Showing papers on "Diallel cross published in 1983"
TL;DR: A genetic framework was developed for the interpretation of statistical parameters estimated from a diallel experiment among a fixed set of lines, based on direct and maternal additive and dominance genetic effects as would be expected in animal species.
Abstract: A genetic framework was developed for the interpretation of statistical parameters estimated from a diallel experiment among a fixed set of lines. These included average direct genetic, average maternal genetic, general combining ability, reciprocal, and line and specific direct and maternal heterotic effects. The genetic model is based on direct and maternal additive and dominance genetic effects as would be expected in animal species. The model assumes that dominance is the underlying basis of heterosis. As an example, litter size at birth was analyzed from a 5 × 5 diallel cross with mice.
82 citations
TL;DR: Six strains under long-term selection for egg production and other economically-important traits were crossed in a full diallel, and a dietary oyster shell supplement resulted in an improvement in shell quality as measured by specific gravity.
Abstract: 1. Six strains under long‐term selection for egg production and other economically‐important traits were crossed in a full diallel, and tested with two commercial stocks and two control strains at two stocking rates (1 bird per 20.3‐cm cage and 3 birds per 30.5‐cm cage) and two diets (with and without an oyster shell supplement). 2. The mean of the 30 strain crosses exceeded the mean of the six selected strains for egg production and egg quality traits, sexual maturity and viability, which in turn exceeded the performance of both of the control strains. The performance of several of the 30 strain crosses was similar to the commercial stocks. 3. The only significant genotype × environment interaction was for Haugh units at 450 d. 4. Performance at the lower stocking rate was generally superior to that at the higher stocking rate. 5. General combining ability was important for the complete array of traits measured. 6. Specific combining ability was important for the majority of traits. 7. Heterosis was impo...
64 citations
TL;DR: A diallel crossing system involving two Pinto and two Kidney common bean cultivars was evaluated in the field, and Pin toes were significantly different from the Kidneys in seed yield and numbers of pods and seeds per plant and 100·seed weight.
Abstract: A diallel crossing system involving two Pinto and two Kidney common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was evaluated in the field. Pin toes were significantly different from the Kidneys in seed yield and numbers of pods and seeds per plant and 100·seed weight. All the traits showed statistical significance among crosses and in comparisons involving parental v. cross means. Heterosis values were large and significant for yield, numbers of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of days from planting to flowering. The ratio of general to specific combining ability mean squares was low for yield, numbers of pods and seeds per plant and high for 100·seed weight and number of days to flowering. Significant reciprocal effects were found for seed yield and number of seeds per plant, but this effect was completely absent for 100·seed weight.
33 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: The authors' data suggest independent gene action with intragenic dominance in garden chrysanthemum siblings obtained through two generations of single-plant selfpollination, and one inbred expressed a high level of pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC).
Abstract: Eleven garden chrysanthemum siblings obtained through two generations of single-plant selfpollination were selfed and crossed in a complete diallel. Outcrosses to unrelated individuals were performed to test for male and female fertility. Since eleven crossing patterns were found inthe diallel, at least three genes must be assumed. Our data suggest independent gene action with intragenic dominance. One inbred, 77-AM3-3, expressed a high level of pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) by giving some very low cross seed sets along with high self seed set. This inbred also exhibited variable PSC from season to season.
26 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Programs to exploit the sex systems to produce hybrids were developed in spinach (monoecious forms), cucumber (genetic controlled), squash (response to chemical), and carrot (cytoplasmic male sterility).
Abstract: Hybrid vigor in plants has long been noted, and probably the first suggestion that it be exploited in vegetables was by Hayes and Jones (1916) in cucumber. F1 hybrid eggplants were commercially used in Japan before 1925 (Kakizaki 1930). Demonstration of the value of hybrids in corn in the early 1920’s prompted a few exploratory studies in other crops, but methods of its application to field scale operations were first proposed in 1932, using the self-incompatibility system in cabbage (Pearson 1932), and in 1943 using the cytoplasmic male sterility mechanism in onion (Jones and Clarke 1943). Programs to exploit the sex systems to produce hybrids were developed in spinach (monoecious forms), cucumber (genetic controlled), squash (response to chemical), and carrot (cytoplasmic male sterility). Identification and measurement of the expression of heterosis — the percent increase over the mid parent value — of the components of economic yield have been attempted. Educated guesses as to the value of parental combinations have been the bases used in choice of parents. Different studies of the same crop often differ when analyzed for heterosis effects because the number, identity, and effectiveness of the multiple gene systems involved vary in the varieties used as parents. Diallel studies can be used to locate sources of the desirable additive factors, and guide the development of more efficient hybrids.
26 citations
TL;DR: Genetic analysis was carried out on eight quantitative characters in the silkworm by diallel crosses of eight varieties differing widely in each character, and two characters, pupation rate and cocoon weight, were recognized as overdominance because dominant effects were larger than additive ones.
Abstract: Genetic analysis was carriecl out on eight quantitative characters in the silkworm by diallel crosses of eight varieties differing widely in each character. As the results of the estimation of genetic variances and of the regression analysis of Wr (parent-offspring covariances) on Vr (array variances), additive effects (D) were larger than dominance ones (H1) in five characters: growth rate at the 5th instar, raw silk percentage, length of cocoon filament, size of coccon filament and reelability, and thus these characters were recognized as incomplete dominance. However, two characters: pupation rate and cocoon weight, were recognized as overdominance, because dominant effects were larger than additive ones. Cocoon shell weight was further recognized as complete dominance. Epistatic effects were observed in four characters: pupation rate, cocoon weight, size of coccon filament and reelability. Cytoplasmic effects were also observed in pupation rate and size of cocoon filament. Reciprocally different values were observed in growth rate at the 5th instar, perhaps caused by the effect of the sex-linked Lm-alleles.
24 citations
22 citations
21 citations
TL;DR: On the basis of larvae recovered from the tunnelled plants, Chilo partellus was found to be the predominant stem-borer species followed by Sesamia calamistis, Eldana saccharina and Busseola fusca, and the inheritance patterns of primary and secondary damage were different.
Abstract: A genetic analysis of the resistance of sorghum to stem-borers was carried out in the field in Kenya in 1981-82 using a 6 X 6 diallele cross. F1 hybrids did not differ significantly from mid-parental values, suggesting intermediate inheritance. However, resistance was partially dominant to susceptibility. Combining ability analysis showed that resistance to primary damage (percentage dead-hearts) was governed by both additive and non-additive types of gene action, while secondary damage (percentage stem-tunnelling) was governed predominantly by additive gene action. It was noted that the inheritance patterns of primary and secondary damage were different. Tunnel length showed a positive correlation with the number of larvae per plant and negative association with plant height, but had no correlation with grain yield per plant. On the basis of larvae recovered from the tunnelled plants, Chilo partellus (Swinh.) was found to be the predominant stem-borer species, followed by Sesamia calamistis Hmps., Eldana saccharina Wlk. and Busseola fusca (Fuller). The importance of genetic studies of host-plant resistance in deciding breeding strategies for insect resistance is discussed.ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:Genetic analysis of the resistance of sorghum to stem borers was carried out on data from a 6 X 6 diallel cross. F1-hybrid values did not differ significantly from midparental values, suggesting intermediate inheritance. However, resistance was partially dominant to susceptibility. Combining ability analysis showed that resistance to primary damage (percentage dead hearts) was governed by both additive and nonadditive gene action, while secondary damage (percentage stem tunnelling) was governed predominantly by additive gene action. Inheritance patterns of primary and secondary damage were different. Tunnel length showed a positive correlation with the number of larvae per plant and negative association with plant height. On the basis of larvae recovered from the tunnelled plants, Chilo partellus was the predominant stem-borer species, followed by Sesamia calamistis, Eldana saccharina and Busseola fusca
20 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Genetic divergence, as measured by Mahalanobis's D2 statistic, was studied in 28 hybrids of an 8 x 8 diallel set of wheat and genetic diversity was found to be associated with heterosis and inbreeding depression.
Abstract: Genetic divergence, as measured by Mahalanobis's D2 statistic, was studied in 28 hybrids of an 8 x 8 diallel set of wheat. All the hybrids got grouped into 9 clusters and cluster I had maximum number of hybrids in both the environments in F1 generation. Clustering pattern of the hybrids was swayed by their parentage. Environments exerted considerable influence in the grouping of the hybrids. Genetic diversity was found to be associated with heterosis and inbreeding depression. Cluster V in E I and cluster III in E2 were the most compact clusters. The inter-cluster distances of cluster IX from other clusters were highest in both the environments.
TL;DR: Both for juvenile and adult progenies, resistance proved to be mainly determined by additive gene action; GCA's of individual parents of the adult progeny showed good agreement with those found for juvenile ones, indicating that early selection for Fusarium resistance is very effective.
Abstract: In this third paper results are given regarding the resistance in adult bulbs of progenies from the incomplete diallel cross of cultivars described in paper 2.
TL;DR: Correlation between parental performance and ( Wr + Vr ) values suggested that nitrogen fixing activity in the rhizosphere of the highest parent was likely governed by recessive alleles.
TL;DR: The resistances to the two diseases were highly correlated in progenies derived from each resistance source and, with the possible exception of resistance derived from R. coreanus, there was no evidence that resistance to one disease segregated independently of resistance to the other.
Abstract: The inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Didymella applanata was studied both in a half diallel cross which involved resistant parents derived from red raspberry cv. Chief and a third backcross hybrid of Rubus occidentalis, and in backcrosses to raspberry of R. pileatus and R. coreanus hybrids. Resistances in the diallel were inherited additively with no interactions. The levels of resistance in the backcrosses were much higher than in the diallel and indicated good prospects for obtaining cultivars with very high levels of resistance.
TL;DR: In this article, the diallel analysis of Grassia, and principal component analysis were used to determine the social characteristics, or profiles, of each individual, and the strength of its contacts with each other individual.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Combining ability studies through 10 x 10 diallel in peas showed that general and specific combining ability variances were significant and additive genetic variance was found higher than dominance variance for all the characters.
Abstract: Combining ability studies through 10 x 10 diallel in peas showed that general and specific combining ability variances were significant. In general, additive genetic variance was found higher than dominance variance for all the characters. The per se performance of parents was found related to their g.c.a. effects. Parents T10, P185, 6583 and P199 were found good combiners. The crosses P199 x P185, P199 x 479B, T163 x T10, T163 x P185, T10 x 6113 and BR12 x 6113 gave significant s.c.a. effects for several traits.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Normal pedigree method for the exploitation of additive genetic variability and the diallel selective mating system for population building have been suggested for improvement of this chickpea crop.
Abstract: Combining ability analysis was made using a diallel cross of eight chickpea lines. It was noted that both additive and non-additive type of gene action were important for seed yield, 100-grain weight, seeds per pod and pods per plant with the preponderance of additive type of gene action. However, for the number of primary and secondary branches only additive type of gene action was presc nt. The parents T3 and L 345 were the best general combiners for seed yield, pods per plant and number of primary and secondary branches, and L 144 for 100-grain weight. Normal pedigree method for the exploitation of additive genetic variability and the diallel selective mating system for population building have been suggested for improvement of this crop.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The combining ability studies made over environments (years) revealed that both g.c.a.c .a.
Abstract: The combining ability studies made over environments (years) revealed that both g.c.a. and s.c.a. are influenced by environments. This suggested that to have unbiased estimates of g.c.a. and s.c.a. the studies must be made over a wide range of environments. As additive gene effects were predominant, the pedigree method of breeding would be desirable for obtaining pure lines with desirable characters. Simultaneously, the diallel selective mating system among the gocd general combiners, may be followed to release greater genetic variability.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The present investigation was under-taken on a diallel cross of eleven varietics of bread wheat grown over three environments in respect of plant height, ear length, peduncle length, number of spikelets per spike and harvest index.
Abstract: The present investigation was under-taken on a diallel cross of eleven varietics of bread wheat grown over three environments in respect of plant height, ear length, peduncle length, number of spikelets per spike and harvest index. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the progenies for all the characters. Combining ability analysis showed that mean squares due both to general and specific combining ability were highly significant, the former being much larger in magnitude than that of the latter. However, the ratio s2gca/sasva was less than unity in all cases. The estimates of the general combining ability effects indicated that ‘Sonalika’ was the besi general combiner for ear length and peduncle length, ‘HD 2009’ for peduncle length. ‘WL410’ for peduncle length and spikelets per spike, ‘HD 1981’ for harvest index and ‘UP 368’ and ‘HD 217V’ for dwarfness. From among the crosses it was not possible to isolate any one with optimum constellation of characters.
TL;DR: Gene action was mainly additive for the three traits, although some dominance was detected for percent protein and protein per grain, and variation in lysine content was largely attributable to variation in percent protein, protein pergrain, and grain plumpness.
Abstract: Data on the percent protein, protein per grain, and lysine content of grain protein in a 6 × 6 diallel cross of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) were analyzed by both the Griffing and the Hayman diallel methods. Results agreed with those of a previous analysis of the same data by the gene effects method. No advantage of diallel analysis over gene effects analysis was indicated. Parallel use of the Griffing and Hayman analyses illustrated the relationship between these two diallel methods. Gene action was mainly additive for the three traits, although some dominance was detected for percent protein and protein per grain. Dominance for protein per grain was in the direction of higher protein. Variation in lysine content was largely attributable to variation in percent protein, protein per grain, and grain plumpness. Selection of parents on the basis of the Griffing general combining ability effects would be similar to selection on the basis of parental phenotype.
TL;DR: A five parent diallel cross in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was grown over a 2-year period at the Delhi Research Station and Phenotypes, genotypic, and additive genetic correlations explained covariation among pairs of characteristics in an almost analogous manner.
Abstract: A five parent diallel cross in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) was grown over a 2-year period at the Delhi Research Station Griffing's (1956) and Hayman's (1954) analyses indicated that
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Heterosis was studied in relation to gca and sca effects in 10 x 10 diallel, involving diverse genoty pes of linseed, indicating that selection of the crosses based on heterotic response is equally effective.
Abstract: Heterosis was studied in relation to gca and sca effects in 10 x 10 diallel, involving diverse genoty pes of linseed. Highest heterosis of 89-8, 65-5 and 63-2 per cent was observed over better parent for grain yield, capsules/plant and tillers/plant respectively. Mean performance of the crosses showed close association with the sea effects indicating that selection of the crosses based on heterotic response is equally effective. Additive x dominance and dominance x dominance epistatis was involved in the best cross combinations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Genetic studies on the generation of a set of half diallel crosses involving six cowpea varieties were conducted by the randomized block design with three replications to determine combining ability, gene action and the relationships between parents and their hybrids.
Abstract: Genetic studies on the generation of a set of half diallel crosses involving six cowpea varieties were conducted. by the randomized block design with three replications to determine combining ability, gene action and the relationships between parents and their hybrids. The 12 agronomic characters namely, days to flowering, days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, diameter of stem, length of internode, number of branches per plant, length of pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain weight per plot were observed, and the generation of this diallel set of crosses was analysed for each character according to the method by Jinks and Hayman. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Vr-Wr graphical analyses; The following seven characters, days to flowering, number of branches per plant, length of pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain weight per plot appeared to be partially dominant, and over dominance was found for days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, length of internode and number of grains per pod. But diameter of stem indicated partial dominance near complete dominance. 2. Estimates of genetic variance components; In the degree of dominance,. eight characters, that is, days to flowering, days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, length of internode, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant and grain weight per plot were expressed larger than 1. And the characters, days from flowering to maturity, number of branches per plant and number of grains per plant as the degree of mean dominance (/D) were found to be negative value over other characters. On the other hand, apprent asymmetry of dominance-recessive allele ( /) produced comparatively estimates with lower value on days from flowering to maturity, length of internode, number of branches per plant and number of grains per pod. 3. Analyses of combining ability; Mean square value of GCA(general combining ability) appeared to be more important than those of SCA (specific combining ability) for most characters, and among them, grain weight per plot showed the highest mean square value in GCA and SCA. 4. Effect of combining ability; Variety 178 was expressed as the highest GCA effects in five characters (days to flowering days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and grain weight per plot). SCA effects were differed from parents, characters and crosses, but crosses between TVu 1857 TVu 2885 and TVu 2702 J78 were shown to be highly with SCA effects on yield.
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TL;DR: The studies highlighted the utility of population breeding approaches and development of hybrids for attaining rapid and sustained genetic improvement in the yield potential of safflower.
Abstract: General and specific combining ability variances and effects for nine characters related to yield and adaptability in safflower were studied in a diallel cross based on 8 parents in 1978 and 11 parents in 1979. Significant general and specific combining ability variances were present for all variables examined. However, additive genetic variancea were preponderent for plant height, flowering time, branch number, seed size and oil percent while non-additive variance was larger for yield and its principal components. The influence of environment were more pronounced on the additive than on non-additive component of genetic variation for all characters. Maternal influences were nearly non-existent for seed weight, oil percent and significant but less important for others. None of the parental lines proved best combiners for all the important attributes. Irrespective of the characters, parental performance servedas agood measure of their relative combining ability. Crosses between genetically diverse parents manifested substantial heterosis associated with large positive specific effects for yield and its components. The most productive and heterotic hybrid in the material outyielded the best standard check by as much as 42% in experiment 1 and 70% in experiment 2. The studies highlighted the utility of population breeding approaches and development of hybrids for attaining rapid and sustained genetic improvement in the yield potential of safflower.
TL;DR: Genetic and cytoplasmic effects on chlorophyll content in pearl millet were studied using a complete 10-parent diallel cross under two dates of sowing indicated a predominantly non-additive gene action in the inheritance of chlorophylla.
Abstract: Genetic and cytoplasmic effects on chlorophyll content in pearl millet were studied using a complete 10-parent diallel cross under two dates of sowing. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a + b were not affected by the sowing dates. The estimation of components of genetic variance indicated a predominantly non-additive gene action in the inheritance of chlorophylls. Reciprocal cross differences and maternal effects were pronounced in several cross combinations.
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TL;DR: Genetic analysis in different seasons for green fodder yield and yield components from a 12 X 12 diallel cross set of pearl millet will give a better understanding of gene expression before embarking on selection.
Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to study the combining ability in different seasons for green fodder yield and yield components from a 12 X 12 diallel cross set of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm) S. & H.). The mean and range of variability in all the traits except duration of crop was high in the crosses and in monsoon season as compared to parents and summer season respectively. The relative proportions of general and specific combining ability variances indicated the preponderance of non-additive genetic variance. It was observed that good combiners for yield IP 2182, D 1941, K 677 and Syn I parents were also good combiners for some of the yield components. With regard to incorporation of desirable characteristics, recurrent selection can be effectively used for making improvement in yield. For some of the characters, g.c.a. and s.c.a. effects were variable in different seasons. Thus genetic analysis in different seasons will give a better understanding of gene expression before embarking on selection. Both combining ability and per se performance were emphasised for selection of parents, while the criterion for selection of crosses was based on high s.c.a. effects, per se performance and involvement of one good combiner.
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the statistical analysis of binary data (derived from a retain, reject selection process) from incomplete diallel crosses is presented, based on the fixed statistical model of Griffing, which allows the estimation of parameters and the analysis of variance by weighted least squares.
Abstract: A method for the statistical analysis of binary data (derived from a retain, reject selection process) from incomplete diallel crosses is presented. Based on the fixed statistical model of Griffing (1956), formulae are derived which allow the estimation of parameters and the analysis of variance by weighted least squares. The method results from the application of vector theory to the work of Keuls & Garretsen (1977, 1978). The theory is illustrated by a worked example with data from an incomplete potato diallel cross involving 18 parents, although the method itself is applicable to any crop.