Showing papers on "Depression (differential diagnoses) published in 1970"
TL;DR: The following data indicate that the suicide risk amongPrimary affective disorders, depressive or manic episodes in patients who have been psychiatrically well previously, or who have had episodes of mania or depression without other psychiatric illnesses, is over thirty times greater than that of the population without these disorders.
Abstract: Primary affective disorders, depressive or manic episodes in patients who have been psychiatrically well previously, or who have had episodes of mania or depression without other psychiatric illnesses (Robins and Guze, 1969), are associated with high suicide rates. The following data indicate that the suicide risk among these patients is over thirty times greater than that of the population without these disorders, and that the risk of suicide compared to other causes of death may be increased early in the course of the illness.
693 citations
238 citations
TL;DR: An attempt was made to find clinical correlates which would aid in the recognition of depression in children and find common denominators to further expand the growing knowledge about childhood depression relevant to the child's age, behavioral pattern, past history, and family relationships.
Abstract: THE existence of depression as a clinical entity before adolescence is far from accepted. The tendency is to regard depression in children as being "masked" or expressed in behavioral equivalents rather than directly observable. Our impression is that affective depression is seen clinically in children, although it is not always described. In order to determine whether affective depression in children was being recorded in the Out-Patient Department of Children's Psychiatric Hospital, we reviewed the case records from 1964 to 1968 coded as having depressive symptomatology. From these an attempt was made to: (1) find clinical correlates which would aid in the recognition of depression in children and (2) find common denominators to further expand the growing knowledge about childhood depression relevant to the child's age, behavioral pattern, past history, and family relationships (Table). Rie's 1 review of depression in childhood lead him to state, "The familiar manifestations of adult, nonpsychotic
157 citations
TL;DR: Lithium was first successfully used in the treatment of mania by Cade (1949), and its efficacy in reducing mania was confirmed in double-blind trials by Schou et al. (1954) and Maggs (1963).
Abstract: The criteria required for the inclusion of patients into the group studied are described. The 29 patients suffered from recurrent affective disorders. No patient satisfying the criteria for selection was excluded.
Reasons why 11 of the 29 patients could not be included in the double-blind trial are given.
The double-blind trial was performed on the remaining 18 patients. The significance of the difference between the lengths of remissions achieved by the lithium group and the dummy group was measured by the Mann-Whitney U-test. The superiority of lithium over the dummy just failed to be significant at the 5 per cent level, 0.10>p>0.05.
One case of serious toxicity occurred. The patient recovered rapidly and completely. The design and result of the trial is discussed.
144 citations
TL;DR: Although angina pectoris appears to be related statistically to subnormal left ventricular function and abnormal lactate metabolism, there is significant individual variation.
Abstract: Right atrial pacing was performed in 41 subjects with coronary heart disease. Twenty developed angina pectoris during pacing, while 21 did not. The extent of coronary artery disease, as judged by selective cinearteriography, was similar in the two groups. Both had significant increases in heart rate and pressure-time per minute, but there was no significant difference in either of these parameters between groups. Among the hemodynamic parameters measured, the only statistically significant change was in the cardiac index which fell slightly but significantly in the angina group. There were no differences in myocardial oxygen extraction either within each group or between groups. In the angina group, however, 14 of 20 subjects exhibited abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism during pacing. The mean change was highly significant (P < 0.01). In the nonangina group, eight of 21 subjects had abnormal lactate metabolism during pacing and the mean change was significant (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between abnormal lactate metabolism and electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia in either group. Sublingual nitroglycerin, given to five subjects with angina while pacing was continued, resulted in prompt relief of symptoms, but abnormal lactate metabolism and ST-segment depression were unaffected after 10 min. By contrast, when anginal symptoms were relieved in five subjects by cessation of pacing, symptomatic improvement was accompanied by marked improvement in lactate metabolism after 10 min. Although angina pectoris appears to be related statistically to subnormal left ventricular function and abnormal lactate metabolism, there is significant individual variation.
95 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In more, this is the real condition of depression as discussed by the authors, people will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read, but not a book, and this is not fault.
Abstract: What do you do to start reading concepts of depression? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this concepts of depression.
92 citations
TL;DR: The present study finds that within the patient group, though the incidence of early and recent parent death was similar among depressed and non-depressed patients, the severely depressed compared with the moderately depressed patients experienced more parental bereavements during the first twenty years of life and during a period of one to twenty years before admission.
Abstract: 1. Of 500 admission to a Scottish psychiatric hospital, 104 patients were known to have attempted suicide and a further 74 to have contemplated or threatened it. The ratio of men to women was 1.:1.7 in the attempted suicide group and 1:1 among those who had neither attempted nor threatened it. The attempted suicide group contained relatively more young women.
2. The 104 attempted suicide patients were matched for age and sex with 145 non-suicidal patients.
3. A significantly higher proportion of attempted suicide patients were severely depressed. This remained so even when suicidal tendencies were excluded from the depression score.
4. Significantly more of the attempted suicide patients had experienced early parent death or were illegitimate. This was mainly due to an excess of parent death occurring from ages 10 to 19. The incidence of early parental absence was greatest among severely depressed suicidal patients.
5. It was considered that the excess of early parental absence in suicidal patients was not entirely accounted for by the larger proportion of such patients who were severely depressed.
6. The 55 patients who attempted suicide at the time of admission were matched for age and sex with 110 non-suicidal patients.
7. Significantly more recent attempted suicide patients had experienced parental death one to five years before admission.
77 citations
TL;DR: No single characteristic type of personality was found in any of the patients with the three diseases, but some traits were considerably more commonly associated with some of the diseases than others, and patients with psychiatric illness were shown to attend the outpatients' department more frequently than stable patients.
Abstract: A group of 80 patients with diseases of the small intestine were given a standardized psychiatric assessment every time they attended the outpatients' department over a period of a year. Forty-six patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea, 23 patients with Crohn's disease, and 11 patients with alactasia were interviewed on 158 occasions. During this time 27 of them (34%) were found to be psychiatrically ill, their illnesses being minor affective disorders. Psychiatric illness was not related either to generalized malabsorption or to deficiencies of specific substances such as folic acid. Although a clear relationship was demonstrated between emotional disturbances and bowel action, diarrhoea was neither sufficient nor necessary for psychiatric illness, and distress associated with diarrhoea was unusual. No single characteristic type of personality was found in any of the patients with the three diseases, but some traits were considerably more commonly associated with some of the diseases than others, and patients with psychiatric illness were shown to attend the outpatients' department more frequently than stable patients. Patients with a family history or a previous history of psychiatric illness, or with depressive traits in their previous personality, were much more likely to fall ill in the survey year. A positive family history of psychiatric illness was significantly more common in idiopathic steatorrhoea. Three patients suffered relapses in the survey year, and in all of these the relapse appeared to be related to emotional factors.
77 citations
TL;DR: When patients younger and older than age 40 were compared, the significant excess of recent parent death in the severely depressed patients occurred only in the younger age group, while the incidence of early parent death was significantly higher in the severe depressed group.
Abstract: 1. This study is based on a sample of 500 admissions to a Scottish psychiatric hospital. From this sample were extracted groups of depressed and non-depressed patients precisely matched for age.
2. The incidence of parent death occurring during the first 20 years of life and over a period of 20 years before admission was found to be similar in the two groups.
3. From the depressed patients groups of severely depressed and moderately depressed patients, precisely matched for age, were extracted.
4. The incidence of early parent death was significantly higher in the severely depressed group. This was observed to be due to a significant excess of mother deaths.
5. The incidence of recent parent death was significantly higher in the severely depressed group. This was found to be due predominantly to an excess of mother deaths.
6. When patients younger and older than age 40 were compared, the significant excess of recent parent death in the severely depressed patients occurred only in the younger age group.
TL;DR: It is suggested that an individual's response to an incapacitating illness reflects and perhaps can be predicted from his premorbid life style and the role of unresolved, covert depression on the course of ALS remains to be demonstrated.
Abstract: Ten patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were evaluated through psychiatric interviews and psychological tests. A pattern of active mastery and habitual exclusion of affect from awareness emerged from the premorbid histories of these patients. Reactions to ALS included continued attempts at mastery and persistent suppression, denial, and isolation of depressive and anxious feelings. Psychological tests confirmed the findings of a characteristic style of active mastery and suggested current denial of affect. These observations suggest that an individual's response to an incapacitating illness reflects and perhaps can be predicted from his premorbid life style. The role of unresolved, covert depression on the course of ALS remains to be demonstrated. The association of ALS with a characteristic personality style, if confirmed, might have etiologic and prognostic implications.
TL;DR: In this paper, left ventricular hemodynamics were studied in 20 patients with coronary artery disease and 7 normal subjects during atrial pacing and exercise, and the authors found that the response to pacing is indistinguishable from that of the normal group.
Abstract: Left ventricular hemodynamics were studied in 20 patients with coronary artery disease and 7 normal subjects during atrial pacing and exercise. Angina developed in 13 patients during pacing and exercise, but was absent in 7 during both periods. Ventricular function curves during each stress, using left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular stroke work, clearly distinguished the 3 groups. During pacing in the normal subjects and those without angina there was a downward movement on the normal ventricular function curve, and in the group with angina there was a shift to a depressed curve. During exercise in the normal group there was a shift to an augmented ventricular function curve, in the group without angina, an upward movement on the original curve, and in the group with angina, a shift to a depressed curve. Exercise and pacing are useful in evaluating hemodynamic function in patients with coronary artery disease. When ischemic symptoms are induced by either exercise or pacing they are associated with depression of left ventricular performance. When angina is not proyoked, only exercise demonstrates abnormal ventricular function since the response to pacing is indistinguishable from that of the normal group.
TL;DR: People with post-stroke depression have less independence in activities of daily living and in the mean time, outpatient rehabilitation of depressed stroke survivors should include pharmacological and psychological components.
Abstract: Background Little attention has been paid to screening of depression among stroke survivors in outpatient physiotherapy clinics. Post-stroke depression is reported to have a negative impact on functional recovery. However, the exact influence on the outcome of rehabilitation such as level of functional independence remains controversial. This study aims at ascertaining the influence of post-stroke depression on functional independence in activities of daily living. Methods The study is a cross sectional survey of stroke survivors attending outpatient physiotherapy clinics of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, and the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH). Participants were evaluated for socio-demographic characteristics. Post-stroke depression and level of functional recovery in Activities of Daily Living were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Barthel Index respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23, with α set at 0.01. Results A total of 66 participants, 42 females and 24 males, were purposively recruited into the study. Over 80% (56) of the participant had depression, with over 50% (32) being severely depressed. Post-stroke depression was associated with less functional independence in activities of daily living (p=0.000). A significant difference was found in the level of functional independence between participants with and without depression (p=0.00). Conclusion Participants with post-stroke depression have less independence in activities of daily living. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size is, however, recommended so as to improve the external validity. In the mean time, outpatient rehabilitation of depressed stroke survivors should include pharmacological and psychological components.
TL;DR: The role of emotional and personality factors in either the onset or the course (or both) of rheumatoid arthritis remains con troversial and has received increased attention in the medical literature and discussions in recent years.
TL;DR: Fischer rats were given minimal, maximal, or sham electroshock seizures daily, 5 times each week for 6 weeks beginning at 30 days of age; treatment for 10 or 12 weeks produced some of the other changes observed in Fischer and Wistar strains.
TL;DR: Administration of 6-mercaptopurine suppressed appearance of tuberculin skin test reactivity for up to 6 weeks after mycobacterial injection indicated that the drug may not be qualitatively affecting function of immunologically competent cells.
Abstract: Administration of 6-mercaptopurine suppressed appearance of tuberculin skin test reactivity for up to 6 weeks after mycobacterial injection Lymphocytes obtained during the period of suppressed tuberculin reactivity exhibited normal in vitro proliferative responses to tuberculin, suggesting that the drug may not be qualitatively affecting function of immunologically competent cells
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Findings support the concept that the increased host susceptibility to disease after surgery may be mediated in part by an alteration of the opsonic system and reticuloendothelial function.
Abstract: SummarySurgery induced a significant and transient depression of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) as characterized by the impaired phagocytic clearance of colloidal carbon and the gelatinized “RP test lipid emulsion.” RE recovery was observed at approximately 2.5-hr postsurgery, and a phase of RE stimulation existed by 3- and 4-hr postsurgery. Circulating opsonic activity was decreased during RE depression after surgery, and recovered toward control levels during the period of RE recovery. Comparative phagocytic and opsonic determinations suggested that RE depression after surgery was due to the decrease in opsonin activity. These findings support the concept that the increased host susceptibility to disease after surgery may be mediated in part by an alteration of the opsonic system and reticuloendothelial function.
TL;DR: Forty consecutive female depressed patients referred to the Mental Health Clinic at the Women's Correctional Center Raleigh, N.C. were randomlyigned to receive either active drug or placebo to show substantial depressive symptomatology operationally defined as a score of twenty or more in the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression.
TL;DR: A parenteral estrogen-progestogen preparation administered intramuscularly at monthly intervals has been studied in 385 patients during 4512 cycles and no pregnancies were established during the use of the medication.
TL;DR: The results suggest that women who have adverse reactions to oral contraceptives might represent a biochemically different subgroup in whom estrogen-progesterone steroids are the triggering mechanisms for mood and sexual disturbances.
Abstract: 39 oral contraceptive users were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and open-ended goal-directed interviews to correlate mood and sexual disturbances with the pill. 16 had adverse psychological symptoms; 23 controls had no impairment; all were selected from gynecologists private patients. Women were examined on their psychological history current stress attitudes toward contraception expected and observed physiological symptoms sexual adjustment and reaction to pregnancy. Significant differences between the 2 groups were found only in the use of combined pills by 88% of the affected women in contrast to sequential pills by 39% of the controls and an average age of 23.8 years in the 5 sexually impaired in contrast to 29.4 years in 23 controls and 31.0 years in 11 depressed women. Since depression or frigidity began with oral contraception and ended after discontinuance the authors postulate a biochemically distinct subgroup of susceptible women.
TL;DR: The hyperkinetic syndrome is one of many manifestations of minimal brain dysfunction and emotional distrubance and both physical and psychologic factors can be seen in its etiology.
Abstract: The hyperkinetic syndrome is one of many manifestations of minimal brain dysfunction and emotional distrubance. Both physical and psychologic factors can be seen in its etiology. Depression has often been found to be related to hyperkinesis. The children described in this study give ample support to the frequency of this relationship. Some preliminary hypotheses are also drawn about the dynamics of the relationship between depression and the hyperkinetic syndrome.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the case of the venereology clinic, the criteria for referral were not specified and are clearly as various as the psychiatric attitudes of the many doctors working in the clinic as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: was opened in 1965 at the Middlesex Hospital, and psychiatric investigation has been regularly available since December, 1967. This follows the general policy at the Middlesex, where a member of the department of psychiatry is attached to each department of the general hospital; and accords with the specific recommendations (Pahmer, 1949; Mayer-Gross, Slater, and Roth, 1960) that venereology clinics in particular need to have a psychiatrist available within the same premises. The criteria for referral were not specified and are clearly as various as the psychiatric attitudes of the many doctors working in the clinic. This report is a first impression gained under the conditions outlined, and is by no means a comprehensive survey of the extent of psychiatric disturbance in patients attending this clinic. Several earlier studies of psychiatric disturbance in patients attending venereology clinics have been concerned with the problem of morbid fears of venereal disease. A study of patients presenting with overt syphilophobia (Macalpine, 1957) was prompted by the finding that half of the patients in a dermatology department with intractable pruritus ani feared they had syphilis. She found syphilophobia to be a symptom accompanying or preceding all stages and categories of mental illness; all her patients had previously attended other venereology clinics and had an average of six negative results to serum tests for syphilis. The report of Gibbens and Silberman (1960) arose from an inquiry, undertaken before the passage of the Street Offences Act, into the nature of the demand for prostitution. Of 230 patients from a venereology clinic who were interviewed, 30 per cent. did not have venereal disease but feared they had. Kite and Grimble (1963) were concerned with the extent to which fear of venereal disease may be