture. The architecture provides a generic method of incorporating trust policies into a computing platform in a manner which avoids a prior art problem of the semantics of trust policies which are hard-coded in prior art trust policy modules (117). The architecture also improves management flexibility. In the present disclosure, a generic policy description language is provided, which enables different users to define the semantics of a plurality of trust policies.

FieldWise: a mobile knowledge management architecture

Abstract: The paper presents results of a research project that has aimed at developing a knowledge management architecture for mobile work domains The architecture developed, called FieldWise, was based on fieldwork in two organisations and feedback from users of prototype systems This paper describes the empirically grounded requirements of FieldWise, how these have been realised in the architecture, and how the architecture has been implemented in the news journalism domain FieldWise adds to the field of CSCW by offering an empirically grounded architecture with a set of novel features that have not been previously reported in the literature

The Shape of Inca History: Narrative and Architecture in an Andean Empire

Abstract: Considers how the Inca concept of history informed their narratives, rituals and architecture. Using 16th-century chronicles of Inca culture, legal documents and field investigation of architectural remains, the book explores the interplay of oral/written histories with the architectural record.

Quartz: a QoS architecture for open systems

Abstract: This paper describes an architecture that provides support for quality of service (QoS) specification and enforcement in heterogeneous distributed computing systems. The Quartz QoS architecture has been designed to overcome various limitations of previous QoS architectures that have constrained their use in heterogeneous systems. These limitations include dependencies on specific platforms and the fact that their functionality is often limited by design to one particular area of application. Quartz is able to accommodate differences among diverse computing platforms and areas of application by adopting a flexible and extensible platform-independent design, which allows its internal components to be rearranged dynamically in order to adapt the architecture to the surrounding environment. Further significant problems found in other QoS architectures, such as the lack of flexibility and expressiveness in the specification of QoS requirements and limited support for resource adaptation, are also addressed by Quartz. This paper describes the motivations for and design of Quartz in detail, presents a prototype implementation of Quartz and an analysis of its design based on experience with a number of applications that use this prototype.

Women and the Making of the Modern House: A Social and Architectural History

Abstract: "If you want a book about architecture which is informative, provocative, offers new paradigms on the way we describe architecture, is both soundly academic, and as compelling to read as a good novel, look no further." --Kester Ratenbury In this groundbreaking book, Alice T. Friedman investigates how women patrons of architecture were essential catalysts for innovation in domestic architectural design. By looking at such iconic houses as Hollyhock House (Frank Lloyd Wright), the Truus Schroder House (Gerrit Rietveld), the Edith Farnsworth House (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), the Constance Perkins House (Richard Neutra), and the Vanna Venturi House (Robert Venturi), she explores the challenges that unconventional attitudes and ways of life presented to architectural thinking--and to the architects themselves. Detailed portraits--fashioned from personal letters, diaries, office records, photo albums, and interviews--of the clients and architects reveal the private passions and struggles that women and men of talent and creativity brought to these projects, and suggest the rich cultural and artistic context in which each house was created. The works considered are thus brought to life through the people who commissioned, designed, and lived in them.

Three-Tier Architecture

Abstract: Professor Ortiz presents a little of the theory behind the three-tier architecture and shows how it may be applied using Linux, Java and MiniSQL.

Fire and Memory: On Architecture and Energy

Abstract: Architecture and fire, construction and combustion, meet in this poetic treatise on energy in building. In Fire and Memory, Luis Fernandez-Galiano reconstructs the movement from cold to warm architecture, from building fire to building a building with and for fire, through what he calls a "metaphorical plundering" of disciplines as diverse as anthropology and economics, and in particular of ecology and thermodynamics. Beginning with the mythical fire in the origins of architecture and moving to its symbolic representation in the twentieth century, Galiano develops a theoretical dialogue between combustion and construction that ranges from Vitruvius to Le Corbusier, from the mechanical and organic to time and entropy. Galiano points out that energy, so important to the origin of architectural theory in Vitruvius's time, has been absent from architectural theory since the introduction of the "dictatorship of the eye" over that of the skin. With Fire and Memory, he reintroduces energy to the discussion of architecture and reminds us that the sense of touch is as necessary to an understanding of the environment as the sense of sight.

The Provisional City: Los Angeles Stories of Architecture and Urbanism

Abstract: The provisional city is one of constant erasure and eruption. Through what Dana Cuff calls a "convulsive urban act," developers both public and private demolish an urban site and disband its inhabitants, replacing it with some vision of a better life that leaves no trace of the former structure. Architects bring their own utopian dreams to the process. In this book, Cuff examines those convulsions through two underestimated dimensions of architectural and urban form: scale and the politics of property. Scale is intimately tied to degree of disruption: the larger a project's scale, the greater the upheaval. As both culture and geography, real estate plays an equally significant role in urban formation.Focusing on Los Angeles, Cuff looks at urban transformation through the architecture and land development of large-scale residential projects. She demonstrates the inherent instability of very large sites. Having created perverse renditions of the very problems they sought to solve, for example, public housing projects that underwent upheaval in the 1940s and 1950s are doing so again.Cuff explores five cases that span the period from the 1930s, when federal support for slum clearance and public housing caused convulsions near downtown, to a huge 1990s' mixed-use development on one of Los Angeles's last remaining wetlands. The story takes us from the refined modernist architecture of Richard Neutra to the self-conscious populism of the New Urbanism. The cases illuminate the relationship of housing architecture to issues of race, class, urban design, geography, and political ideology.