Showing papers on "Bronze published in 1976"

Manufacture of novel grey and bronze glasses

Abstract: A method of making heat absorbing glass which comprises melting the raw materials of ordinary silica-soda-lime glass and incorporating therein during melting a quantity of the tinting agents Fe 2 O 3 , CoO, Se, UO 2 and Cr 2 O 3 sufficient to produce in a piece 2-12 mm. thick a purity of excitation less than 14%, a total transmission of solar energy less than 50%, and a factor of luminance Y between 35 and 55%, and shaping articles therefrom.

Intergrowth tungsten bronzes

Abstract: A series of phases has been found in the tungsten bronze systems MxWO3 for x ≤ 0.10 when M = K,Rb, Cs, Tl. The crystal structure of one of these was derived from a high-resolution electron micrograph (lattice image) and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. It can be considered as an (ordered) intergrowth of slices of hexagonal tungsten bronze type with slabs of WO3 structure type. Different members of the series characterized by different thicknesses of the WO3 slabs have been observed. Members have been obtained only intermixed with others, never as single phases. Disorder in the form of varying widths of the two structure elements has been observed quite frequently.

Effects of stresses, induced by thermal contraction of a bronze matrix, on the superconducting properties of Nb3Sn wires

Abstract: The superconducting critical temperature Tc and high‐magnetic‐field critical‐current densities Jc have been measured on bronze‐processed Nb3Sn single‐core wires prior to and after removing the bronze cladding Both Tc and Jc, at high magnetic fields, are increased after removal of the cladding Tc measurements on a series of wires with various core‐to‐matrix ratios R show that the depression in Tc increases as R decreases The results are interpreted in terms of a stress imposed on the Nb3Sn layer by the thermal contraction of the outer bronze cladding Results point to the possibility of a martensitic phase transformation occurring in the bronze‐clad Nb3Sn wires

Carbon-14 and the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean

Abstract: The evidence for the absolute dating of the initial phases of the Aegean Late Bronze Age is presented and analyzed. Aegean radiocarbon dates for the second millennium B.C. show an internally consistent pattern. They indicate a close correlation with the traditional chronological patterns for the later stages of the Bronze Age (particularly for LH IIIB), but there are major discrepancies at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, and the dates for LH I/LM IA are significantly earlier than has been previously supposed. The material evidence is examined, and it suggests that this early chronology is not substantiated by the archaeological record. No explanation for this situation is possible from the present evidence. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEMS Recent careful work has done much to clarify our picture of the chronology of the Aegean Late Bronze Age.2 Especially after LH IIIA, there is now a sizeable corpus of evidence (particularly Mycenaean exports) to help fix the Aegean periods with respect to the older civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean. If one turns to the opening years of the Late Bronze Age, however, far less information is available. Fewer correlations exist with the East, and the evidence is often tenuous and difficult to deal with. The traditional view, that the LH I and LM I ceramic phases began shortly after the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty,3 has neither been confirmed nor denied. Carbon-I4 dating has been used very little for this period for several reasons. Only a few Aegean dates have been available, and many of them have had relatively wide ranges. For some dates (for example, those from Knossos and Kato Zakro) internal inconsistencies indicate unexplained errors. In addition, C14 dates often supply the age of architectural wood which may have been centuries old when it was buried, which presents problems if it must be correlated with pottery and other objects in use at the time a building was destroyed. As a consequence of these difficulties, many scholars have justifiably felt a closer collation with a t ue hrono ogy could best be achieved by relating the Aegean periods to the more firmly dated sequenc s of Egypt and elsewhere. When an attempt has been made to integrate the evidence from C"1, other problems have emerged. 1 The writers would like to thank Ch. Doumas for permission to include the recently analyzed samples from Thera and the following individuals who assisted the study in various ways and made many helpful suggestions: Martha Bell, University of Pennsylvania; Barbara Lawn, University of Pennsylvania; Machteld Mellink, Bryn Mawr College; Henry N. Michael, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania; Elizabeth K. Ralph, University of Pennsylvania; Colin Renfrew, University of Southampton; and James Weinstein, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. All identifications of Theran wood are by Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin. The following abbreviations are employed: EICRD Reprint of the Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, I (Wellington 1972). Mallia, O. Pelon, Fouilles executies a Mallia, ExploraMaisons III tion des maisons . . . (1963-1966), lttudes cretoises I6 (Paris I970). Nobel Symp Proceedings of the Twelfth Nobel Symposium, Uppsala, Sweden, Aug. 11-15, 1969 (New York I970). Pylos C. Blegen and M. Rawson, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western Messenia I (Princeton I966) PM A.J. Evans, The Palace of Minos at Knossos I-IV (London 1921-1936). R Radiocarbon. RUC Radiocarbon User's Conference (Wellington 1971). TUAS Temple University Aegean Symposium (Philadelphia). 2 M.R. Popham, "Late Minoan Chronology," AJA 74 (1970) 226-28; V. Hankey, "Mycenaean Trade with the South-eastern Mediterranean," Melanges Univ. Saint-Joseph 46 (1970-1971) 11-30; K. Branigan, "Radio-Carbon and the Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age," Kretika Chronika 25 (1973) 352-74; V. Hankey and P. Warren, "The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Late Bronze Age," Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London 21 (i974) 142-52. For the most recent definition of the ceramic phases, see O.T.P.K. Dickinson, "The Definition of Late Helladic I," BSA 69 (I974) Io9-20; M. Popham, "Late Minoan Crete: A Note," AJA 79 (1975) 372-74. 3 PM II, 362. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.124 on Sun, 15 Jan 2017 18:20:44 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 330 PHILIP P. BETANCOURT AND GAIL A. WEINSTEIN [AJA 80 The most serious recent use of radiocarbon dates for the Aegean Late Bronze Age is a study by Branigan,4 who has concluded that dendrochronological calibrations should be rejected for the Aegean because they result in high dates, a surprising conclusion in view of the widespread acceptance of these corrections for other parts of Europe and the Near East.' Because of this situation, the publication of several new C" dates from the opening years of the Aegean Late Bronze Age, including a number of samples from short-lived flora, should be examined with some care. The problems pointed up by Branigan are real, but the evidence from C"4 cannot be avoided in any attempt to establish a chronology for the Late Bronze Age; if the radiocarbon dates cannot be fitted into an acceptable scheme at this better-known period, there must be serious questions raised about C1" chronologies from earlier periods where there is no outside evidence to check the suggested picture. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EVIDENCE FROM RADIOCARBON

Ancient Copper and Bronze in Sardinia: Excavation and Analysis

Abstract: Concurrent projects have been undertaken in an effort to explore the problems associated with ancient metalworking on the island of Sardinia. Of these projects, an excavation by Tufts University is cited and the analysis of copper oxhide ingots described in detail.

Excavations at the Menelaion, Sparta, 1973–1976

Abstract: The following is a summary (and provisional) account of four seasons of excavation by the British School at Athens at the Bronze Age and post-Bronze Age site at the Menelaion, Sparta. The work, supported by grants from the Universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh and Oxford, and from the British Academy, has been directed by H.W. Catling, assisted in particular by Professor A.M. Snodgrass. Mr David Smyth,Honorary Surveyor to the British School, has drawn the area and site plans; some of his drawings illustrate this account. Mrs Elizabeth Catling has been in charge of the work room, and has supervised the drawing of pottery and objects. The excavation has been conducted in accordance with the terms of an annually renewed permit granted by the Archaeological Service (Ministry of Culture and Science). Gratitude is expressed to Dr D.Lazarides, Inspector-General of the Archaeological Service, for his encouragement and support, and to the memory of his three predecessors in officeProfessor S.Marinatos, Professor N.Kontoleon and Mr I. Kondis who had each in their turn given the work their sympathetic help. Throughout the course of the excavation most generous help and encouragement has been received from Mr George Steinhauer, in charge of the Archaeological Ephorate of Arkadia-Lakonia. Short accounts of the progress of the work have been published in AR 1973-74 14f.;AR 1974-75 12-15; AR 1975-76 13-15;BCtfxcviii (1974) 613;.BCtf xcix (1975), 621-24; BCH c (1976), 614-616; Lakonikai Spoudai ii (1975) 258-69,and see also F.Schachermeyr,.D«e agdische Friihzeit Band 2 Die mykeniscke Zeit und die Gesittung von Thera, 46f.; 136-38.

Reflections on the Gold Hoard from Gezer

Abstract: One of the most exciting discoveries of the ten years of the Hebrew Union College excavations at Tell Gezer was made during the closing hours of the final summer campaign in 1973.1 It consisted of a small hoard of gold jewelry and other objects sequestered below the earthen floor of one of a series of Middle Bronze Age storerooms. Located along the fortification wall just inside the city's south gate in Field IV, these rooms had been sealed by a heavy cover of mudbrick debris left by the final destruction of the Middle Bronze city (see fig. 1).2 Trapped on the floors of rooms within the complex were numerous storage vessels, all representing typical late MB II to LB I types. Other rooms contained remains associated with domestic

Measurements of Dynamic Friction Between Rock and Steel

Abstract: : Instrumentation has been developed for measuring frictional forces at high velocities between rock samples and the outer rim of a rotating steel wheel. The instrumentation has been used to determine sliding friction values for volcanic tuff, wet and dry sandstone, limestone, grout, bronze and teflon.

Antler Cheekpieces of the British Late Bronze Age

Abstract: A group of antler cheekpieces are described and illustrated which provide a small but significant contribution to the evidence of horsemanship in the later Bronze Age in the British Isles Although independent dating evidence is meagre, they form a coherent stylistic and functional type which has parallels in the late Urnfield period in Central Europe An attempt is made to reconstruct other elements of the bridle, and they are compared with a number of bronze cheekpieces which show some affinity

A corroded egyptian bronze: cleaning and discoveries

Abstract: A very heavily corroded Egyptian bronze statuette of Amon was cleaned by handpicking and found to be composed of six separately cast parts: two elements of head, two arms, the torso with legs, and the beard. Such cases do not seem to be unusual but are rarely observed because of beautifully concealed joins. Technical details of the mechanical methods of cleaning are given and some critical comments included on chemical and electrolytic methods: it has to be remembered that cleaning is an irreversible process. Attention is also given to analytical problems in heterogeneous objects such as this.

Did Adminius Strike Coins

Abstract: The details of the design are much clearer than on the only other specimen, which is also in the British Museum, which it reached from the Evans Collection. That specimen is somewhat wasted and now weighs only 12 grains, o0.78 grams. It was first recorded in Monumenta Historica Britannica (1848) pl. I, 48 and again illustrated in Num. Chron. xvi (I854), 8o, No. I2. It is the actual coin illustrated as Evans XIII 7 and Mack 314. There is no record of its find spot. (PL. XI B, No. 2). If the two coins came from the same dies, as is probable, then Waddon Hill coin, which is worn, is probably from the dies in a later state. The reverse type is however so close to the following bronze coin, so far unique, that the two must be related:

Excavations in the Elmali Area, Lycia, 1975. Appendix: Early Bronze Karatas People and Their Cemeteries

Abstract: Putting together the life-style and health of a past people is an exciting cooperation of archaeologist and anthropologist. We battle loss from effects of soil chemistry and pressures, from ancient robbing, from modern ploughing into the ground surface, and from such burrowing rodents as k6stebecs (Spalax the mole-rat) underground. In farm soils in the eastern U.S.A., with soil pH often at 5-6 in both coffin-burials and Indian cemeteries, bones decay so quickly that it seems remarkable to have at Karatas, in similarly rich soil, some remains of 584 people in much the same condition as Americans buried only for about I/ioth the time. Protection by the pithoi in which they were buried explains much of the survival of the Karatas skeletons. I am most grateful to Professor Machteld Mellink for the chance and facilities to study them and of course for the care taken in excavating them. My accomplished aim during three weeks at Elmall in July-August of 1975 was to check about a dozen contradictory skeletons, details of pathologies and of normal birth scars on pelvic fragments, and details of tombs, to restore as many unmendable skeletons as possible, and in general to verify information for the final report. I am most grateful for my wife's recording and for the mending and sorting of David C. Fredenburg, senior in anthropology at the University of Virginia. Mending raised a half dozen skulls and several skeletons to the \"good\" category in Table i. We settled such questions as the sex of the person (165 Ka, inhumed in Trench 34) who survived for many years after a 5 mm. deep slash across the top of the head; like 287 Ka, apparently killed by an axe gash into the right occipital area of the brain (described in Angel, 1968'), he seems male. Mending also revealed a massive left temporal head injury, apparently with unsuccessful trephination, in 522 Ka, buried in pithos tomb 368 in Trench 98 next to the chamber tomb of the chieftain. Dr. Tamara S. Wheeler excavated Trench 125 since my last report. Skeletons show the expected healed ulnar

Effect of aluminum additions on Nb/sub 3/Sn produced in the solid state

Abstract: Aluminium was added to the niobium core, and in various quantities to the copper-tin bronze, of composite wires that were reacted to form Nb/sub 3/Sn small amounts of aluminium in the bronze enhance the growth rate of Nb/sub 3/Sn layers; aluminium in the core, and greater amounts in the bronze displacing some of the tin, cause a reduction in growth rate. Layer thickness is a function of (reaction time)/sup 0/./sup 67/. Microprobe analysis revealed the presence of aluminium in the reacted layers only for specimens with aluminium additions to the core and in substantial quantities to the matrix. Critical current densities are primarily a function of reacted layer thickness. Specimens in which some aluminium was successfully incorporated in thin (1- to 1.5-..mu..m) layers of Nb/sub 3/Sn showed maximum current densities around 10/sup 9/A/m/sup 2/ in transverse fields of 16T.

Production of bronze powders from tripolyphosphate electrolytes

Abstract: 1. Tripolyphosphate electrolytes can be employed for the production of tin bronze powders whose composition and particle size can easily be controlled by changing deposition conditions. 2. The basic relationships between electrolysis parameters and alloy composition and cathodic current efficiency established in a study of the electrodeposition of dense bronze coatings are observed also in the production of electrolytic powdered alloys from TPP electrolytes. 3. The optimum conditions for the preparation of tin bronze powders from TPP electrolytes have been determined. The electrolyte compositions for the deposition of white and yellow bronze powders are (mole/liter) sodium TPP 0.55 each, copper sulfate 0.105 and 0.126, respectively, and tin chloride 0,035 and 0.014, respectively. The optimum process parameters are pH 6–8, t=30–40°C, Dc=15–25 A/dm2, electrolyte agitation.

A Byzantine revival, the inlaid bronze doors of Constantinople

Abstract: Describes bronze doors which were created in Constantinople under commission for Italian sites, from 843-1204 (Middle Byzantine period). The brass or bronze doors had inlaid decoration made by roughening and scoring metal plaques. The worked area was partly or completely filled with thin sheets or strips of silver or gold, burnished into position. On their surfaces lines were engraved and filled with niello, or with inlays of red, blue or green enamel. Finished individual plaques were assembled and mounted onto timber frames by metal rails and stiles fixed with nails. -- AATA

Aluminum bronze having a good wear resistance

Abstract: The present aluminum bronze contains 4 to 12% by weight of aluminum, not more than 1% by weight of at least one of solid solution silicon and beryllium, and more than the eutectic composition in the equilibrium phase diagram for quasi-binary copper-aluminum (Cu-Al) and iron silicide alloy, but not more than 10% by weight of iron silicide, the balance being comprised substantially of copper, and has, as cast, a percent elongation of 10% or more, a tensile strength of 50 kg/mm2 or more and a better wear resistance than the ordinary aluminum bronze.

Pro cess for production of reinforced sintered friction material

Abstract: PURPOSE:A process for inexpensive production of a sintered friction material bound with a reinforcing material having sufficient strength and hardness which can be sintered at the sintering temperature of copperbase metal powder by the use of iron powder coated with copper or bronze.

Essai d'un four de potier reconstitué du type de Sévrier (Bronze final)

Abstract: Montage de la chambre de chauffe, mise en place, cuisson, defournement. Remarques technologiques.

Bronze and Iron Age Amber Artifacts in Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina

Abstract: The question as to whether or not Yugoslavia played a role in the Bronze Age amber trade to Greece has traditionally been answered negatively because of the scarcity of amber finds in that country. Amber finds that have come to light as a result of more intensive exploration after World War II have been thought to be of local origin by some Yugoslav scholars. Spectroscopic analysis of 35 archaeological amber artifacts from the Yugoslav provinces of Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina of the Bronze and Iron Age shows 31 of them to be of imported Baltic amber. The finds are discussed in their archaeological and geographic contexts as a first step towards re-assessing the place of the Eastern Adriatic area in the southward movement of amber.