Showing papers on "Carbonic acid published in 1987"

A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media

Abstract: The published experimental data of Hansson and of Mehrbach et al. have been critically compared after adjustment to a common pH scale based upon total hydrogen ion concentration. No significant systematic differences are found within the overall experimental error of the data. The results have been pooled to yield reliable equations that can be used to estimate pK1∗and pK2∗ for seawater media a salinities from 0 to 40 and at temperatures from 2 to 35°C.

Preparation of pharmaceutical grade pure acid chelates

Abstract: Pharmaceutical grade amino acid chelates, free of interfering anions, are made by reacting an amino acid ligand with a metal member selected from the group consisting of elemental metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates in an aqueous environment wherein the ligand to metal mole ratio is at least 2:l and recovering the amino acid chelate from said aqueous environment by means of spray or drum drying The reaction may be carried out in the presence of non-interfering anions such as anions from citric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid and ammonium and alkali metal saltes thereof

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood 1.1 Dissolved CO2 1.2 Bicarbonate Ion 1.3 Carbamate Compounds 2 Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve 2.1 Buffering of CO2 2.2 Distribution of CO2 Content Between Cells and Plasma 2.3 Haldane Effect 2.4 Relative Contributions to CO2 Exchange 3 Time-Dependent Factors in CO2 Exchange 3.1 Diffusion of CO2 3.2 Dehydration of Carbonic Acid 3.3 Bicarbonate-Chloride Exchange 3.4 Interaction of CO2 and O2 Exchange 3.5 Models of Gas Exchange

Determination of bicarbonate by ion-exclusion chromatography with ion-exchange enhancement of conductivity detection

Abstract: Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate are determined in aqueous samples by ion-exclusion chromatography using water as the eluent and a conductivity detector. The sensitivity of detection is improved approximately 10-fold by the use of two ion-exchange enhancement columns inserted in series between the separating column and the detector. The first enhancement column converts carbonic acid to potassium bicarbonate and the second enhancement column converts the potassium bicarbonate to potassium hydroxide. The method provides a fast, selective, and sensitive way to determine carbon dioxide or bicarbonate. Application to several types of aqueous samples is demonstrated.

Disequilibrium pH and ammonia transport in isolated perfused cortical collecting ducts.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to test directly whether isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) spontaneously generate a luminal disequilibrium pH. We determined disequilibrium pH as the difference between 1) the actual luminal pH measured by perfusing the lumen with a membrane-impermeant pH-sensitive dye [1,4-dihydroxyphthalonitrile (1,4-DHPN)] and 2) equilibrium pH calculated from the measured total CO2 concentration in fluid collected at the end of the tubule. When the peritubular bath and perfusate had the same composition, a statistically significant acidic disequilibrium pH was found (mean -0.14 units). To determine whether the disequilibrium pH is due to an absolute lack of luminal carbonic anhydrase, we measured the effective rate constant for carbonic acid dehydration in the lumen (k-1). To do this, a lumen-to-bath NH3 concentration gradient was imposed, and the luminal pH was measured along the tubule with 1,4-DHPN. NH3 absorption caused a luminal disequilibrium pH (due to dissociation of NH+4 to NH3 and H+), whose profile along the lumen is dependent on k-1 and NH3 permeability (PNH3). PNH3 and k-1 were estimated from the luminal pH profiles using a mathematical model of proton and buffer transport. The measured k-1 (37 s-1) is within the reported range of values for uncatalyzed H2CO3 dehydration. Calculations demonstrate that the measured PNH3 (2 X 10(-3) cm/s) is high enough and the measured k-1 is low enough to explain ammonia secretion rates seen in previous studies. We conclude that proton secretion in the CCD generates an acidic luminal disequilibrium pH, associated with an absolute lack of luminal carbonic anhydrase, which enhances the net rate of NH3 secretion.

Superabsorbent composition and process

Abstract: The present invention provides an acrylate superabsorbent composition having an improved rate of absorbency, low residual acid content, and a low acrylate monomer content Acrylic acid, an alkali metal salt of carbonic acid, aluminum acetate, sodium sulfate and water are uniformly reacted preferably using microwave radiation as the heat source

[49] Application of immobilized Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for large-scale treatment of acid mine drainage

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes a large-scale treatment of acid mine drainage including a bacterial oxidation system, as an example of an effective and practical application of the bacteria. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, found naturally in acid mine drainage, increases the oxidation of sulfide minerals and supplies ferrous ion in the acid drainage as the microbial catalyst. Utilizing these characteristics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, bacterial oxidation is being adopted in the treatment of acid mine drainage at some mines in Japan. To neutralize acid mine drainage and at the same time precipitate heavy metals, lime neutralization has been used for many years, employing calcium hydroxide in many cases. In comparison, neutralization by calcium carbonate has several advantages—such as lower cost, less volume, and faster settling of the resultant sludge. However, calcium carbonate simultaneously generates carbonic acid in the course of neutralization, which limits the maximum pH of the drainage to about 6.5. At this pH, the ferrous salt remains in solution and does not precipitate. If the ferrous salt can be oxidized to a ferric salt prior to neutralization, calcium carbonate is made available to neutralize acid mine drainage.

Process for removing carbonate from wells

Abstract: A process of removing carbonates from a wall of a water collection and treatment system injects carbon dioxide into "aggressive" water obtained prior to the end of the water treatment process to form aqueous carbonic acid solution which is pumped into the well to react with the carbonate deposits to form bicarbonate solutions which are pumped from the well. A preferred embodiment forms the acid solution with the product of a reverse osmosis desalinization water treatment step. Another embodiment forms the solution with the product of a softening step.

Process for producing carbonic acid ester

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for producing a carbonic acid ester by reacting alcohol, carbon monoxide, and oxygen with one another in the presence of a copper compound alone or together with a platinum metal compound and a reaction accelerator, characterized in that (I) the reaction is carried out in a nitrile compound or amide compound as a solvent, (II) the reaction is carried out in the presence of a reaction accelerator which consists of a quaternary phosphonium halide and a quaternary phosphonium weak acid salt or quaternary phosphonium alkoxide, and/or (III) the reaction is carried out in the presence of a quinoid compound or a compound that changes into a quinoid compound under the reaction condition.

Oil recovery with water containing carbonate salt and CO2

Abstract: In a carbonated waterflood oil recovery process the corrosivity of a premixed solution is reduced by dissolving the CO 2 in water containing enough sodium carbonate or bicarbonate to maintain a pH of at least about 4.

Production of polyamide

Abstract: PURPOSE: To remarkably improve thermal stability, suppress gelation and produce a polyamide, by containing an alkaline salt of a specific inorganic acid in a specific amount in a polyamide consisting essentially of polypolymethylene adipamide. CONSTITUTION: (B) An alkaline salt of an inorganic acid (except carbonic acid and hydrogen fluoride), e.g. alkaline salt (except Li salt) of aluminic acid or arsenic acid, having ≥3 pKa acid dissociation constant as an alkaline component in an amount of 0.2W4mmol., preferably 0.4W2mmol. based on (A) 100g polyam ide consisting essentially of polypolymethylene adipamide prepared by using adipic acid as an acid component and polymethylenediamine (e.g. tetramethylenediamine) as a diamine component is contained in the polyamide, preferably added to a salt before polymerizing the polyamide or during polymeri zation to suppress gelation and produce the aimed polyamide. COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio

Production of quaternary ammonium inorganic acid salt

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the titled compound useful as a phase-transfer catalyst, etc., in high efficiency and purity in two steps, by reacting a tertiary amine with a carbonic acid diester and reacting the resultant quaternary ammonium carbonate with an inorganic acid while discharging produced CO 2 gas from the system. CONSTITUTION: A tertiary amine of formula I (R 1 WR 3 are hydrocarbon residue of tertiary amine) e.g. triethylamine is made to react with a carbonic acid diester of formula II such as dimethyl carbonate in a solvent such as methanol or in the absence of solvent at 20W200°C. The resultant quaternary ammonium carbonate of formula III, etc., is made to react with an inorganic acid of formula HX (X is conjugated residue of inorganic acid) in a solvent or in the absence of solvent while removing the generated CO 2 gas from the system under reduced pressure or by blasting an inert gas into the reaction system. If necessary, the reaction product is purified e.g. by recrystallization using a proper solvent to obtain the objective compound of formula IV, etc., having solid phase and high purity and useful as an electrolyte for aqueous or organic electrolytic solution, various additives, chemicals, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1988,JPO&Japio

Determination of total carbon dioxide in seawater by capillary type isotachophoresis

Abstract: A new analytical procedure for total carbon dioxide in seawater was developed: a capillary-type isotachophoresis which applied a tubular microporous PTFE membrane as a preliminary enrichment was used. Carbon dioxide was generated by adding sulfuric acid to seawater samples, permeated through a tubular microporous PTFE membrane and dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution for the separation from large amounts of coexisting anions, such as chloride and sulfate ions. A linear working curve was obtained for artificial seawater samples containing up to 40 mg/l of total carbon dioxide. The proposed method was applied to the determination of total carbon dioxide in surface and bottom seawater samples. Concentrations of the total of free carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, hydrogencarbonate and carbonate ions in these samples were calculated from the concentration of total carbon dioxide, temperature, pH and salinity of samples measured in situ.

Production of organic acid salt of quaternary ammonium

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain the titled compound useful as various catalysts efficiently and in high purity, by reacting a tertiary amine with a carbonic acid diester, blending the prepared reaction product with an organic acid and removing an evolved gas out of the system to subject the corresponding organic acid to anion exchange. CONSTITUTION: A tertiary amine is reacted with a carbonic acid diester to give a quaternary ammonium carbonate, which is blended with an organic acid, an evolved carbonic acid gas is removed out of the system and the corresponding organic acid is subjected to anion exchange to give a quaternary ammonium organic acid salt. For example, when dimethyl carbonate shown by formula II is used as the raw material, the reaction is carried out as shown the reaction formula (R 1 WR 3 are hydrocarbon residue of tertiary amine; Y is conjugated base of organic acid). After the reaction is over, when a by- product alcohol and a solvent are used, they are distilled away to give the aimed substance. COPYRIGHT: (C)1988,JPO&Japio

Process for isolating organic substances which are soluble in aqueous-alkaline media

Abstract: Substances which are sparingly soluble in aqueous media under neutral conditions can be precipitated advantageously from their aqueous-alkaline solutions by using esters or amides of carbonic acid or carboxylic acid.

Production of foamy food

Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce a foamy food such as ice cream, sherbet, etc., with little release of foams to the outside of the system, by using a specific colloidal substance as a substance to keep the amount of a formed gas efficiently. CONSTITUTION:One or more colloidal substances selected from xanthan gum, carrageenan, alginate, gelan gum, pectin, etc., are blended with a substance selected from locust bean gum, tragacanth gum, alkali metal, alkali earth metal, ammonium salt, etc. Then the blend is mixed with water, made into an aqueous blend system and incorporated with a carbonic acid generating substance such as calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., and a weak acid such as citric acid, malic acid, etc.

Process and apparatus for the production of suspended alkaline-earth carbonates

Abstract: Suspended alkaline earth carbonates are prepared by reaction of water-soluble alkaline earth salts with ammonia and carbonic acid in a bubble column by first mixing either gaseous ammonia or aqueous ammonia solution with the carbonic acid which is diluted by an inert gas and then introducing the mixture obtained directly into the solution of the water-soluble alkaline earth salts in the bubble column. The apparatus for carrying out the process consists of a reaction vessel (1) having an upper feed line for the alkaline earth salt solution (2), an upper drain line for the gas (3) flowing off, a reaction space (4) which can be cooled by cooling tubes (8), feed lines (5) and (6) in the lower part of the reaction space for the gaseous ammonia or ammonia solution and the carbonic acid diluted by inert gas, the feed lines (5) for the gaseous ammonia or the aqueous ammonia solution being arranged centrally in the feed lines (6) for the carbonic acid diluted with an inert gas, and a lower drain line (7) for the suspension of alkaline earth carbonate.

Process for production of refined sugar by upward floation of phosphoric acid after saturated with carbonic acid

Abstract: A process for producing refined sugas is neither by the ion exchange of resin nor by active carbon, or not by the both, but produced by the further treatment of using a upward floation of phosphoric acid, after the recycle-solution of sugar is saturated with carbonic acid and filtrated, for obtaining the refined sugar.

Ammonium salt solution as electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors

Abstract: An electrolyte for aluminium electrolytic capacitors comprises a solution in an aprotic solvent mainly (90% or more) composed of γ-butyrolactone of, as a solute, 0.1 to 40 wt% of a quaternary ammonium salt having as an anion the conjugated base of an inorganic acid compound selected from (1) boric acid, (2) phosphoric acid, (3) phosphorous acid and phosphorous acid monoesters, phosphonic acids, and phosphonic acid mono­esters, (4) hypophosphorous acid and phosphinic acids, (5) alkylboric acids and arylboric acids, (6) silicic acid and (7) carbonic acid and carbonic acid monoesters.

Synthesis of halohydrin ester

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the titled compound economically con an industrial scale, extremely facilitating the separation and purification procedures, by carrying out ring-opening addition reaction of an epihalohydrin with a carboxylic acid in the presence of a catalyst composed of a thermal condensation product of a specific organotin compound and a phosphoric acid ester CONSTITUTION:The ring-opening addition reaction of an epihalohydrin with a carboxylic acid (eg acetic acid, propionic acid, etc) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst compound of a thermal condensation product (eg the compound of formula VIII) of (A) an organotin compound selected from the compounds of formula I (R is hydrocarbon group; X is H, halogen, OH, etc; a is 1-4), formula II (R' is R or X; X' is carbonic acid residue, etc; C>1), formula III (e is 3/2 when d is 1 and e is 1 when d is 2), formula IV (f is positive integer) and formula V (L and L' are O, etc; M is hydrocarbon group; g>1) and (B) a complete or partial alkyl ester of a phosphoric acid selected from formula VI and formula VII USE:Precursor for a carboxylic acid glycidyl ester

Stabilizer for chlorine-containing polymer

Abstract: PURPOSE:A stabilizer for chlorine-containing polymers, eliminating foaming tendency and initial coloring tendency, improving heat stability, comprising an inclusion compound obtained by including a specific compound acid anion in a matrix consisting of an inorganic oxide and/or hydroxide. CONSTITUTION:A stabilizer which is obtained by including (A) a combination of A1: a cool coloring coloring anion comprising mainly perhalogenic acid anion and A2: one or more warm color coloring anions selected from oxy acid of phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen or boron, carbonic acid, hydrohalogenic acid and halogenic oxyacid in (B) a matrix consisting of an inorganic oxide and/or hydroxide and has 5-2,500 milliequivalents A1 and 0.1-2,500 milliequivalents A2 concentration (an equivalent ratio of the component A1/A2 of 1:100-100:1) based on 100g inclusion compound, wherein the component B is preferably a gel structure such as amorphous silica, etc., and the compound A is contained in the form of a metallic salt in its pores.

Separation and concentration of co

Abstract: PURPOSE:To stabilize a CO-absorption liquid and to enable the efficient and stable separation and concentration of CO, by removing moisture from a CO- absorption liquid containing cuprous chloride and hexamethyl phosphoramide with urea or a carbonic acid ester. CONSTITUTION:A gas containing CO at a low concentration and supplied to the absorption column 1 from the bottom is brought into contact countercurrently with an absorption liquid containing cuprous chloride and hexamethyl phosphoramide and supplied from the top of the absorption column 1 to effect the absorption of CO. The absorption liquid containing CO separated and absorbed from the above gas is heated with the heater 4 and introduced into the stripper 5 to recover concentrated CO from the column top. A moisture- analyzer 7 is provided at the bottom of the absorption column 1 to determine the moisture-content of the absorption liquid in the column. When the determined moisture content is higher than a preset level (about 0.1%), one or more kinds of compounds selected from urea, urea derivative and carbonic acid ester are supplied from the additive tank 6 to the system. The moisture in the liquid is decomposed and dissipated by this process to keep the stable property of the absorption liquid.

Production of high-purity nickel carbonate for nizn plating

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain high-purity Zn-containing nickel carbonate at a low cost, by dissolving Ni powder in a solution containing ammonia and carbonic acid to produce ammonium carbonate complex salt of nickel, adding metallic zinc powder to the complex salt to effect the precipitation and separation of impurities and decomposing the purified solution by heating CONSTITUTION:Ni powder is dissolved in a solution containing ammonia and carbonic acid to produce ammonium carbonate complex salt of nickel [Ni(NH3)6 CO3] The obtained solution is added with metallic zinc powder to precipitate and separate impurities such as Co and the remaining purified liquid is subjected to thermal decomposition The temperature for dissolving the Ni powder is preferably about room temperature - 80 degC and the amount of Zn is preferably about 01mol per 1mol of Ni

Measurement for hydrogen peroxide

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the detection element of hydrogen peroxide, by using reagent solutions, one being a carbonic acid buffer solution with the luminol concentration range of 10 -10 mol/l02mol and the other an aqueous solution with the red blood salt concentration range of 10 -10 mol/l CONSTITUTION:A sample hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution is sampled into a test tube 1 and set on a liminometer Here, the concentration of 02mol carbonic acid solution in a reagent luminol is represented by X and the concentration of a reagent red blood salt aqueous solution Y, and then a reagent solution is prepared within the range of 10 -10 as the concentration of X and 10 -10 as concentration of Y Then, when the luminometer is switched on, the luminol with the concentration X and the red blood salt solution with the concentration Y previously set in a reagent chamber 2 is automatically distributed into a test tube 1 through a solenoid valve 3 and the pump 4 Upon the end of the distribution, a chemical emission by luminol is generated, the quantity of light is converted 5 into a secondly electron quantity The results are inputted into a miroprocessor 8 via an amplifier 6 and an interface 7 and the data processing is done automatically Finally, the number of light emissions is printed out 9 to finish a series of measurements

Treatment of cooling water for continuous casting equipment

Abstract: PURPOSE:To treat cooling water for a continuous casting equipment to remove completely scales generated by carbonic ion and bicarbonic ion by adding an acid in the cooling water and evaporating carbonic acid gas generated thereby directly from the cooling system. CONSTITUTION:An acid 10 such as sulfuric acid, etc., is added to a supplying water flown in 5 by an acid pouring pump P4 through an acid pouring line 11 and a mixing vessel 12, and adjusted 13 to be 7.0 pH of the water in a cooling vessel 3. By this operation, the supplying water with 6.9 pH and 20.0 ppm of M alkalinity becomes to 6.3 pH and 3.6 ppm M alkalinity at a sampling position SM1 and a corresponding part for 16.4 ppm of M alkalinity changes to the carbonic acid gas. Next, the supplying water is flowed into the vessel 2 and mixed together with the returned circulating water from the mold, and then it is cooled and removed as the carbonic acid at a cooling tower 4 and flowed P3 into the mold 1. As result of this treatment, the scales attached in the mold are decreased to about half of them in case of adding the conventional dispersion agent into the cooling water.