Showing papers on "Blisters published in 1994"

Dual chamber - child-resistant blister package

Abstract: The dual chamber - child-resistant blister package (22) is provided. The blisters of the package include a storage chamber (34) and a discharge chamber (36). In addition, the blister includes restraint means (38) for preventing the medicament (24) from moving from the storage chamber (34) to the discharge chamber (36) until a predetermined force is applied to the blister package (22). The medicament (24) may not be dispensed directly from the storage chamber (34), since a nonrupturable layer (30) is located adjacent the storage chamber (34) of the blister (22). The nonrupturable layer (30) includes an opening (44), or a mechanism such as a score line for forming and opening through which the medicament (24) can pass adjacent the discharge chamber (36). A rupturable layer (32) is also provided to seal the medicament (24) within the blister (22). Typically, the rupturable layer (32) is located adjacent the nonrupturable layer (30) to seal the opening in the nonrupturable layer (30). The blister package (22) may also include indicia associated with the blisters to help insure compliance with complex therapeutic regimens. The blister package may also include fold lines to help reduce the overall size of the blister package; thereby making it easier to transport.

Large scale yielding in blister specimens

Abstract: Nonlinear von Karman plate theory was used for a consistent analysis of pressurized circular, island and peninsula blister specimens. The configurations that were considered ranged from linear plates to membranes. Interfacial energy release rates and fracture mode-mixes were extracted from the solutions. For a given pressure and all possible materials and delamination length to thickness (aspect, a/h) ratios, the peninsula blister provided the highest energy release rate, followed by the island and circular blisters. The extent of yielding in delaminating copper films with a range of thicknesses and an interfacial toughness of 100 J/m2 was then examined. It was found that all configurations of the circular blister suffered from large scale yielding. The stress levels in the island blister were notably lower, especially for a/h=10, where yielding only occurred over about 10 percent of the delaminating copper layer. While extensive yielding was still present in peninsula blister configurations with a/h=100 and 500, there was none for a/h=10. A scheme for extending the utility of blister specimens to higher aspect ratios was suggested and analyzed.

Investigation of the presence and role of calmodulin and other mitogens in human burn blister fluid.

Abstract: It is unclear whether burn blister fluid is beneficial or deleterious to the healing of the underlying wound. We investigated the calcium binding protein calmodulin in human burn blister fluid and its role in the mitogenicity of this fluid in the culture of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Calmodulin levels in blister fluid were three times greater than in serum (p < 0.005), whereas epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.001). Calmodulin in blister fluid was biochemically identified after affinity chromatography, Western blotting, and immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody. Inhibiting calmodulin with either an antagonist or antibody to calmodulin reduced the mitogenic activity of blister fluid in three cell types by 26% to 80%. These in vitro studies suggest that burn blister fluid may promote wound healing, and locally released calmodulin contributes to this effect. In appropriate cases it may be beneficial to leave burn blisters intact.

Thermal behaviour of nitrogen implanted into zirconium

Abstract: Zirconium films were implanted with 15 N ions of energy 50 keV to a total fluence of 1 × 10 18 ions cm -2 in an attempt to study the formation process and thermal stability of ZrN layers produced by high fluence implantation of nitrogen. Subsequent to the implantation at room temperature, samples were annealed at temperatures of 300 °C–900 °C. The depth profiles of the implanted nitrogen were measured by nuclear reaction analysis using the 15 N(p,αγ) 12 C at E R = 429 keV, and the surfaces were examined by thin film X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. There were many blisters 0.2–0.4 μm in diameter on the surface of the as-implanted samples and double peaks were observed in the nitrogen depth profiles; they were in both sides of the mean projected range. It was found that most of the blisters became extinct after annealing above 400 °C, and the XRD peak (111) intensity was increased with the increase in the annealing temperature. Moreover, 14 N and 15 N implantations were superimposed on Zr samples in order to study the atomic migration of nitrogen at each stage of high fluence implantation. It was found that the decrease in the peak at the deeper layers was related to blister extinction and nitrogen diffusion into underling zirconium which could be correlated with radiation damage induced by post-implanted ions.

Blistering of Glass-Epoxy Amine Adhesive Joints in Water Vapour at High Pressure. An Indication of Interfacial Crumpling

Abstract: When joints are made between solids, the surfaces of which are soluble in water, with an epoxy-amine adhesive, blistering is observed in water vapour at high temperature and pressure. The occurrence of these blisters follows the cavitation theory in elastomers. Microscopic observation of the blisters suggest that they come from initial smaller ones which are homogeneously spread along the interface (not air bubbles or defects) and grow under the osmotic pressure developed by water condensation in the initial “sucker” and by surface dissolution. These observations led us to suggest that the solid/adhesive interface crumples during hardening of the adhesive and that many small suckers exist along the interface. This leads to a new model for the loss of adherence of epoxy-metal joints kept in high humidities.

Hydrogen blisters on β‐NbD after laser pulse heating

Abstract: Plates of β‐NbD0.7 were irradiated with single pulses of a KrF excimer laser having a wavelength of 248.4 nm. The power level was varied from roughly 0.1 to 1 GW/cm2. The pulse length was about 15 ns. The irradiated areas at low and medium power displayed individual hydrogen (deuterium) blisters which started overlapping at higher power levels. Calculation of the thermal diffusivity showed that a surface layer roughly 0.6 μm thick was heated during the pulse. Applying Bechtel’s formula [J. Appl. Phys. 46, 1585 (1975)] for the temperature increase in the heated layer demonstrated that melting of the heated layer must have occurred during the pulse. The formation of hydrogen (deuterium) blisters is understandable in terms of the very high equilibrium vapor pressure of the hydrides near the melting temperature. A model for the formation of the blisters is presented.

Elevated levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor I in blister fluids of bullous pemphigoid and suction blisters

Abstract: Tumour necrosis fac tor , (TNFc0 is a potent pleiotropic inflammatory mediator, which is mainly released from activated macrophages [17]. We have recently demonstrated that macrophages are increased in the dermal infiltrate of bullous pemphigoid (BP) lesions [3, 19]. We therefore considered it possible that TNFc~ is involved in blister formation in this disease. In recent studies, we have indeed detected high amounts of immunoreactive TNF~ in blister fluids of BP compared with serum samples taken at the time of blister puncture [20]. TNF, has also been shown to be increased in blister fluids of various other bullous disease~ and in suction blisters in healthy volunteers. Using a bioassay, however, no TNF activity was determined in blisters of BP or controls. We hypothesized that blister fluids might contain TNF inhibitors neutralizing its biological activity [20]. Recently, the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNFRI) has been found to inhibit the biological effects of T N F , [5]. We therefore looked for the presence of sTNF-RI in blister fluids from BP patients and from suction blisters raised in volunteers. We collected blister fluids from nine BP patients before initiating systemic immunosuppressive treatment. In addition, we produced suction blisters on the forearm of nine healthy volunteers as controls using a previously described device (Itka Oy, Espoo, Finland) [7, 20]. We applied a constant negative pressure of 300 mmHg; the required suction time averaged 118 rain. Eventually five blisters formed on the forearm, each 8 mm in diameter. At the time of blister puncture we obtained blood samples from both patients and controls. Blister fluids and blood samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm and stored at

Device for severing packing strips having blisters from a continuous film

Abstract: A device for severing packing strips having blisters from a continuous film having a transport roller and, at a specific distance therefrom, a stamping device. The stamping device is combined with a stop, against which blisters of the packing strip to be stamped out run. By use of the stop, an always similar position of the blisters within the packing strip is achieved in the case of different expansion behaviors of the continuous film. By use of a buffer zone for a part of the continuous film, matching to different continuous films is achieved.

The influence of preferred crystallographic orientation on blister size distribution in helium implanted surfaces

Abstract: Blister formation by ion implantation has been recently attributed to the near surface gas concentration and the mechanical properties of the metal. At a critical level of near surface concentration blisters are created with a typical range of diameter size for the specific material and specific implantation ion energy. Single crystal implantation with high near surface He concentration has shown different typical blister sizes due to the crystallographic directions. In the present work the authors report studies of blister formation in rolled and annealed aluminum and a Cu-Be alloy. It was observed that, as a consequence of the reflective stopping powers, there is a correlation between crystallographic orientation and resultant blister size distribution.

Hanging-type blister pack

Abstract: PURPOSE:To embody a hanging-type blister pack wherein manufacturing efficiency is high and the manufacture cost is low while a blister and a paper sheet can be easily separated and reuse of their waste is easy. CONSTITUTION:A blister pack 2 comprises a first blister 3 and a second blister 4 with a housing for containing a product formed which are integrally formed and connected with each other by a hinge 10 provided at the center of both blisters. The blister pack 2 has such a structure that the first blister 3 and the second blister 4 aligned with each other with a supporting point of the hinge 10 as the center are recess-protrusion-fitted by a recess 5 and a protrusion 6, while a slit where a base sheet 7 slides is provided at a portion where the blisters overlap on an opposite side to the hinge 10. The base sheet 7 is formed with folded parts of opposite two sides and a hanging part.

A Mechanism for Blistering of Carbon Fiber Composites

Abstract: : Blisters containing fluid with a high pH were induced in a carbon fiber vinyl ester polymer matrix composite by cathodic polarization in a sodium chloride solution. The oxygen content of the solution was varied in order to determine the effect of oxygen on the blister process. It was found that increasing the oxygen content in solution decreased the time for blister initiation, indicating that the reduction of oxygen to form hydroxyl ions was an important reaction. Calculations indicated that a similar cumulative charge density was required for blister initiation for the different oxygen contents, confirming the importance of oxygen to the blister process. A mechanism for blister formation dependent upon oxygen reduction to hydroxyl ions and the subsequent formation of an osmotic cell is outlined from the results of this study

Origin of Na2SO4 blisters in sheet glass

Abstract: The properties and origin of fine Na 2 SO 4 blisters have been studied experimentally They are 01–10 mm in size and contain crystalline Na 2 SO 4 with a small amount of CaO and K 2 O Most of them are formed in molten glass during decomposition of the batch mixture The blisters are formed by condensation of Na 2 SO 4 from Na 2 O and SO 3 selectively absorbed into dolomite at an early stage of batch melting They remain immiscibly in molten glass, after MgO and CaO in the dolomite have been dissolved into the glass

Molecular Interactions at Metal/Polyimide Interfaces: A Correlation with Adhesion nd Bond Durability

Abstract: : Molecular interactions between a substrate and an overlayer control the intrinsic adhesion between the two materials and this intrinsic adhesion, in turn, is a critical component of the measured adhesion which also includes factors related to plastic deformation of the materials. Because virtually all measurements of adhesion include these other factors, accurate values for the intrinsic adhesion have not been available in the past. To develop a means to measure this parameter, nonlinear von Karman plate theory has been used for a consistent analysis of pressurized circular, island and peninsula blister specimens. The configurations considered ranged from linear plates to membranes. Interfacial energy release rates and fracture mode-mixes were extracted. For a given pressure and all possible materials and delamination length to thickness (aspect, a/h) ratios, the peninsula blister provided the highest energy release rate, followed by the island and circular blisters. The extent of yielding in delaminating copper films was greatest with the circular blister. The stress levels in the island blister were notably lower. While extensive yielding was still present in peninsula blister configurations with a/h = 100 and 500, there was none for a/h = 10. A scheme for extending the utility of blister specimens to higher aspect ratios was developed and analyzed. Approved for public release, Distribution unlimited. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government.