Showing papers on "BALB/c published in 1971"

A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses i. tissue culture studies of naturally occurring viruses

Abstract: Previous studies have indicated that all naturally occurring murine leukemia viruses propagate significantly more efficiently on embryo cells of either NIH Swiss or BALB/c mice. Studies of the plaquing efficiency of representative viruses on embryo cells of various inbred and hybrid mice indicate that the pattern of sensitivity of the cells is genetically determined. All of 23 strains tested were found to resemble either NIH Swiss (N-type) or BALB/c (B-type) with respect to plaquing efficiency of these viruses. Virus growth on embryo cells derived from (N-type x B-type)F1 hybrids indicated dominance of resistance to both types of viruses. Backcross hybrid studies indicated that a single locus is the primary determinant of the host-range patterns observed. This locus has no effect on growth of certain laboratory-passaged leukemia viruses which propagate equally well on embryo cells of all mouse strains, F1, and backcross hybrids. Though other genetic and nongenetic factors influence viral growth or expression in vitro and in vivo, the genetic locus described appears of major significance in the biology of murine leukemia.

Autoimmune-like antibodies to the ligand-binding sites of myeloma proteins.

Abstract: BALB/c mice were immunized with three A-myeloma proteins of BALB/c-2 or BALB/c origin (produced by plasmacytomas MOPC-315, MOPC-460, Adj. PC-22A). Noncross reacting antibodies were formed against Proteins-315 and 460, but the response to Protein-22A was marginal. Proteins-315 and 460 have anti-dinitrophenyl activity, and their reactions with the corresponding BALB/c antibodies were inhibited by dinitrophenyl ligands. It appears that antibodies can be formed in BALB/c mice against unique “idiotypic” determinants in the ligand-binding sites of some BALB/c mycloma proteins.

Natural Thymocytotoxic Autoantibody and Reactive Antigen in New Zealand Black and Other Mice

Abstract: Naturally occurring thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA) was detected by cytotoxic test in the sera of very young New Zealand Black mice (within 1 month after birth); the incidence was 100% at 3 months of age. Some mice from other strains also had NTA, but at an older age and with lower incidence and antibody titer. NTA had optimal activity at 4°C but was also strongly reactive at 37°C. It was cytotoxic for thymocytes of all strains of mice tested. Whereas only thymocytes were highly sensitive to NTA, the reactive antigen was demonstrated by absorption test in the thymus, lymph node, spleen, and brain of adult mice. It could be demonstrated only in the thymus of newborn mice. The distribution of NTA-reactive antigen suggests the presence of an antigen distinct from any so far described on the cell surface of mouse thymocytes. Gel filtration of NZB mouse serum suggests that NTA is an IgM. Mouse thymocytes sensitized with NTA in vitro became highly susceptible to phagocytosis by syngeneic macrophages.

Life span of specified-pathogen-free (MRC category 4) mice and rats.

Abstract: Data are presented on the life span and pathology of 15 inbred and 2 outbred strains of mice, and 1 inbred and 1 outbred strain of rats, maintained under specified-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Among the mice, longevity ranged from 312 to 802 days. Survival curves for each strain are given. Neoplasia was the most common pathological finding.

H-2-linked genetic control of immune responsiveness to ovalbumin and ovomucoid.

Abstract: Immune responsiveness of inbred mice to low doses of ovalbumin or ovomucoid is under control of single dominant genes closely linked to alleles of the H-2 locus. High responsiveness to ovomucoid is linked with the H-2a and H-2k alleles, and to ovalbumin with the H-2b, H-2d , and H-2q alleles.

Differences in tumor types and organ susceptibility in BALB-c and RF mice following dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine.

Abstract: Summary Total doses of 300 mg/kg of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and 515 and 1010 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were given to adult BALB/c mice in their drinking water. The oncogenic results for this strain were compared with previously reported data on a noninbred subline of RF/Un mice handled under similar conditions. DEN induced forestomach and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in both strains but induced liver hemangiosarcomas in BALB/c mice and liver hepatomas in RF mice. In addition, DEN induced a high incidence of lung adenomas in the RF but was only slightly effective (3%) in BALB/c mice. In both strains, DMN induced lung adenomas and liver hemangiosarcomas. The liver sensitivity of both strains to DEN, in developing different tumor cell types between strains, suggests that different liver cells may metabolize DEN in the two strains and offers an excellent tool for metabolic studies. These carcinogens induced high incidences of tumors in the low-tumor-incidence BALB/c strain, with the exception of DEN, which had no oncogenic effect on the lung. Tissue sensitivity does not appear to relate directly to the spontaneous tumor incidence of the strain. No leukemogenic effect was observed following either DMN or DEN in either strain.

Cell-mediated immune response in vitro: Independent differentiation of thymocytes into cytotoxic lymphocytes

Abstract: Differentiation of dispersed mouse thymus cells into cytotoxic lymphocytes has been shown for the first time to occur in an in vitro allograft system. It is concluded that the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a T cell phenomenon with no thymus-bone marrow synergism being required.

The importance of theta and Ig hearing cells in the immune response to various antigens.

Abstract: Transfers of normal and/or immune BALB/c spleen cells into x-irradiated syngeneic recipients were performed in order to characterize further the nature of memory cells. Incubation of the cells with antisera to either the θ-antigen or to mouse immunoglobulin in the presence of C was used to remove selectively T-cells (θ-bearing) or B-cells (Ig-bearing). Primary and secondary responses to Brucella abortus (BA) were reduced by incubation with anti-Ig but were unaffected by removal of T-cells, suggesting the thymus-independence of this response. Responses to sheep erythrocytes (SE) were always greatly inhibited after incubation of the cells with anti-θ, while being reduced to a variable extent by anti-Ig. With DNP-hemocyanin as the antigen, primary and early memory responses were unaffected by anti-θ, whereas the late memory response to this antigen was greatly reduced by such treatment. Addition of equal numbers of untreated normal spleen cells to antisera treated immune spleen cells resulted in minimal reconstitution of the memory responses. Such reconstitution was only obtained by recombination of anti-θ and anti-Ig treated immune spleen cells. It is concluded that immunologic memory can be expressed by both the B- and the T-lymphoid cell lines in the mouse.

Maternal deprivation and the response to Ehrlich carcinoma in BALB-c mice.

Abstract: &NA; Four of 8 newborn litters of BALB/c mice, each containing 6 pups, were subjected to a maternal deprivation paradigm in which the mothers were removed for 20 hours per day for 18 days. The other 4 litters served as controls. At 60 days of age, all animals were inoculated with 0.2 cu cm of Ehrlich carcinoma. After implantation, all animals were weighed daily until death, with weight increases and survival time recorded for each animal. Maternally deprived mice had significantly longer survival times relative to controls, and showed a differential mortality rate.

Genetic control of the immune response of mice to hemocyanin. I. Th role of macrophages.

Abstract: There were marked differences in the immune responses of inbred strains of mice to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Genetic control of the response was best demonstrated after immunization with small doses of KLH. Differences in antibody titers were not related to differences in class of immunoglobulin or relative avidity of antibody. High responsiveness to KLH appeared to be under control of an autosomal dominant gene(s). High and low responsiveness to KLH was observed among strains of mice which had similar histocompatibility (H-2) antigens. No significant differences were found in the uptake and catabolism of KLH by macrophages from low or high response mice. Moreover, F 1 hybrid crosses between low and high response strains responded equivalently to KLH transferred in live macrophages from either parental strain. These findings indicated that the genetic control of the immune response to KLH was not exerted at the level of the cells responsible for antigen handling.

The age related responses of new zealand mice to a murine sarcoma virus

Abstract: The Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus (MSV-M) rapidly induces soft tissue tumours in mice of all ages Immunologically competent mice can spontaneously regress these tumours, and the regression time is an indication of the degree of immunologic reactivity Using these parameters, New Zealand Black (NZB), New Zealand White × New Zealand Black F1 (B/W), and NIH Swiss mice develop cell mediated immune responses at an early age compared to five other mouse strains 8–11-month-old NZB and B/W mice of both sexes show depressed immune responses when compared to 6-week-old controls The responses of 10–11 month old female BALB/c mice were identical to 6-week-old controls Older NZB and B/W mice spontaneously develop autoimmune disease Measurement of autoimmune parameters in the older New Zealand mouse strains indicates that immune depression precedes the onset of detectable autoimmune disease

Genetics of the immune response. I. The immune response to the phage fd in high and low responding inbred strains of mice

Abstract: The immune response to the bacteriophage fd has been analyzed in several inbred strains of mice. The inactivation curve of bacteriophage fd by specific antisera follows initially first order kinetics and finally levels off gradually. The strength of the antisera has been characterized primarily by the velocity constant K of the inactivation kinetics. Two other methods, endpoint and plateau determination, have been used for the analysis of selected problems. The threshold dose for priming for a secondary response varies widely among the strains tested. Low responding strains have a hundred- to thousandfold higher threshold dose than high responding strains. High responsiveness is dominant over low responsiveness in genetical analysis and inherited as a single dominant trait. The dose for an optimal response in high and low responders lies within the same range at about 1 × 109 fd/g body weight. Further increase of the priming dose leads in all except one strain to a suppression of the response probably due to partial high zone paralysis. One strain of mice, CBA/MH, shows a dose response curve different from the others. No suppression of the response with high priming doses is found. The cooperating role of thymus derived cells and of macrophages has been tested. The previous uptake of antigen by macrophages probably prevents induction of high zone paralysis. No evidence has been found for macrophages being responsible for high and low responsiveness. The immune response to phage fd is strongly thymus dependent. The response of animals lacking thymic influence is below the response of low responders.

Balb/c mice neonatally infected with moloney leukaemogenic and murine sarcoma viruses.

Abstract: The pathological alterations in renal glomeruli of BALB/c mice infected neonatally or by vertical transmission from the mother with Moloney leukaemogenic virus or mouse sarcoma virus have been studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The abnormalities observed by light microscopy were an initial proliferation of mesangial, endothelial and epithelial cells, followed by thickening and deposition of PAS-positive material in the basement membrane, localized necrosis and a variable degree of glomerulosclerosis, with the overall characteristics of a chronic, proliferative glomerulonephritis. The abnormalities were more severe when leukaemia became manifest. By electron microscopy few alterations were noted in the early stages, mainly a marked swelling and reticulation of the endothelial cells of some animals, and in stages of intermediate severity thickening of the mesangial area and of the basement membrane with local formation of subepithelial projections and fusion of the foot processes of the epithelial cells. Only a few virus particles were occasionally detected in some glomeruli. Immunoglobulin and viral antigens were demonstrated in practically all glomeruli by immunofluorescence and antibody capable of neutralizing MLV was eluted from the kidney of the infected mice. These findings appear to be consistent with an immune complex aetiology of this glomerular disease.

Immune complex disease. I. Pathological changes in the kidneys of BALB/c mice neonatally infected with Moloney leukaemogenic and murine sarcoma viruses

Abstract: The pathological alterations in renal glomeruli of BALB/c mice infected neonatally or by vertical transmission from the mother with Moloney leukaemogenic virus or mouse sarcoma virus have been studied by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The abnormalities observed by light microscopy were an initial proliferation of mesangial, endothelial and epithelial cells, followed by thickening and deposition of PAS-positive material in the basement membrane, localized necrosis and a variable degree of glomerulosclerosis, with the overall characteristics of a chronic, proliferative glomerulonephritis. The abnormalities were more severe when leukaemia became manifest. By electron microscopy few alterations were noted in the early stages, mainly a marked swelling and reticulation of the endothelial cells of some animals, and in stages of intermediate severity thickening of the mesangial area and of the basement membrane with local formation of subepithelial projections and fusion of the foot processes of the epithelial cells. Only a few virus particles were occasionally detected in some glomeruli. Immunoglobulin and viral antigens were demonstrated in practically all glomeruli by immunofluorescence and antibody capable of neutralizing MLV was eluted from the kidney of the infected mice. These findings appear to be consistent with an immune complex aetiology of this glomerular disease.

The cytotoxic effect of heterologous antisera to mouse IgG on mouse lymphocytes.

Abstract: Goat and rabbit anti-mouse IgG were significantly cytotoxic for adult mouse lymphocytes from spleen, lymph node, peripheral blood, and to a lesser extent, bone marrow. Newborn mouse spleen lymphocytes were not susceptible to this cytotoxic effect, but spleen lymphocytes from 1 week old and 1 month old donors were increasingly so. Absorption of anti-mouse IgG sera with mouse spleen cells or mouse IgG removed both IgG precipitins and lymphocytotoxins. Absorption with mouse red cells or foetal tissue, however, did not remove either cytotoxins or IgG precipitins. Antisera directed against human or rabbit IgG's were not cytotoxic for human or rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Abrogated thymoma development and increased amyloid development in estrogenized mice grafted spleen and bone marrow cells.

Abstract: SummaryAdult BALB/c mice treated monthly subcutaneously with 0.25 mg estradiol benzoate, had a high incidence of thymic lymphomas and more so in males than in females.Administering of syngeneic spleen and bone marrow cells to estrogenized mice (i) protected against development of thymic lymphomas; (ii) increased the incidence of spleen amyloidosis; and (iii) was without influence on development of thymic cysts and testicular tumors.Blood lymphocytes from estrogenized mice reacted normally to phytohemagglutinin, but the mice had a prolonged rejection time of allogeneic skin graft.Spontaneous thymoma development in AKA mice was not influenced by grafting syngeneic cells.Thymoma and spleen amyloidosis occurred as mutually exclusive qualities in both BALB/c and AKA mice.

Plaque-Forming-Cell Response to H-2 Antigens of Mice

Abstract: SummaryLymphoblast cell line L5178Y of DBA/2 mouse origin was used as a source of target cells for a cytolytic plaque assay. Plaque-forming cells were demonstrated in spleens of mice injected with allogeneic cells or grafted with allogeneic skin. From the results obtained in various inbred strains, it could be concluded that the major immune response measured in this study was directed against H-2d antigens.

Ceruloplasmin variants in mouse serum.

Abstract: A u f n a h m e abe r die ge samt e K6rperober f l~che erfolgt, zun&chst yorwiegend ek todermal . Der un te r sch ied l iche T r i t i u m A k t i v i t ~ t s v e r l a u f im Meerwasser , d e m V e r b i n d u n g e n aus Gruppe 1 oder 2 zugese tz t waren, zeigt de ren ve rsch iedene biologische Ha lbwer t sze i t en . S u b s i a n z e n aus Gruppe 1, v o r n e h m l i c h essentiel le Aminos~uren , spielen als S y n t h e s e b a u s t e i n e eine Rolle (im V e r s u c h s z e i t r a u m bleiben sic e ingebaut ) . Die V e r b i n d u n g e n aus Gruppe 2 w u r d e n im Bet r iebss tof fwechse l ve ra rbe i t e t (ether Tr i t ium-Akt iv i t&ts a b n a h m e im Meerwasser folgte wieder ein Anst ieg) .