Showing papers on "Body water published in 1978"

Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth

Abstract: The study of body composition, dividing the body into component parts, is a logical step in the process of trying to correlate structure with function on a “whole-body” scale. Characterizing changes in body composition is a means for understanding the process of growth and change in function that affect nutritional needs as growth proceeds. Anatomic divisions are rather obvious, e.g., organ mass and muscle mass. Fluid–mineral divisions are less readily visualized. The body is divided into total body water and solids; total body water is further divided into an extracellular and intracellular phase. Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes plasma, interstitial fluid, and connective tissue fluids; intracellular fluid (ICF)—the fluid phase of cells—is mostly in organs and muscle (Widdowson and Dickerson, 1964). The functional aspects of body composition can be viewed in terms of organ function (brain, liver, etc.), locomotion (muscle mass), energy reserve (fat mass), environment for cells (extracellular fluid), and supporting structures (connective tissue and bone) (Figure 1). These functions, like their structures, are rather self-evident. The major organs and muscle constitute the bulk of cell proteins in the body. Of these, muscle protein is the principal reservoir for amino acids when diet is deficient or when there is a need for gluconeogenesis from amino acids. While glycogen and protein provide some reserve for energy, fat is the real reservoir for energy when the diet is deficient. Plasma and interstitial fluid are the environment and transportation system for the cells. Supporting structures—connective tissue and bone, etc., although containing protein, are not sources for protein during diet deficiency. The ECF of connective tissue is a reserve for interstitial fluid and plasma when dehydration occurs. Bone contains a reserve for calcium, phosphorus, and some other minerals.

A Proposed Mechanism for Reduced Creatinine Excretion in Severe Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract: Creatinine appearance, defined as the sum of daily creatinine excretion in urine (averaged over 5 days) plus accumulation in body water, measured over the same interval, was calculated in 27 patients

Fluid volumes during onset of spontaneous hypertension in rats.

Abstract: Body fluid volumes were examined in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in two strains of age-matched normotensive controls to ascertain whether expanded plasma volume (PV) or extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was associated with onset of spontaneous hypertension. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in conscious male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY), and American Wistar normotensive (NR) rats 3 h after arterial cannulation. At age 10-14 days no differences in MAP or PV (determine with 125I-albumin) were found between SHR and WKY. At age 18-43 days, SHR had elevated MAP and a small but significant elevation in total body water volume (TBWV; wet weight minus dry weight) compared to WKY and NR; no differences among the three groups were found in PV or ECFV (estimated with inulin). These results provide no evidence that expanded PV or ECFV plays a role in the pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous hypertension, but do not exclude the possibility of altered vascular compliance. The slightly elevated TBWV in SHR may be related to reduced body fat in SHR.

Effects of Dehydration on Metabolic Rate and Fluid Distribution in the Jackrabbit, Lepus californicus

Abstract: Chronic water restriction resulted in a 30% decrease in metabolic rate and an over 50% decrease in evaporative loss in jackrabbits with no change in body temperature. Thus, evaporative cooling as a means of maintaining body temperature was minimized. Accommodation to measuring technique may account for part of the decrease in O₂ consumption. Fractional water content increased, and solids decreased associated with a 10.6% weight loss due to chronic restriction, whereas plasma and extracellular volume decreased in proportion to weight loss. The biological half-life of water, T½, was increased from 5.8 to 11.6 days while water exchange decreased from 13.0% to 5.9% of the body water per day. In acutely dehydrated jackrabbits (3-5 days without water at 25 C), all body fluid compartments lost equal proportions (10.7%) with no change in metabolic rate. Similarly, oxygen consumption was unaffected, and plasma volume decreased in proportion to weight loss (5.5%) in jackrabbits acutely dehydrated in hyperthermic co...

Intracellular electrolyte depletion in patients with ileostomies.

Abstract: Fourteen apparently healthy patients with ileostomies were found to be depleted of total exchangeable sodium and potassium, but had normal serum electrolyte concentrations and normal extracellular fluid and total body water volumes. The low exchangeable sodium and potassiums were thus primarily due to depletion of the intracellular compartment. There was no evidence of renal or intestinal conservation of these ions and plasma aldosterone, renin activity, and prolactin concentrations were normal in most and only moderately raised in a few. This apparent lack of any hormonal compensatory change to the electrolyte depletion may be due to the normality of the extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations. These patients seem to have adapted to a stable but depleted intracellular sodium and potassium state.

Total body water in malnutrition: the possible role of energy intake.

Abstract: I. Total body water (TBW) was measured using tritiated water in sixty-five children. The measurements 2. Oedematous children had a high TBW which decreased to the normal range during loss of oedema 3. Marasmic children who had not received greater than maintenance amounts of energy had a normal 4. Treatment with a high-energy diet was associated with an initial increase in TBW. 5. The possible mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed. were distributed throughout rehabilitation in order to define the effect of changing energy intakes. providing they were not receiving more than maintenance amounts of energy during this period. TBW. Many studies have demonstrated that in severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) total body water (TBW) as a percentage of body-weight is increased (Schnieden, Hendrikse & Haigh, 1958; Smith, 1960; Brinkman, Bowie, Friis-Hansen & Hansen, 1965; Flynn, Hanna, Asfour & Lutz, 1967; Alleyne, 1968; Graham, Cordano, Blizzard & Cheek, 1969). Some of the highest values have been obtained in children with marasmus (Hansen, Brinkman & Bowie, I 965). This seeming paradox of a child with non-oedematous malnutrition, marasmus, having a higher TBW (yo body-weight) than a child with obvious fluid retention manifest as oedema, kwashiorkor, has been attributed to a change in the reference measurement, body-weight. There is said to be a greater loss of body solids in marasmus. It has been shown that in this condition the extracellular fluid volume (ECF) tends to be preserved while body solids are decreasing (Kerpel-Fronius & Kovach, 1948), so that expressed as a percentage of body-weight the ECF is increased, and consequently the TBW (% bodyweight) is also increased. In kwashiorkor there is an increase in the ECF, estimated as the thiosulphate space, which decreases during the loss of oedema (Brinkman et al. 1965). For some time after the loss of oedema the bromide space (% TBW) is increased (Alleyne, 1968), and it then shows a progressive decrease throughout recovery. During a study of body composition in severely-malnourished marasmic children we were unable to demonstrate an increase in TBW (yo body-weight). All these patients were investigated within 4 d of admission, and they were all receiving a maintenance energy intake at the time of study (Reeds, Jackson, Picou & Poulter, 1978). In an independent study on leucocyte electrolytes (Patrick, unpublished results) there was evidence that as soon as malnourished children were given a high-energy diet, the intracellular water was increased in relation to dry solids. During the first few days of rehabilitation the leucocyte intracellular water increased significantly from a mean value of 2.12 l/kg dry solids (DS) - 2.49 l/kg DS (n 15, t 3*47,P

Acute dehydration: body water distribution in acclimated and nonacclimated Psammomys obesus.

Abstract: Body water distribution after “acute dehydration” treatment (37 degrees C) was studied in Psammonys obesus before and after acclimation at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 16–18 days. Determinations of water compartment volumes were performed on anaesthetized (thiopental sodium) nephrectomized animals. Plasma volume (PV) and extracellular volume (ECV) were measured by T-1824 and [14C]inulin, respectively. Total body water was determined after desiccating the animals. Albumin outflux was calculated from the half-life (T1/2) of T-1824 and total plasma albumin mass. Nonacclimated animals conserved PV as long as dehydration did not exceed 10–11% loss of body wt. This conservation was at the expense of ECV and was associated with diminished albumin outflux (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). With increased dehydration PV retention failed and a resumption of albumin outflux occurred. Acclimation resulted in diminished albumin outflux in both control and dehydrated animals (T1/2 T-1824 approached infinity). Most of the water lost during dehydration was of intracellular origin. It was concluded that reduction in permeability of the capillary bed during dehydration and acclimatization plays an important role in PV and ECV regulation.

Gonadotropin Excretion and Body Composition

Abstract: Urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) excretion was correlated with calculated total body water (TBW) and body fat (BF) in 140 normal girls and 142 normal boys, ages 3 to 16 years. In girls, there was a significant increase in gonadotropin excretion at the time of a significant increase in BF as a percent of body weight and decrease in TBW as a percent of body weight. Pubertal changes in body composition were seen in girls at the same chronological age and stage of puberty as increased gonadotropin excretion. Similar findings were observed in boys. Pubertal changes in body composition (an increase in TBW as a percent of body weight and decrease of BF as a percent of body weight) accompanied significantly increased gonadotropin excretion. Both developmental changes were seen at the same chronological age and stage of puberty. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that characteristic changes in body composition as well as the other hallmarks of puberty, including menarche in girls, result from increased gonadotropin and gonadal steroid secretion. They do not support the hypothesis that changes of body composition trigger increased hypothalamic function and hormone secretion leading to the subsequent events of puberty.

Body mass, composition, and food intake in rabbits during altered acceleration fields

Abstract: The effects of gravitational loading and unloading on body mass, body composition, and food intake were investigated in chronically accelerated adult male rabbits. The intensity of the acceleration field was increased by 0.25-G increments at intervals that permitted stabilization of body mass and food intake to a maximal field of 2.5 G. Control rabbits of the same age were maintained at Earth gravity under the same conditions of light and temperature. A negative rectilinear relationship was observed between body mass and the intensity of acceleration field. In spite of this, the decreased body mass appeared to be regulated, since centrifuged animals readily regained their lost body mass upon realimentation after a 3-day fast. At acceleration intensities above 1.75 G, ad libitum food intakes as well as maintenance food requirements increased with increasing acceleration fields despite a corresponding reduction in body mass. Analysis of body composition indicated a significant decrease in body fat and an increase in body water in animals adapted to a 2.5-G environment. Within 6 wk after the animals were returned from 2.5 G to Earth gravity, body mass and food intakes returned to the precentrifuged levels of corresponding control animals.

Blood volume as a controlling factor for body water homeostasis inHirudo medicinalis

Abstract: Raising the blood volume in leeches by blood transfusion from donor leeches resulted in temporarily increased urinary flow Displacement of the blood within the leech by massage, produced temporarily increased urinary flow in segments with elevated blood volume and seemed to decrease urinary flow in segments with lowered blood volume It is suggested that blood volume and body water homeostasis are controlled by a feed-back system

Studies on cell water and electrolytes in chronic renal failure.

Abstract: Studies were carried out in 10 normal subjects and in 16 patients with moderately severe chronic renal failure (CRF) to determine the quantities of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and water in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy and in white cells (WBC) from peripheral venous blood. Depletion of intracellular K with high levels of Na and normal water were found in patients with CRF. Therefore, the cellular electrolyte pattern was not substantially different from that reported by others in patients with advanced uremia although there was no increase in intracellular water (as can occur in end-stage CRF). These data suggest that in end-stage CRF accumulation of intracellular water could be relatively independent of intracellular electrolyte balance.

Body fluid distribution in wild Mus musculus acclimated to water restriction

Abstract: Total body water (TBW), extracellular volume (ECV), and plasma volume (PV) were measured in wild house mice acclimated to chronic water shortage and compared to the same measures in mice exposed acutely to water shortage. Chronic mice were either steady state (SS), i.e., completely acclimated, or nonsteady state (NSS), i.e., transitional. Water shortage was imposed sequentially--1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib., and no water. SS mice lost solids and cellular fluid at each level of restriction, but maintained plasma volume and partially defended extracellular volume. Acute restriction to 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib. caused proportional losses of solids and fluids with the predominant fluid loss being extracellular. Acute restriction to no water caused cellular dehydration plus a loss of extracellular fluids including plasma. Comparison of acute and NSS mice at identical levels of restriction showed the NSS groups to be preacclimated toward further water restriction. Discussion centers on the comparison of acclimated and nonacclimated animals, mechanism of PV defense, and the general process of acclimation.

A comparison of three different isotopic methods for measuring body components of sheep.

Abstract: A comparison has been made of the three isotopes, deuterium, tritium and 42K for the measurement of body composition of wether sheep by the dilution technique. Eighteen sheep of a small breed were divided into three groups of six and given either a high, maintenance or low plane of nutrition. After an interval of 6-9 weeks the sheep were injected with the three isotopes, slaughtered within 24 h and composition determined directly by chemical analyses. The live weight at the time of slaughter ranged from 21.6 to 34.8 kg and the fat content from 9.9 to 19.7% of live weight. Tritiated water under-estimated total body water by 4.6 ± 3.1 g per 100 g. The overall mean for deuterium oxide agreed closely with that for total body water but the actual results were a little more variable than those for tritiated water. Mean exchangeability of potassium for all wethers was 89.4% and a very close relationship was found between exchangeable potassium and total body potassium. For the prediction of empty body nitrogen, the inclusion of either tritiated water space, deuterium oxide space or exchangeable potasium along with live weight in a multiple regression improved the precision over the use of live weight alone. Similarly multiple regressions including either deuterium or tritium space with live weight predicted body fat content with significantly greater precision than live weight alone and tritiated water was significantly better than deuterium oxide for this purpose. Either tritiated water space or exchangeable potassium with live weight significantly improved the prediction of fat-free empty body weight over the use of live weight alone, and tritiated water was significantly better than 42K for this predictive purpose.

Symposium on nutritional requirements of the surgical patient. 1. Nutrition and body composition.

Abstract: Body composition measurements were determined by a multiple isotope dilution technique to assess nutritional status of patients and to determine the efficacy of nutritional support. The body composition of 75 patients with severe malnutrition was characterized by a contracted body cell mass with a relatively expanded extracellular mass. An elective operation of moderate severity resulted in a 14% decrease in the body cell mass while the extracellular mass increased by 10%. The 4% postoperative decrease in body weight did not accurately reflect the change in the body cell mass. The efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with lipid as the major caloric source was compared with TPN with hypertonic dextrose. With lipid a daily infusion of 44.2 Cal/kg (185 kJ/kg) was required to maintain the body cell mass while with the solution containing hypertonic dextrose 34.7 Cal/kg (155 kJ/kg) was required--a 27% difference. Total parenteral nutrition with hypertonic dextrose is therefore more efficacious than TPN with lipid as the major caloric source.

A note on the effect of prolonged salt intake from drinking water on the distribution of body water in Marwari sheep of the Rajasthan Desert, india

Abstract: Sixteen healthy ewes of the Marwari breed were randomized and four ewes allocated to each of the following treatments: control, 0·5%, 1·0% and 1·5% sodium chloride in the drinking water. Blood volume, total body water, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume and interstitial fluid volume were determined. The results showed that Marwari sheep have a remarkable tolerance to saline water. There were no significant changes in body water compartments accompanying the changes in salinity of the water. It was also concluded that sheep can subsist on drinking water containing concentrations of up to 1·5% sodium chloride for a period of 6 months or more without exhibiting signs of change in body water distribution.

Postnatal changes in body composition of laboratory maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus.

Abstract: Postnatal changes in the body composition components, namely, body water, fat-free dry solids, and fat, were determined for laboratory-maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus. The proportion of body water decreased while the proportion of fat-free dry solids and fat increased from birth to approximately 15 weeks of age. From 20 through 80 weeks of age, the proportions of all body composition components as well as total body weight remained relatively constant. Body composition components were more closely correlated with body weight than with chronologic age. As a function of body weight, body water decreased while fat-free dry solids and fat increased. Body fat was the most variable body composition component as related both to body weight and chronologic age. The von Bertalanffy growth equation and the differential growth equation were used to describe the body composition component data as related to chronologic age and body weight, respectively.

Changes in the body composition of monkeys during long-term exposure to high acceleration fields.

Abstract: Adult, 10−14 kg, male pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were subjected to continuous centrifugation for 7 months in acceleration fields up to 2.5 g. Several major parameters of body composition, body-fluid distribution, and hematology were evaluated at various levels of high g by in vivo analytical techniques. Statistically significant decreases in total body mass, lean body mass, total body water, extracellular water content and interstitial water content proportional to the level of high g were also demonstrated. Body cell mass, total body fat, dry body mass, lean body solids, and red cell volume did not change significantly. Significant decreases in red cell count, blood hemoglobin level and venous hematocrit value accorded with the plasma volume and red cell volume findings. Total plasma protein concentration did not change significantly. The results indicate a substantial loss of total body mass in the form of body water. The loss apparently occurred from the interstitial spaces of the body in the face of a sizeable increase in plasma volume. Physiological significance of the body composition and fluid distribution changes at high g is discussed and compared to the changes described for astronauts at low g. Current theory of fluid-balance physiology favors the concept that interstitial volume and blood volume are tightly coupled and change in the same direction. However, it appears that the changes which occur where the ambient acceleration field is varied may represent an exception to the general hypothesis for the regulation of the extracellular fluid volume.

Body fluid compartments in rabbits on exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia.

Abstract: Body fluid compartments were studied in rabbits divided into three groups--control, exposed to acute hypoxia, and exposed to hypoxia after treatment with 2 mg frusemide intramuscularly. Total body water, extracellular body water, and plasma space were determined using the triple radiotracer technique. Total body water decreased insignificantly with no change in extracellular body space on exposure to hypoxia. Plasma volume and blood volume showed a significant decrease with a significant increase in haematocrit. In rabbits pretreated with frusemide, total body water, extracellular body water, plasma volume, blood volume, and interstitial fluid space decreased significantly on hypoxic exposure. This study suggested hypohydration on acute hypoxic exposure with a loss of intracellular water, while pretreatment with frusemide resulted in further hypohydration with a loss from both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The results have been discussed in relation to suggested use of diuretics on induction to high altitude.

Gross body composition changes in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation.

Abstract: Gross body composition studies done on a group of 11 women with cervical cancer before and after completion of radiotherapy revealed moderate compositional changes. There was after irradiation a tendency towards weight loss, connected with some increase of relative total body water content and also its extracellular fraction. The weight loss was due to a decrease of body fat and cell mass, whereas extracellular spaces tended to increase. There was a tendency towards a drop in plasma sodium concentration and an increase of its total content in extracellular water. A significant drop of the potassium serum concentration was observed.

Total body water, total exchangeable sodium and related variables in the Ghanaian.

Abstract: 1. Standard radioisotope dilution techniques employing [ 3 H]water and [ 22 Na]sodium chloride have been used to determine the total body water and total exchangeable sodium of 20 male and 10 female normal Ghanaians (Africans) aged 19–25 years. 2. Lean body mass and total body fat are calculated as a percentage of body weight; the total exchangeable sodium values have been expressed in relation to lean body mass. 3. Comparison of the data for Ghanaian subjects with published figures for Caucasian subjects of similar age shows that the Ghanaian men have much less total body fat and the women a little less total body fat than their Caucasian counterparts. 4. Total exchangeable sodium expressed in terms of lean body mass shows close agreement in both men and women.

[Water and potassium metabolism in functional disturbances of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].

Abstract: Total body water, extracellular water (bromide space), plasma volume and total body potassium were evaluated in hypothyroid (n = 24) and hyperthyroid (n = 18) patients and in controls (n = 10). Whereas the relative extracellular water was the same in all groups investigated, the relative intracellular water was found to be reduced in hyperthyroidism and increased in hypothyroidism (p less than 0.05). As to plasma volume there were no significant differences. A negative correlation between total body potassium and functional disturbance of the thyroid (T4) is thought to be attributable to an alteration of the lean body mass.

Effects of Exercise and Dietary Protein Levels on Body Composition in Humans

Abstract: : Two levels of protein (200 and 100 gm/day) were fed to two groups of young adults who exercised strenuously for 40 days. From body volume, total body water mass, 40 K whole body counting, and potassium balances, it was determined that the 2.10 kg gain in body weight in Group I subjects (200 gm of protein/day) reflected 0.67, 2.42, and 0.22 kg gains of dry protein, water, and mineral, respectively, with a 1.21 kg loss of body fat. Lesser gains of 0.39 kg of dry protein, 1.46 kg of body water, and 0.13 kg of mineral were observed in Group II, with a 1.09 kg loss of body fat. Minimal changes were noted in several anthropometric girths, and arm and scapular skinfolds. Although higher dietary intakes resulted in small increments in nitrogen and potassium retentions, intakes of 100 grams of protein per day were sufficient for positive nitrogen balances and appeared to be adequate for men during strenuous physical activity.