Showing papers on "Desalination published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, a thermally driven mass transport process across hydrophobic membranes has been investigated and a quantitative theory for the process has been developed based on the evaporation-condensation steps occurring at the membrane interfaces.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a desalination module design is presented, which is based on a nonwettable (hydrofobic), highly porous membrane, and is tested in field tests.
94 citations
Patent•
21 Nov 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane process is used for the concentration of a dilute solution of low osmotic pressure by Osmotic distillation (also known as membrane distillation or membrane evaporation), which is a separation process using as its driving force the difference in the osmosis pressure between two fluids (e.g., fruit juice and seawater).
Abstract: A hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane process (e.g., using hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers) for the concentration of a dilute solution of low osmotic pressure by osmotic distillation (also known as membrane distillation or membrane evaporation), which is a separation process using as its driving force the difference in the osmotic pressure between two fluids (e.g., fruit juice and seawater) separated by a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane to achieve a concentration of the fluid having the lower osmotic pressure (.e., fruit juice). When coupled with reverse osmosis means there is provided a method for recovery of solvent (e.g., potable water) from the process, e.g., desalination of seawater. A process is also provided to recover part of the energy available between the two fluids i.e., between two different potential energies, due to the difference in osmotic pressure between the two fluids.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a reverse osmosis desalination system using positive displacement energy recovery pumps and operating at lower than usual pressures on high rejection membranes can achieve specific energy consumptions below 4 kWh/m3 of product water converted from sea water, less than half the energy requirement without energy recovery.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study has been made of the optimisation of membrane modules for brackish water desalination, where the objective function is annual cost and reflects both membrane cost and the energy costs associated with pressurised cross flow of feed.
50 citations
TL;DR: A 10,000-1 solar multistage flash desalination system was designed and tested at Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research as discussed by the authors, which consisted of a 220 m2 solar line-concentrating collector field, 7000-1 thermal storage tank and a self-regulating 12-stage multi-stage flash Desalination subsystem.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a seeded reverse osmosis (SRO) pilot plant was used to desalinate mine water which is nearly saturated with calcium sulphate, with a capacity of 5 m3/day and operated for a period of 5000 hours.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a small seawater solar desalination plant has been designed and constructed as part of a cooperative research program for solar Desalination between the Water and Electricity Department (Abu Dhabi) and the New Energy Development Organisation (Japan).
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the economics of conventional solar distillation plants and modern trends to combine collection of solar radiation with conventional desalination processes are discussed, and a short description of the influence of the investment cost on the product water cost is given.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two new series and four types of thin-film composite LP and/or SLP reverse osmosis membranes have been developed for use in the market for ultrapure water production and brackish water desalination at low or super low operating pressure.
33 citations
TL;DR: It was found that objects which had been treated using desalination methods were less likely to re-corrode, and the conclusion was that the development of more effective techniques of chloride removal would be useful.
Abstract: Various desalination methods had been used in the past to treat a large collection of archaeological iron objects. In order to establish whether desalination treatments had been effective, the condition of the objects was assessed and the data analyzed using statistical methods. It was found that objects which had been treated using desalination methods were less likely to re-corrode, and the conclusion was that the development of more effective techniques of chloride removal would be useful.
Patent•
25 Sep 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the control of scale formation and deposition in thermal or reverse osmosis membrane desalination plants is described, comprising adding to the water 0.1 to 100 ppm of (a) a water soluble orthophosphate and (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of water soluble polycarboxylates, phosphonates, phosphate, phosphates, sulfonates and polyamides.
Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process for the control of scale formation and deposition in thermal or reverse osmosis membrane desalination plants, comprising adding to the water 0.1 to 100 ppm of (a) a water soluble orthophosphate and (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of water soluble polycarboxylates, phosphonates, phosphates, sulfonates and polyamides.
Patent•
24 Dec 1985
TL;DR: In this article, counterion-containing liquid is subjected to an electrical voltage field, separate or in conjunction with the desalination unit, and the counterions to be added are passed through a selectively permeable ion exchange membrane into the respective electrode chamber of chambers of the desalinization unit.
Abstract: Process and apparatus adds counterions into the aqueous solution of an electrode chamber of an electrolytic desalination or demineralization unit. In the demineralization unit, oppositely charged ions are electrolytically generated within electrode chambers and defused into the stream of aqueous solution to be demineralized. In their migration in response to the application of an electric potential, the ion streams are subjected to displacement steps in cation and anion exchange masses separated by selectively permeable ion exchange membranes. A counterion-containing liquid is subjected to an electrical voltage field, separate or in conjunction with the desalination unit, and the counterions to be added are passed through a selectively permeable ion exchange membrane into the respective electrode chamber of chambers of the desalination unit.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the corrosion properties of stainless steels and related alloys in different environments and give guidelines on the selection of materials for the components of reverse osmosis systems.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the composition of sediments which encrassent les surfaces of membranes of membranes, and describe the characteristics of these sediments and their properties.
Abstract: Qualite de l'eau d'alimentation et composition des sediments qui encrassent les surfaces des membranes
TL;DR: The world's largest Multi Effect Low Temperature Desalination plant (MELT) is a dual purpose 4.6 MGD plant (725 m3/h) designed to use the turbine condenser cooling water as its energy source as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have presented the cost of treatment and economics of desalination in a rural set up in a small village of Gujara tSate, India.
Book•
30 Sep 1985
TL;DR: Ion Exchange Towards the Twenty First Century as discussed by the authors The use of some coordinating copolymers in Hydrometallurgy and the CCS-Ion exchange Contactor was proposed by Bari's plant.
Abstract: Ion Exchange Towards the Twenty First Century.- The Use of Some Coordinating Copolymers in Hydrometallurgy.- The CCS-Ion Exchange Contactor.- Outlook and Desires of Ion Exchange Resin Technology Development in the Nuclear Field.- Purification of Effluents of Acid Copper and Nickel Plating Galvanic Processes with Conventional Cation Exchange Resins. Copper and Nickel Recovery.- Anion Resin Kinetics at High Flow Rates.- Ion Exchange Desulphation of Feedwater to MSF Evaporator. Full Scale Experience.- Calculation of Economic Indexes for Desalination Plants with and Without Desulphation Pretreatment System.- Kinetic Studies on Gel and Macroporous Anion Exchangers Using the Uranyl Sulfate/Sulfate Exchange.- Salt Conservation, Selectivity Reversal and Breakthrough Detection in Ion Exchange for Nitrate Removal.- Equilibrium and Diffusion Rate Effects of Univalent and Divalent Ions in a Bifunctional Resin.- Analysis of Ion Exchange Phenomena Occurring in Silicate Glasses Immersed in a Molten Salt Bath.- The Rim-Nut Process for Recovery of N/P Fertilizer From Sewage. Start-Up of Bari's Plant.- Ion Exchange for the Recycling of Wastewater Constituents.- Cation Exchange Softening Coupled with Electrodialysis for High Recovery Desalination.- Methods of Reducing Consumption of Sulphuric Acid in Regeneration of Strong Cation Exchangers in Water Desalination.- Design Methods for Ion Exchange Equipment.- Future Criteria for the Design and Manufacturing of Water Treatment Plants.- Water Softening for Food Processing.- Ion Exchange in the Food Industry.- Ion Exchange for the Recovery of Concentrated Ammonium Sulphate from the Process Condensate of an Ammonia-Urea Factory.- The Mechanism of Ion Exchange on Microcrystals of Inorganic Oxide-Hydroxides.- A Useful Method to Summarize Data in Ion Exchange - Influence of Temperature and Ionic Size.- Reversibility and Performances in Productive Ion-Exchange Chromatography.- Mossbauer and Electron Microprobe Studies of Precipitation Phenomena in Nafion Ion Exchange Membranes.- Ion Exchange Kinetics in Zeolite A.- Kinetics of Bulk and Interfacial Ionic Motion: The Microscopic Basis and Limits for the Nernst-Planck-Poisson System.- Nernst-Planck or No?.- Application of the Stefan-Maxwell Equations to Multicomponent Ion Exchange.- Concentration Polarization and Membrane Resistance Evaluation by Current Transient and Nernst-Planck Equations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the construction and operational experience of 40 units of 23,500 M3 per day MSF plants which were installed at Al-Jobail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is described.
TL;DR: A comparative economic study of reverse osmosis and multi-stage flash distillation in the Middle East with particular reference to the parameters of influence is discussed in this article, where a strategy for the control of membrane performance and the replacement of membranes in order to minimize the operation cost is proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative analysis of single-stage and two-stage seawater reverse osmosis systems is presented, illustrating how the optimum design is influenced by the choice of operating parameters and related cost factors.
TL;DR: Water transport studies have been conducted for interpolymer ion exchange membranes as discussed by the authors, where water transport at different current densities for three uni-univalent salts has been calculated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the economics of MSF coupled to gas turbine or back pressure steam turbine power plant and compared the costs with those of sea-water RO, for typical operating conditions.
Patent•
21 Nov 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane process is used for the concentration of a dilute solution of low osmotic pressure by Osmotic distillation (also known as membrane distillation or membrane evaporation).
Abstract: A hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane process (e.g. using hydrophobic microporous hollow fibres) for the concentration of a dilute solution of low osmotic pressure by osmotic distillation (also known as membrane distillation or membrane evaporation), which is a separation process using as its driving force the difference in the osmotic pressure between two fluids (e.g. fruit juice and seawater) separated by a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane to achieve a concentration of the fluid having the lower osmotic pressure (i.e., fruit juice). When coupled with reverse osmosis means there is provided a method for recovery of solvent (e.g. potable water) from the process, e.g. desalination of seawater. A process is also provided to recover part of the energy available between the two fluids i.e., between two different potential energies, due to the difference in osmotic pressure between the two fluids.
TL;DR: The first temporary reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant at Tanajib, Arabian Gulf Coast, with a total net capacity of 600,000 gpd is described in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the mechanical properties of UNS S31254 makes it possible to reduce wall thickness in the high pressure section of seawater desalination plants.
Patent•
17 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a desalination plant is constructed in such a way that sunlight can enter through a gabled glass roof in a box-shaped case and causes an amount of salt water controlled by float valves to evaporate.
Abstract: The desalination plant is constructed in such a way that sunlight can enter through a gabled glass roof in a box-shaped case and causes an amount of salt water controlled by float valves to evaporate. Part of the water vapour is able to condense on the glass roof, below which is located a condensation channel. Additional condensation takes place in the feed part to the fresh water vessel. To avoid salt encrustation, a float valve controls a minimum water height; the maximum water height is likewise controlled by a float valve at the inlet. In order that no salt water can pass into the condensation part as a result of failure of the latter valve, a further float valve is provided as a salt water overflow barrier.
TL;DR: In this article, the main problem associated with the Libyan seacoast, i.e. seaweeds, its nature and presence, various designs adopted to overcome this at existing desalination plants and also the cost influence of the seawater intake system on the total project costs.
TL;DR: All supervisory control functions as applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems are implemented and for a large desalination plant preference is given to a reliable and dependable system even at the cost of slow data acquisition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the design, construction, start-up and 6-month operational experience of the 46,000 m 3 per day (10 MIGD) reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant installed at Ra's Abu Jarjur, 25 km south of Manama, the capital of Bahrain.