Showing papers on "Cost effectiveness published in 1971"
TL;DR: Florian M., M. Klein this paper proposed a deterministic production planning with concave costs and capacity constraints, which is based on the deterministic deterministic linear programming (DDP) model.
Abstract: Erratum to authors' paper (Florian M., M. Klein. 1971. Deterministic production planning with concave costs and capacity constraints. Management Sci. 18 (1, September) 12–20.
410 citations
Posted Content•
210 citations
TL;DR: A more complete, unifying approach to statistical theory and communication theory is proposed, and it is asked whether convexity conditions required for competitive market equilibrium are satisfied.
Abstract: n an information-processing chain, only the initial inputs (“environment”) and the terminal outputs (“actions”) affect directly the benefit to the user who maximizes its expected excess over cost. All intermediate flows (“symbols”) affect directly only costs and delays. Delays affect benefit non-additively, through “impatience” and, possibly, “obsolescence.” Traditionally, statistical theory disregards delays, and communication theory treats them as costs. A more complete, unifying approach is proposed, and it is asked whether convexity conditions (e.g., “decreasing marginal returns”) required for competitive market equilibrium are satisfied.
198 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1971TL;DR: In this article, the authors stress that cost-benefit analysis must always be viewed in a broader perspective of planning for development and that a meaningful interaction with higher levels of planning is crucial to their success.
Abstract: It was stressed in earlier chapters that planning is a multi-level process. The broad strategy of planning has necessarily to be worked out at the macro level. Within the pattern set by this strategy, consistent growth for different sectors has to be ensured: this is where input-output analysis is useful. But the achievement of sectoral targets in turn requires the efficient planning of individual projects within each sector. Techniques of project appraisal such as cost-benefit analysis are directly concerned with the third level, i.e. microplanning. However, a meaningful interaction with higher levels of planning is crucial to their success. Hence cost-benefit analysis must always be viewed in the broader perspective of planning for development.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a formula has been devised which weighs the controlling factors and calculates the risk of a hazardous situation, giving a numerical evaluation to the urgency for remedial attention to the hazard.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method of measuring transfer of learning is presented, a universal relationship is postulated in which the effectiveness of successive increments of training on one task, as measured by the relative incremental savings in learning a second task, is a negatively decelerated function of the time devoted to pretraining or interpolated training on the former task.
Abstract: A new method of measuring transfer of learning is presented, A universal relationship is postulated in which the effectiveness of successive increments of training on one task, as measured by the relative incremental savings in learning a second task, is a negatively decelerated function of the time devoted to pretraining or interpolated training on the former task. It is further postulated that the relationship, inferred from aircraft-pilot training situations, applies in different forms to all educational experiences, thereby allowing all formal educational programs, in theory, to be evaluated in terms of their incremental cost effectiveness.
99 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Cost Simulation Models (CSM) as mentioned in this paper were originally conceived as planning tools for examining the effects on departmental faculty, staff, and other resources of changing operating conditions, such as when the disciplinary mix of students is altered or when new academic programs are added to a campus.
Abstract: It is currently in vogue at many academic institutions to attempt to use large-scale, deterministic, computer models for making detailed predictions of future resource requirements. These were originally conceived as planning tools for examining the effects on departmental faculty, staff, and other resources of changing operating conditions, such as when the disciplinary mix of students is altered or when new academic programs are added to a campus. Examples of such models and suggestions for their application may be found in Judy (1969), Koenig, Keeney, & Zemach (1968), Lawson and Jewett (1969), Ruelfi (1969), Systems Research Group (1969a, 1969b), Turksen and Holzman (1970), Weathersby (1967), Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (1970), and Zemach (1968). Although these models differ in their particulars, it is their common mathematical structure that is of concern here. We use the generic term \"cost simulation model,\" abbreviated CSM, to refer to any member of this class.
37 citations
TL;DR: Various aspects of system operation that are susceptible to cost-effectiveness analysis are discussed, including system coverage, indexing policies and procedures, system vocabulary, searching procedures, and mode of interaction between system and user.
Abstract: A distinction is made between cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefits analysis as applied to information systems; and the relationship between costs, performance, and benefits is discussed. Some factors influencing the cost-effectiveness of retrieval and dissemination systems are identified. Various aspects of system operation that are susceptible to cost-effectiveness analysis are discussed, including system coverage, indexing policies and procedures, system vocabulary, searching procedures, and mode of interaction between system and user. Possible tradeoffs between input and output costs, and the effects of these tradeoffs on cost-effectiveness are presented.
32 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between the cost of the resource inputs employed by Naval aviation squadrons and the level of output produced by them is analyzed. Butler et al. determined the minimum cost of achieving various output levels.
Abstract: : The purpose of this analysis is to determine the relationship between the cost of the resource inputs employed by Naval aviation squadrons and the level of output produced by them. Such squadrons employ a mixture of aircraft, maintenance labor, and spare parts in the production of tactically available aircraft. As these inputs are both substitutes for and complements to one another, the minimum cost combination of inputs capable of producing the desired level of output is sought. To meet these objectives, a production function, relating the level of squadron output to the levels of inputs used, is estimated econometrically, using non-linear estimation techniques. The combination of inputs producing the maximum output, given a budget constraint, is then determined analytically. These techniques are applied to several types of aircraft in the Navy inventory. The minimum cost of achieving various output levels is then determined. (Author)
26 citations
TL;DR: A simple general method for determining labor costs, random time sampling with self‐observation, is described, and under comparable conditions, the cost of providing a photocopy did not exceed thecost of lending an original document.
Abstract: A simple general method for determining labor costs, random time sampling with self-observation, is described. Unit costs of providing interlibrary loans and photocopies were determined by this method. The working time of all appropriate library personnel was sampled using Random Alarm Mechanisms and a structured checklist of mutually exclusive tasks. The workers' actual wage rates were applied to the resulting percentages. The total lender's unit cost per request received, including direct labor, materials, fringe benefits, and overhead, was $1.526 for originals mailed postpaid by lender and $1.534 for photocopies mailed. Corresponding unit costs per request filled were: originals $1.932 and photocopies $1.763. Labor costs included the costs of verifying, paging, copying, packaging & mailing, record keeping, and reshelving, based on wage rates in effect February 1969. This practical, objective method of work sampling causes minimal interference with service operations, and does not distort the data being collected. Acceptable reliability can be achieved at low cost. Under comparable conditions, the cost of providing a photocopy did not exceed the cost of lending an original document.
25 citations
19 Mar 1971
TL;DR: Cost/effectiveness analysis as mentioned in this paper is the most promising candidate to effect a rigorous, systematic, comprehensive, and fundamental evaluation of U.S. foreign policy alternatives, which can reveal to decision-makers, in terms of costs and effectiveness, the implications of alternative courses of action.
Abstract: : Three existing macro-approaches to the evaluation of foreign policy alternatives are identified. It is suggested that a variant of one such approach, cost/effectiveness analysis, is the most promising candidate to effect a rigorous, systematic, comprehensive, and fundamental evaluation of U.S. foreign policy. The advantage of this methodology include: (1) its ability to deal with objectives in a comprehensive manner and to explore the implications of alternative sets of objectives, (2) its insistence that the linkages between objectives, programs, costs, and effectiveness be made explicit, and the ability to test the significance of any such assumed relationships, (3) its ability to reveal to decision-makers, in terms of costs and effectiveness, the implications of alternative courses of action. The paper outlines eight steps comprising a cost/effectiveness analysis, describes the subanalyses and other processes contained in each, discusses relevant data sources, and identifies major problems that would be confronted by anyone undertaking such an analysis. The paper also explores the prospects for adoption of the proposed methodology in various sectors of the analysis community.
TL;DR: The economic aspects of implementing the technique in a working information retrieval system is considered, and an estimate of the actual cost of using the technique as an aid in terms of computer time and indexer time is estimated.
TL;DR: Pechman and Sharkansky as mentioned in this paper pointed out that the final work as to the redistributional effects of all government programs cannot be written on the basis of a study of any one public service.
Abstract: A reply is offered to Joseph Pechman and Ira Sharkansky, who have refuted the contentions of the authors in their book, "Benefits, Costs, and Finance of Public Higher Education," which deals with the size and diStribution of costs and benefits. Pechman and Sharkansky*s critique, "The Distributional Effects of Public Higher Education in California," appears in the "Journal of Human'Resources," v5 n3 page 361-370, Summer 1970. The Hansen-Weisbrod approach involved comparing the distributional pattern of subsidies for higher education in California with the distribution of state and local taxes. It was emphasized that the final work as to the redistributional effects of all government programs cannot be written on the basis of a study of any one public service. A major objection of Pechman and Sharkansky centered on the authors* treatment of the distribution of the burden of taxes that support higher education. This issue is discussed, along with those of classifying beneficiaries and general policy implications. (LBH) * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effor * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcooy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not . * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. ************* ********************** _*********************************
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis, together with systems analysis, policy analysis, operations research, management science and other decision disciplines, seek to provide advice, to help in making decisions.
Abstract: : Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis, together with systems analysis, policy analysis, operations research, management science and other decision disciplines, seek to provide advice, to help in making decisions. Cost-effectiveness attempts to do this by comparing various actions that might be taken in terms of their costs and their effectiveness in achieving a desired goal.
TL;DR: Satellite auxiliary electric propulsion systems survey for program managers and systems engineers, considering cost and component reliability as discussed by the authors, is a survey for the satellite auxiliary propulsion systems (SAPE) system.
Abstract: Satellite auxiliary electric propulsion systems survey for program managers and systems engineers, considering cost and component reliability
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the economic efficiency of public school districts by utilization of the concept of economies and diseconomies of scale, and found an optimum size relative to costs by analyzing the data with curvilinear least squares regression and also with the differential calculus.
Abstract: Economic efficiency of public school districts was explored by utilization of the concept of economies and dis‐economies of scale. An optimum size relative to costs was discovered by analyzing the data with curvilinear least squares regression and also with the differential calculus. The sample was taken from elementary, high school, and K–12 (unit) districts in the state of Illinois, U.S.A. Suggestions for further research on the general notion of optimum size of school districts are presented.
TL;DR: The private and social benefits and costs of the UPward bound program were analyzed for white males, white females, nonwhite males, and nonwhite females, using older siblings of the same sex as a control group as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The private and social benefits and costs of the Upward Bound program are analyzed for white males, white females, nonwhite males, and nonwhite females, using older siblings of the same sex as a control group. Private net benefits are shown to be positive for all four sex-race classifications at discount rates of 5 and 10 percent. Social net benefits are positive at a discount rate of 5 percent, but negative at 10 percent. In addition, rather high rates of college attendance by siblings indicate that the Upward Bound program may function more as a device to identify those rather apt to go to college anyway rather than as a program to help those who would otherwise be very unlikely to go to college.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest how to assess the success of a soil survey, or the utility of the soil map, and show how map scale, legend and survey procedure all affect the utility and cost of the map.
Abstract: The author suggests how to assess the success of a soil survey, or the utility of a soil map. He also shows how map scale, legend and survey procedure all affect the utility and cost of a soil map and indicates how to decide which particular combination of survey procedure, map scale and legend will produce the most useful map for a given cost, or will require the minimum cost to achieve a specified quality. The various criteria for this type of decision are discussed in some detail.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of CO 2 (10.6-μm) and doubled Nd:YAG (1.06-m) systems for a comparable satellite burden.
Abstract: Candidate wide-bandwidth (1-Gbit/s) satellite laser communications systems are compared on two different bases. First, a comparison is made with projected component technology to establish relative performance between the various approaches based on the fundamental system parameters. From this comparison it appears that the CO 2 (10.6-μm) system offers a signal-to-noise advantage over the Nd:YAG (1.06-μm) or doubled Nd:YAG (0.53- μm) system for a comparable satellite burden. Second, a comparison is made based upon the concept that launch cost for equivalent systems comprises an optimizing criterion. From this comparison it appears that the launch costs for the CO 2 and doubled Nd:YAG systems can be similar, but the latter is very sensitive to the projected weight of a large lightweight "photon bucket" receiving aperture. In general, the relative deficiency in signal-to-noise ratio for the Nd:YAG system can only be accommodated through adoption of an open-loop pointing system with an accuracy of 1 μrad or less, as compared to a closed-loop pointing system with relaxed accuracy for the CO 2 system. The most critical technology problem for the CO 2 system is that of Doppler compensation. These and other critical technologies for both approaches are listed and discussed.
TL;DR: This article explored the feasibility of rational planning using as evidence the regional planning experience of the Appalachian program and suggested a multitier decision model which could make the goals of the Appalachaint program, as well as other programs, at least partially operational.
Abstract: This article explores the feasibility of rational planning using as evidence the regional planning experience of the Appalachian program. During its first three years of operation, the Appalachian planning process sharply converged with its ability for rational behavior—an ability shown to be a close approximation of a pure rationality model. An important gap still remains, however, between this capacity for rationality and the actual performance of the planning process: the lack of knowledge or unwillingness on the part of the Appalachian Regional Commission and the Appalachian states to operationalize their goals. A multitier decision model is suggested which could make the goals of the Appalachian program, as well as other programs, at least partially operational.
TL;DR: The notion that competence of medical practitioners should be the subject of any review is relatively new, but it stems naturally from at least two phenomena of the 1960's: the increasing interest on the part of the public in cost effectiveness and declining satisfaction with doctors.
Abstract: During the past two or three years, the idea of physician re-examination and recertification has gained considerable following, especially among those who anticipate the coming of a national health-insurance program. The notion that competence of medical practitioners should be the subject of any review is relatively new, but it stems naturally from at least two phenomena of the 1960's: the increasing interest on the part of the public in cost effectiveness, whereby value of output is compared to its cost, even though value is hard to quantify; and a declining satisfaction with doctors and the medical establishment. The latter reaction . . .
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a study of comparative instructional costs for different ways of organizing teaching-learning in a liberal arts college and compare the costs of different ways to teach-learning.
Abstract: (1972). Efficiency in Liberal Education: A Study of Comparative Instructional Costs for Different Ways of Organizing Teaching-Learning in a Liberal Arts College. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 311-313.
01 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors designed a study to evaluate the effect of the UNIFORM TRAFFIC SCHOOL CURRICULUM on the performance of the re-construction re-repeater.
Abstract: THE STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UNIFORM TRAFFIC SCHOOL CURRICULUM DEVELOPED FOR THE TRAFFIC VIOLATION REPEATER. VIOLATIONS APPEARING BEFORE THE COURT FOR A RECENT TRAFFIC VIOLATION WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED BY THE JUDGE TO EITHER THE NEW TRAFFIC SCHOOL (THE UNIFORM DRIVER IMPROVEMENT SCHOOL OR UDIS) OR TO A CONTROL GROUP IN FOUR CALIFORNIA CITIES. A SAMPLE OF VIOLATORS ATTENDING THE REGULAR OR STANDARD TRAFFIC SCHOOL IN LOS ANGELES WAS ALSO RANDOMLY SELECTED FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE ON THE DRIVER'S RECORD. THE STATISTICAL ANALYSES INDICATE THE UDIS RESULTED IN AN OVERALL 11.8 PERCENT REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS AND A 6.2 PERCENT REDUCTION IN CONVICTIONS FOR MALE DRIVERS. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS PROGRAM WAS FOUND TO VARY WITH THE TYPE OF DRIVER TREATED. FOR FEMALES AND CERTAIN MALE GROUPS THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT TRAFFIC SCHOOL RESULTED IN DRIVER IMPROVEMENT. THE UDIS PROGRAM COMPARED FAVORABLY WITH THE STANDARD TRAFFIC SCHOOL PROGRAM FOR MALE DRIVERS, ALTHOUGH THE RESULTS ARE MORE SUGGESTIVE THAN CONCLUSIVE. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE UDIS WAS SUBSTANTIALLY LESS THAN THE ONE SESSION GROUP EDUCATIONAL MEETING (GEM), THEREFORE NOT CONSIDERED A DESIRABLE ALTERNATIVE WITHOUT FURTHER MODIFICATIONS IMPROVING COST. /AUTHOR/
01 Jul 1971
Journal Article•