Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1969"
TL;DR: Results supported the theory that source credibility is a "set" influencing communication acceptance-rejection primarily under low-ego-involvement conditions and extension of the theory to social conformity experiments is discussed.
Abstract: In a 2X2X2 design, male high school students received from a high or low credibility source a communication that was either plausible or implausible, and that was given under high- or low-ego-invol vement conditions. Results indicated greater attitude change in low-ego-involvement-high-sourcecredibility conditions than in the other three combinations of source credibility and ego involvement. These latter three combinations did not differ significantly from each other. Results supported the theory that source credibility is a "set" influencing communication acceptance-rejection primarily under low-ego-involvement conditions. Extension of the theory to social conformity experiments is discussed.
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TL;DR: The article first discusses the inherent challenges in assessing the credibility of witnesses and provides a review of the psychological literature and leading Canadian jurisprudence on the credibility and evidence of children.
Abstract: This article reports on the results of two research studies carried out by the authors that address the questions of how and how well judges assess the honesty and reliability of children's testimony. One study tested the accuracy of judges and other professionals in assessing the honesty of children giving mock testimony. Judges performed at only slightly above chance levels, though the performance of judges was comparable to other justice system professionals, and significantly better than the performance of law students. The second study, a survey of Canadian judges about their perceptions of child witnesses, reveals that judges believe that compared to adults, children are generally more likely when testifying to make errors due to limitations of their memory or communication skills and due to the effects of suggestive questions. However, children are perceived to generally be more honest than adult witnesses. The survey also revealed that judges believe that children are often asked developmentally inappropriate questions in court, especially by defence counsel. There were no gender differences among the judges in either study. To put this research in context, the article first discusses the inherent challenges in assessing the credibility of witnesses and provides a review of the psychological literature and leading Canadian jurisprudence on the credibility and evidence of children.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experiment investigating the effects of audience stress and communicator credibility on opinion change was conducted, and it was predicted that differences in credibility would lead to differences in opinion change under low stress, and that under high stress opinion change would not be affected significantly by differences in communicators credibility.
26 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, noncontingent promises of varying credibility were made to Ss in conditions of high and low conflict intensity established by manipulating the payoff values in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) payoff matrix.
Abstract: Noncontingent promises of varying credibility were made to Ss in conditions of high and low conflict intensity established by manipulating the payoff values in the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) payoff matrix. Highly credible promises produced more cooperation on the message trials than did low credibility promises. Ss concealed their choice intentions more when credibility was low. Greater overall cooperation, trust, and repentence were displayed when the conflict intensity was low. Conflict intensity interacted with credibility on the proportion of forgiveness shown. Females were more repentent than males when promise conditions were compared to controls.
17 citations
Proceedings Article•
07 May 1969TL;DR: An artificial belief system capable of conducting on-line dialogues with humans and establishing a credibility for the information it acquires and for its human informants is constructed.
Abstract: An artificial belief system capable of conducting on-line dialogues with humans has been constructed. It accepts information, answers questions and establishes a credibility for the information it acquires and for its human informants. Beginning with beliefs of high credibility from a highly believed source, the system is being subjected to the experience of dialogues with other humans.
TL;DR: The author analyzes the psychiatrist's difficulty in estimating the "wrongness or rightness" of the accused's judgment and concludes that psychiatrists should modify their rigid medical posture in order to best serve their purpose in court.
Abstract: Psychiatrists are uneasy in contributing psychiatric knowledge under the restrictions of legal procedures. The author reviews the bases for this discomfort. One objection is the use of stratagems to attack the credibility of expert witnesses; these could well be dropped in the interest of focusing on the psychological complexities of the case. The author also analyzes the psychiatrist's difficulty in estimating the "wrongness or rightness" of the accused's judgment. He concludes that psychiatrists should modify their rigid medical posture in order to best serve their purpose in court.
TL;DR: Advertising has been the victim of credibility criticism for decades as mentioned in this paper, and it has been suggested that the social stature of advertising would improve if advertising were more truthful. In this article the a...
Abstract: Advertising has been the victim of credibility criticism for decades. Critics have suggested the social stature of advertising would improve if advertising were more truthful. In this article the a...
TL;DR: The authors found no relationship between knowledge of government-controlled broadcasting and credibility, and no relationship was found between trustworthiness and trustworthiness in broadcasting in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that broadcasting is widely accepted in the UK.
Abstract: Data from this highly developed country show interesting parallels with United States findings, but no relationship was apparent between knowledge of government-controlled broadcasting and credibility.
TL;DR: In the course of trying to establish or maintain their occupational identities, American helping groups often forward claims which their clients disbelieve or which rival helping groups try to discredit as discussed by the authors, and the history of helping groups reflects their ideological and institutional responses to this dilemma, through attempts to change helping claims, occupational structure, client attitudes, or clientele.
Abstract: In the course of trying to establish or maintain their occupational identities, American helping groups often forward claims which their clients disbelieve or which rival helping groups try to discredit. The history of helping groups reflects their ideological and institutional responses to this dilemma, through attempts to change helping claims, occupational structure, client attitudes, or clientele. The problem of credibility influences both technological and organizational aspects in the developing identities of helping occupations.
TL;DR: In this article, a 3 by 3 by 2 design was employed in which 72 male Ss were assigned across three levels of a linearly transformed Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) pay off matrix, 3 levels of punishment magnitude, and two levels of threat credibility.
Abstract: A 3 by 3 by 2 design was employed in which 72 male Ss were assigned across three levels of a linearly transformed Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) pay off matrix, three levels of punishment magnitude, and two levels of threat credibility. Occasional threats of a loss of points were sent by a simulated player during 150 PDG trials. Unanticipated effects of both matrices and punishment magnitude were obtained on overall cooperation. An effect of matrices was obtained on compliance to threats. Postimpressions of the simulated source were that the 10% credible threatener was perceived as strongly potent, while the highly credible source was considered mildly impotent.
TL;DR: It is safe to say that a fully satisfying theory of medical diagnosis does not yet exist and the purpose of this paper is to review where the authors now stand with regard to the construction of such a theory.
Abstract: The medical clinician has to make decisions about ( 1) management and therapeutics and (2) diagnosis. Diagnosis, that is, the classification of a particular patient, is necessitated by the need for communication among clinicians (and between clinician and patient). Reference to the literature of therapeutics and record keeping are facilitated. And, no doubt, some deep psychological need is satisfied by the construction and use of diagnostic schemata. Whatever the justification, clinicians make diagnoses, and they would like to know how to make better diagnoses. The use of computers is advocated as one way to make better (and perhaps faster) diagnoses. However, utilizing a computer requires, at the least, a formal description of the (a ) diagnostic process. I believe it is safe to say that a fully satisfying theory of medical diagnosis does not yet exist. It is the purpose of this paper to review where we now stand with regard to the construction of such a theory. The concepts employed have come from many sources. Many of these are cited in an earlier review by the author (Turner, 1965) and in the excellent papers by Ledley (1965) and Lusted (1965). The new work by Feinstein (1967) should also be consulted. In addition, the monumental monograph on cluster analysis by Sokal and Sneath (1963) contains an exhaustive review and bibliography of work on that part of our subject.
Book•
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the author traces the historical development of criminology against the background of modern scientific thought to develop a model based on the principle that human behavior is the product of an interaction between personality and environment.
Abstract: The ageless conflict between the antithetical theories that free will on the one hand and determinism on the other is the key to understanding human behavior forms the substance of this philosophical analysis of criminal responsibility. The writer traces the historical development of criminology against the background of modern scientific thought to develop a model based on the principle that human behavior is the product of an interaction between personality and environment. Such a model combines elements of both predictability and uncertainty. His "prediction" test for criminality satisfies with simplicity the requirement that a scientific model be consistent with observation. Through its simplicity and credibility, the theory invites a fresh and challenging approach to the problem of determining criminal responsibility.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: The application of the Credibility concept to research projects was discussed in this article, where the authors present a case study of the use of the credibility concept in the context of research projects.
Abstract: (1969). The Application of the Credibility Concept to Research Projects. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 496-497.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a 2 x 2 × 2 factorial design was used to measure attitude change in the U.S. in the context of the Russian Pooling of Resources issue.
Abstract: In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design'216 Ss' attitudes were measured with reference to a "U.S. Russian Pooling of Resources" issue. 1/2 of the Ss then received a high credible source biography wherein the "author of the following message" was of excellent reputation and competence. The other half read a low credibility source biography. Each of these groups .was then further divided such that 1/2 received a message presented in syllogistic form which argued for complete pooling of resources. The other half in each credibility condition received a similar message written, however, in ordinary discursive fashion. Half of the Ss in each of these four celis were further asked to write out the conclusions to .. ' the message they read while for the other 1/2 the conclusions were immediately provided. Following this !s were again asked to respond to the attitude questionnaires. Results, considering the preto posttest attitude change scores indicate that the syllogistic approach to attitude change is superior to the discursive approach providing that there are provisions made for reinforcement during the learning session. Differences in results as measured by a simple Graphic Rating Scale and the Set11antic Differential Scale suggest that the two scales are sensitive to quite different attitudinal factors and that the Discursive Communication somehow affects a wide range of these factors. The Syllogistic Communication, on the other hand, manipulates what is probabily a more cognitive component of an attitude. Results are interpreted as providing reasonable support for a Reinforcement interpretation of attitude change and as providing some negat£ve evidence for a Consistency Theory interpretation.
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: Even when any credible empirical generalization can be construed as established on the basis of a fair sample, and the credibility of this generalization is, in this sense, explicated by the logical probability of the inference from aFair sample, it still remains a question as to how credibility for specific empirical generalizations is to be determined.
Abstract: Even when any credible empirical generalization can be construed as established on the basis of a fair sample, and the credibility of this generalization is, in this sense, explicated by the logical probability of the inference from a fair sample, it still remains a question as to how credibility for specific empirical generalizations is to be determined. This question can be put in a different manner: we want to know what constitute the specific criteria for determining the credibility of a given or supposed empirical generalization.