Showing papers on "Bronze published in 1994"
TL;DR: Charcoal analysis reveals various palaeo-ecological phases from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age as discussed by the authors, showing that pine wood or scrub reached its maximum during the Bell Beaker phase and Bronze Age in the Cova de les Cendres.
Abstract: Charcoal analysis reveals various palaeo-ecological phases from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Agriculture starts about 7000 B.P. in favourable ecological conditions. Most of the charcoal spectra from sites on the coast represent thermomediterranean holm-oak forest; those from the inland mountains represent mesome-diterranean holm-oak forest. The Neolithic I Impressed Ware people were the first to clear the forest to plant their crops. This clearance of primary woodland resulted in the development of secondary vegetation of pine woods or scrub. The scrub reached its maximum during the Bell Beaker phase and Bronze Age in the Cova de les Cendres. In the Neolithic II open air sites, the percentages of Quercus ilex/coccifera remain high. This may be the result of a different exploitation of the land, or suitable conditions for the growth and survival of the vegetation.
114 citations
TL;DR: A military explanation of the Catastrophe and its chronology can be found in this article, where the authors present a survey of alternative explanations of the catastrophic events of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
Abstract: List of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsPt. 1IntroductionCh. 1The Catastrophe and Its Chronology3Ch. 2The Catastrophe Surveyed8Pt. 2Alternative Explanations of the CatastropheCh. 3Earthquakes33Ch. 4Migrations48Ch. 5Ironworking73Ch. 6Drought77Ch. 7Systems Collapse85Ch. 8Raiders91Pt. 3A Military Explanation of the CatastropheCh. 9Preface to a Military Explanation of the Catastrophe97Ch. 10The Chariot Warfare of the Late Bronze Age104Ch. 11Footsoldiers in the Late Bronze Age135Ch. 12Infantry and Horse Troops in the Early Iron Age164Ch. 13Changes in Armor and Weapons at the End of the Bronze Age174Ch. 14The End of Chariot Warfare in the Catastrophe209Bibliography227Index245
107 citations
TL;DR: Etude de l'alluvionnement sur l'Age du Bronze et influence sur le developpement de la ville is presented in this paper, where the authors discuss the influence of the Age du Bronze on l'Ville.
Abstract: Etude de l'alluvionnement sur ce site de l'Age du Bronze et influence sur le developpement de la ville
68 citations
Book•
16 Mar 1994
TL;DR: The first bronze chime-bells were made by the Chinese during the Shang and Zhou dynasties (ca. 1700-221 B.C) as mentioned in this paper and they were used to perform ritual music.
Abstract: The Chinese made the world's first bronze chime-bells, which they used to perform ritual music, particularly during the Shang and Zhou dynasties (ca. 1700-221 B.C.). Lothar von Falkenhausen's rich and detailed study reconstructs how the music of these bells - the only Bronze Age instruments that can still be played - may have sounded and how it was conceptualized in theoretical terms. His analysis and discussion of the ritual, political, and technical aspects of this music provide a unique window into ancient Chinese culture. This is the first interdisciplinary perspective on recent archaeological finds that have transformed our understanding of ancient Chinese music. Of great significance to the understanding of Chinese culture in its crucial formative stage, it provides a fresh point of departure for exploring later Asian musical history and offers great possibilities for comparisons with music worldwide.
65 citations
TL;DR: The Roman bronze statues of Togati, Roma, and Venus (Demeter) and in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum were subject to a detailed technical study.
Abstract: The Roman bronze statues of Togati, Roma, and Venus (Demeter) and in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum were subject to a detailed technical study. Of particular interest are their unusual,...
56 citations
TL;DR: Even more than the noise and clouds of dust raised by men and horses, the flashing of bronze armour and weapons is characteristic of Homeric panoramas of battle as mentioned in this paper, and when the Greeks armed themselves with helmets, shields, corslets and spears, the brightness lit up the sky and all around the earth beamed in the shine of bronze.
Abstract: Even more than the noise and the clouds of dust raised by men and horses, the flashing of bronze armour and weapons is characteristic of Homeric panoramas of battle. When the Greeks armed themselves with helmets, shields, corslets and spears, the brightness lit up the sky, and all around the earth beamed in the shine of bronze (19.359–63). It blinded eyes, the glare of bronze from shining helmets, newly-polished corslets and bright shields, as they advanced in their masses (14.340–3).
56 citations
Book•
29 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The University Museum excavated at Beth Shan from 1921-1934, when stratigraphical methods were first being developed as mentioned in this paper, and the two Late Bronze levels (VII and VIII) have been reevaluated by the careful analysis of field records, photographs, and drawings along with the restudy of all artifacts housed in The University Museum and a selection of objects in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem.
Abstract: The University Museum excavated at Beth Shan from 1921-1934, when stratigraphical methods were first being developed. For this study the two Late Bronze levels (VII and VIII) have been reevaluated by the careful analysis of field records, photographs, and drawings along with the restudy of all artifacts housed in The University Museum and a selection of objects in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem. The structures of these levels have parallels in New Kingdom Egypt and Late Bronze/Early Iron Age sites of southern Levant and the Sinai. Included are contributions by 13 specialists on specific classes of objects and technologies. University Museum Monograph, 85
43 citations
Book•
31 Dec 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a catalogue of representations of Reshef and Ba'al in the Late Bronze and Iron Age I periods (c 1500-1000 BCE) is presented, dealing with different motifs: "the menacing god", "the standing god", 'deities on animals' and 'the monster slayer'.
Abstract: Although the Canaanite deities Reshef and Ba'al are both represented as so-called "smiting gods", their iconography is much more complicated and varied. This publication presents a catalogue of representations of Reshef and Ba'al in the Late Bronze and Iron Age I periods (c 1500 – 1000 BCE). It deals with different motifs: "the menacing god", "the standing god", "deities on animals" and "the monster slayer".
Photographs of the originals are included, a full catalogue description is given and the iconographic attributes are compared and discussed. It is concluded that the iconography of the deities under discussion can be distinguished according to their different attributes and functions. It is established that Reshef carries a shield and is the protector of individuals' life, while Ba'al holds a plant and, as the bearer of life, has royal and cosmic connections.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an aluminum bronze (Copper [Cu]-7% Al) (UNS C61400) was found to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 3.4% NaCl under relatively high anodic potentials (≥ 300 mVNHE).
Abstract: α-Aluminum bronze (Copper [Cu]-7% Al) (UNS C61400) was found to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 3.4% NaCl under relatively high anodic potentials (≥ 300 mVNHE), i.e., ...
29 citations
TL;DR: The authors describe traces d'habitat et du materiel lithique et ceramique de l'âge du Bronze ancien mis au jour lors de deux courtes saisons (cinq jours chacunes) de fouilles menees en 1989 and 1991 sur un site pres de Nizzazim, situe sur une carriere abandonnee de gres and de kurkar.
Abstract: Description des traces d'habitat et du materiel lithique et ceramique de l'âge du Bronze ancien mis au jour lors de deux courtes saisons (cinq jours chacunes) de fouilles menees en 1989 et 1991 sur un site pres de Nizzazim, situe sur une carriere abandonnee de gres et de kurkar
24 citations
TL;DR: The first results of radiocarbon dating of the ancient sites in the Russian Far East were published early in the 1960s (Okladnikov 1964) as mentioned in this paper, and they now have enough data to establish the main features in the 14C chronology of the Stone and Bronze Age cultures in Primorye, one of the archaeologically well-studied regions of the Russian far east.
Abstract: The first results of radiocarbon dating of the ancient sites in the Russian Far East were published early in the 1960s (Okladnikov 1964). We now have enough data to establish the main features in the 14C chronology of the Stone and Bronze Age cultures in Primorye, one of the archaeologically well-studied regions of the Russian Far East.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A partir de l'etude des temoins archeologiques de sites de la culture Erlitou, dans la region de Yuxi, et de site de culture Xiajiadian, din celle de Chifeng-Aohan (Mongolie Interieure), l'auteur compare l'organisation politique et sociale of ces deux cultures.
Abstract: A partir de l'etude des temoins archeologiques de sites de la culture Erlitou, dans la region de Yuxi, et de site de culture Xiajiadian, dans celle de Chifeng-Aohan (Mongolie Interieure), l'auteur compare l'organisation politique et sociale de ces deux cultures
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a new set of radiocarbon measurements for the three phases of Bronze Age enclosure at Rams Hill allows refinement of their chronology and the opportunity is taken to clarify some confused aspects of the Bronze Age periodization.
Abstract: A new set of radiocarbon measurements for the three phases of Bronze Age enclosure at Rams Hill allows refinement of their chronology. Phase 1 is radiocarbon dated for the first time and appears, contrary to previous indications, not to be very much earlier than phases 2 and 3. The dates are on carefully selected bone samples and give a rather later timespan overall than an earlier set of dates on charcoal, within the 13th–10th centuries cal BC. This span bridges the formal Middle–Late Bronze Age transition, overlapping the use ofPenard and Wilburton metalwork. The opportunity is taken to clarify some confused aspects of Bronze Age periodization. The development of Bronze Age enclosure in Britain is reviewed. A former suggestion that Rams Hill is representative of a class of Middle Bronze Age high-status enclosure is re-examined. Current evidence does not support the idea of a coherent set of sites either functionally or chronologically. It is considered likely that Rams Hill represents an emergent state of larger-scale enclosure, perhaps after the regular embanking of small domestic sites. However, the precise role of Rams Hill in the regional economy remains enigmatic.
Patent•
20 Oct 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the lead free/free cutting bronze alloy is constituted of, by weight, 1 to 13% tin, ≤ 18% zinc, 0.5 to 6% bismuth, 0,05 to 3% antimony, ≤ 1% phosphorus, < 0.4% lead, and the balance copper.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To produce a bronze alloy substantially free from the generation of lead pollution, furthermore excellent in machinability, seizing resistance and pressure resistance and moreover satisfiable even in the other properties such as castability, soundness, degalvanizing corrosion resistance and ware resistance. CONSTITUTION: This lead free/free cutting bronze alloy is constituted of, by weight, 1 to 13% tin, ≤18% zinc, 0.5 to 6% bismuth, 0.05 to 3% antimony, ≤1% phosphorus, <0.4% lead, and the balance copper. Moreover, 0.1 to 3% nickel is added thereto. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A detailed account of excavations by the Scarborough Archaeological Society on further early bronze-age monuments is given in this paper, along with an account of the economic practices adopted by the early Bronze Age at Danby Rigg.
Abstract: Excavation and survey at Danby Rigg, North Yorkshire, produced evidence of activity on the site ranging from the Early Bronze Age to the Viking period. Re-excavation of a ring-cairn confirmed the account of J.C. Atkinson and enabled early bronze age radiocarbon dates to be obtained, but produced no further finds. A summary account of excavations by the Scarborough Archaeological Society on further early bronze age monuments is given. Survey in the adjoining cairnfield demonstrated that the site does not contain a regular field system though stone clearance was an evident pre-occupation; the nature of the economic practices adopted is discussed. A section cut through the massive Triple Dykes at the south end of the site, hitherto assumed to be of bronze age date, produced radiocarbon dates of the Viking period.
TL;DR: Two small crosses, one of bronze and the other of mother-of-pearl, from the surface of a site near Jabal Berri in northeastern Saudi Arabia are presented in this paper.
Abstract: Two small crosses, one of bronze and the other of mother-of-pearl, from the surface of a site near Jabal Berri in northeastern Saudi Arabia are presented. They are attributed to the Nestorian community of Bet Qatraye which is known from literary sources to have flourished during the Sasanian period.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper propose an approche informatique de l'interpretation d'analyses d'objets en bronze, in order to montrer qu'il est possible de tirer de ces listes monotones une somme d'informations for la comprehension du passe.
Abstract: L'auteur propose une approche informatique de l'interpretation d'analyses d'objets en bronze, afin de montrer qu'il est possible de tirer de ces listes monotones une somme d'informations pour la comprehension du passe. Les objets en question viennent du Bassin des Carpathes et datent de l'âge du Bronze ; les analyses visaient a determiner leur composition (alliages et impuretes). L'etude des elements chimiques et des relations entre la composition des objets et la chronologie du Bronze permet de proposer de placer ces objets dans un cadre culturel et geographique depuis la fin du Chalcolithique a la fin de l'âge du Bronze
Book•
01 Jan 1994
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the occupation and exploitation pattems of temtories, settlements and specially the development of stone architecture in the Bronze and Iron Age periods and characterise the process that leads from the first open-air sedentary settlements to the agricultural settlements in early and middle Bronze Age period and the appearance of well-built houses and town planning during the late Bronze Age.
Abstract: The consolidation of an agricultural economy based in extensive cereals production influenced the development of the typical communities of the plains of western Catalonia during the second millennium BC and the first centuries of the first and differentiated them from the villages of the coast. This paper analyzes the occupation and exploitation pattems of temtories, settlements and specially the development
of stone architecture in the Bronze and Iron Age periods. We characterise the process that leads from the first open-air sedentary settlements to the agricultural settlements in early and middle Bronze Age period and the appearance of wellbuilt houses and town planning during the late Bronze Age.
We can asses the contribution of the early Urnfield period and link the kind of settlement, the town plan, the architecture and building techniques - which centuries later characterised the Ibero-Ilergeta society - to their origin during the
later Urnfield period: systematic exploitation of lands suitable for agriculture (Urgell, Monegros), the phenomenon of concentration-depopulation and the decrease in number of settlements combined with an increase in size.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In western Norway, a total of about 1800 flint, bronze and gold objects from the Late Neolithic period (LN) and Early Bronze Age indicate a significant importation from Jutland.
Abstract: In western Norway, a total of about 1800 flint, bronze and gold objects from the Late Neolithic period (LN) and Early Bronze Age indicate a significant importation from Jutland. The distribution of the LN flint objects seems to correlate with population density. There is no distinct fall‐off in number with increasing distance from Jutland, indicating incipient directional exchange. The distribution of the bronze and gold objects from BA 2 and 3 indicates ‘central places’ in Jaeren and N. Karm⊘y and directional exchange. The contact zone was probably the Thy district in Jutland, where numerous graves from period 3 indicate an affluent society. This affluence may, at least in part, have been due to the exchange with western Norway.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented semi-quantitative surface analyses of an example of black inlay on a Mycenaean dagger, now in the Archaeological Museum at Patras in Greece, using non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
Abstract: The black inlay decoration with superb marine, hunting and other scenes on Mycenaean bronze daggers and silver cups has often been referred to in the literature as niello—a mixture of sulphides of copper, silver or lead—despite the absence of any systematic analysis of these precious metal artefacts. This paper presents semi-quantitative surface analyses of an example of black inlay on a Mycenaean dagger, now in the Archaeological Museum at Patras in Greece. Using non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, it has been established that, contrary to the traditionally-held view, the black inlay is a copper-gold alloy with some silver and possibly small amounts of tin.
TL;DR: The use of mercury-tin amalgam for ornamentation on a bronze dagger was proposed by as discussed by the authors on the basis of technical analyses and simulation experiments, which is attributed to China or Inner Mongolia of the Warring States period, 475-221 BC.
Abstract: The use of mercury-tin amalgam for ornamentation on a bronze dagger (attributed to China or Inner Mongolia of the Warring States period, 475–221 BC) is proposed on the basis of technical analyses and simulation experiments This ornamentation technique, though well known from ancient written sources, has been detected in the laboratory for the first time, due to the relative scarcity of ornamented bronzes of this type in collections and to the relatively small residual mercury content that can be expected after high-temperature firing of the amalgam during manufacture and subsequent corrosion processes
TL;DR: In this article, the transformation of isopropanol was studied at 423 K over a mixed molybdenum-vanadium oxide, with and without platinum as well as over the corresponding hydrogen bronze prepared via hydrogen spillover.
Abstract: The transformation of isopropanol was studied at 423 K over a mixed molybdenum-vanadium oxide, with and without platinum as well as over the corresponding hydrogen bronze prepared via hydrogen spillover. In the absence of platinum, dehydration is the main reaction. However, propane and acetone are produced in small amounts, which points to the acid-base character of the oxide and to the existence of distinct hydrogenation sites. For the Pt/oxide system, higher conversions and acetone selectivities over 90% are obtained. A marked deactivation with time is noted, which is probably due to the continuous modification of the oxide surface and of the metal oxide contact. The hydrogen bronze of the mixed oxide exhibits a much improved activity and stability. Without platinum, switching from helium to hydrogen as carrier gas has a slight influence on the selectivity whereas for Pt/oxide, both activity and acetone selectivity are affected. The influence of temperature on the reaction was studied over the hydrogen bronze. The effect is different below and above 373 K and is related to the hydrogen stoichiometry of the bronze, the bronze with the lower stoichiometry (lacunar bronze) being the most active catalyst.
TL;DR: In the early Bronze Age, Ireland is important in the early metallurgy of northwest Europe, for it has given us a large majority of the Early Bronze Age artefacts from the whole British Isles as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Ireland is important in the early metallurgy of northwest Europe, for it has given us a large majority of the Early Bronze Age artefacts from the whole British Isles. Is there tinore to have been mined in early Ireland to produce this bronze or must it have come from elsewhere?