Showing papers on "Carnosic acid published in 2000"

Changes in carotenoids, tocopherols and diterpenes during drought and recovery, and the biological significance of chlorophyll loss in Rosmarinus officinalis plants.

Abstract: Two-year-old rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants were subjected to severe stress by exposure to prolonged drought during a Mediterranean summer. Severely stressed plants recovered completely after the autumn rainfalls although the relative water content remained below 35% for 3 months and the chlorophyll content of leaves was reduced by up to 85% during the drought. In severe stress: (i) α-tocopherol increased 9-fold per g dry weight and 20-fold per unit of chlorophyll; (ii) lutein and β-carotene contents decreased on a dry-weight basis, but an 80% increase in lutein and constant levels of β-carotene were observed on a chlorophyll basis; (iii) there were transient and sustained increases in the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle; and (iv) the highly oxidised abietane diterpene isorosmanol increased 8-fold as a result of the oxidation of carnosic acid. With the autumn rainfalls, water status, α-tocopherol and violaxanthin recovered first and the levels of photosynthetic pigments and abietane diterpenes increased later. The photoprotection conferred by the xanthophyll cycle and the antioxidant function of tocopherols, lutein and diterpenes may help to avoid irreversible damage in severe drought, making possible the recovery of functional membranes after the autumn rainfalls. Besides, chlorophyll loss reduces the amount of photons absorbed by leaves, which enhances the photoprotective and antioxidant capacity of leaves per amount of photons absorbed, since the ratios of xanthophylls, α-tocopherol and abietane diterpenes to chlorophyll increase.

Lycopene Synergistically Inhibits LDL Oxidation in Combination with Vitamin E, Glabridin, Rosmarinic Acid, Carnosic Acid, or Garlic

Abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest that oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is atherogenic, and that atherosclerosis can be attenuated by natural antioxidants, which inhibit LDL oxidation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of tomato lycopene alone, or in combination with other natural antioxidants, on LDL oxidation. LDL (100 microg of protein/ml) was incubated with increasing concentrations of lycopene or of tomato oleoresin (lipid extract of tomatoes containing 6% lycopene, 0.1% beta-carotene, 1% vitamin E, and polyphenols), after which it was oxidized by the addition of 5 micromol/liter of CuSO4. Tomato oleoresin exhibited superior capacity to inhibit LDL oxidation in comparison to pure lycopene, by up to five-fold [97% vs. 22% inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and 93% vs. 27% inhibition of lipid peroxides formation, respectively]. Because tomato oleoresin also contains, in addition to lycopene, vitamin E, flavonoids, and phenolics, a possible cooperative interaction between lycopene and such natural antioxidants was studied. A combination of lycopene (5 micromol/liter) with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the concentration range of 1-10 micromol/liter resulted in an inhibition of copper ion-induced LDL oxidation that was significantly greater than the expected additive individual inhibitions. The synergistic antioxidative effect of lycopene with vitamin E was not shared by gamma-to-cotrienol. The polyphenols glabridin (derived from licorice), rosmarinic acid or carnosic acid (derived from rosemary), as well as garlic (which contains a mixture of natural antioxidants) inhibited LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. When lycopene (5 micromol/liter) was added to LDL in combination with glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic, synergistic antioxidative effects were obtained against LDL oxidation induced either by copper ions or by the radical generator AAPH. Similar interactive effects seen with lycopene were also observed with beta-carotene, but, however, to a lesser extent of synergism. Because natural antioxidants exist in nature in combination, the in vivo relevance of lycopene in combination with other natural antioxidants was studied. Four healthy subjects were administered a fatty meal containing 30 mg of lycopene in the form of tomato oleoresin. The lycopene concentration in postprandial plasma was elevated by 70% in comparison to plasma obtained before meal consumption. Postprandial LDL isolated 5 hr after meal consumption exhibited a significant (p < 0.01) reduced susceptibility to oxidation by 21%. We conclude that lycopene acts synergistically, as an effective antioxidant against LDL oxidation, with several natural antioxidants such as vitamin E, the flavonoid glabridin, the phenolics rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, and garlic. These observations suggest a superior antiatherogenic characteristic to a combination of different natural antioxidants over that of an individual one.

Determination of phenolic diterpene antioxidants in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) with different methods of extraction and analysis.

Abstract: The extraction from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) of the phenolic diterpene antioxidants (PDAs), carnosic acid and carnosol, by sonication or Soxhlet extraction with acetone (with or without active charcoal bleaching) are compared with fractionated SFE extraction obtained by varying the dissolving power of supercritical carbon dioxide through the addition of methanol. For the further analysis of the PDAs, the results obtained by reversed-phase HPLC linked to a UV detector are compared with those produced when an evaporative light scattering detector or a particle beam interface linked to an MS were employed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The formation of phenolic diterpenes in Rosmarinus officinalis L. under Mediterranean climate

Abstract: The formation of phenolic diterpenes in the leaves of rosemary plants grown under Mediterranean climate was investigated. Low precipitation coincided with high solar radiation during the summer, resulting in water and light stress of the plants. The highest concentrations of the major diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol were found during the winter and the lowest concentrations during the summer, which is likely to be the result of their enzymatic conversion in the presence of singlet oxygen. All other diterpenes followed different trends during the season. The concentration of carnosic acid increased with the relative water content of the leaf but decreased with increasing solar radiation and temperature. 11,12-di-O-Methylisorosmanol was found for the first time in rosemary leaves.

Carnosic acid in green callus and regenerated shoots of Rosmarinus officinalis.

Abstract: Rooted regenerated shoots obtained from leaf and nodal segments of Rosmarinus officinalis were grown on a basal nutrient medium for 9 weeks. The regenerants were shown by means of HPLC and mass spectrometry to contain carnosic acid, a diterpenoid with antioxidant and medicinal properties. Five-week-old nodular green callus also contained carnosic acid, whereas non-green, undifferentiated callus maintained in the dark did not.

Bioavailability of the antioxidative Rosmarinus officinalis compound carnosic acid in eggs

Abstract: Rosemary is one of the herb spices and it exhibits antioxidative activity. The phenolic diterpene carnosic acid is mainly responsible for these antioxidant effects in rosemary and rosemary extracts. A modified high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of carnosic acid in rosemary extract was established. The analysis can be accomplished under isocratic conditions using electrochemical detection. The effect of dietary rosemary extract on the bioavailability of the antioxidative compound carnosic acid in eggs was evaluated. Using this method carnosic acid could be detected in 20 ng/g of egg yolk. Results showed that carnosic acid is bioavailable in egg yolk but not in albumen.

Chewing gum base stabilized with carnosic acid

Abstract: This invention discloses a chewing gum rubber composition (gum base) that utilizes carnosic acid from a Libiatae plant, such as rosemary or sage, as an antioxidant stabilizer. This invention more specifically discloses a chewing gum base comprising: (1) about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of a rubbery elastomer; (2) about 0 weight percent to about 75 weight percent of an elastomer plasticizer selected from the group consisting of natural rosin esters and synthetic terpene resins; (3) about 1 weight percent to about 65 weight percent of a filler material; and (4) carnosic acid, wherein said chewing gum base is void of sweeteners, flavoring agents or colorants and a water-soluble portion.

Method of promoting synthesis of nerve growth factor

Abstract: A method of promoting the synthesis of nerve growth factor comprising administering an effective amount of rosemary and/or sage extracts or carnosic acid and/or carnosol as an effective ingredient to a subject requiring such promotion. The present method can safely and efficiently promote the production of NGF in the living body, without being accompanied by a side effect such as a loss of a quantitative balance of hormones in the living body.

Method of treating ulcers

Abstract: A method of treating ulcers comprising administering an effective amount of carnosic acid and/or carnosol or a plant extract containing carnosic acid and/or carnosol as an effective ingredient to a subject having such ulcers.

Rubber stabilized with carnosic acid

Abstract: Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is widely used as a chewing gum base in lieu of natural gums. It is necessary to protect chewing gum SBR with a food grade antioxidant stabilizer system. This invention discloses a chewing gum rubber composition (gum base) that utilizes carnosic acid from a Libiatae plant, such as rosemary or sage, as an antioxidant stabilizer.

The isolation of carnosic acid-11-methylether from Citrus roots infected by nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans.

Abstract: A new natural product has been obtained from the roots of “Carrizo citrange” rootstocks (Citrus sinensis × Citrus trifoliata) infected by the nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and its structure identified as the diterpene carnosic acid-11-methylether (1) on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical means. The known compounds β-sitosterol (sterol), lupeol (triterpene), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3′,4′-tretramethoxy-flavone and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxy-flavone (flavones), citracridone-I (alkaloid) and xanthyletin, nordentatin and poncitrin (chromenecoumarins), were isolated from the same source.

Carnosic acid derivative and synthesis promoter for nerve growth factor using the same

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a synthesis promoter for a nerve growth factor(NGF) capable of efficiently synthesizing the NGF in vivo without being accompanied with adverse effects such as disturbance of quantitative balance among hormones in vivo. SOLUTION: This synthesis promoter for the NGF comprises a carnosic acid derivative represented by the following formula (wherein R1 means hydrogen atom or a 1-5C alkyl group; and R2 and R3 mean each hydrogen atom, a 1-5C alkyl group or a 1-5C acyl group, with the proviso that all the R1, R2 and R3 are not simultaneously hydrogen atoms) as an active ingredient. The synthesis promoter for the NGF is capable of safely and efficiently improving the production quantity of the NGF in vivo. COPYRIGHT: (C)2001,JPO