Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1983"
TL;DR: The authors argue that the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Stag Hunt are usually inadequate models of the problem they have been used to illuminate, and that a security dilemma as commonly defined need not have the implications that are ascribed to it.
Abstract: The Prisoner's Dilemma game, Rousseau's image of the Stag Hunt, and the concept of a security dilemma have all been used to support the argument that much international conflict is the result of anarchy at the global level rather than the aggressive intentions of governments. This article argues that the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Stag Hunt are usually inadequate models of the problem they have been used to illuminate, and that a security dilemma as commonly defined need not have the implications that are ascribed to it. It also argues that developing more adequate models of the general problem of enforcing agreements in a condition of anarchy will help us to understand better why international cooperation is more easily achieved in some areas than in others.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline the history of the significance concept in historic preservation and trace the current view of significance to the empiricistpositivist school of Western philosophical thought.
Abstract: Although the concept of significance has been widely discussed in cultural resource management. the origin of the idea and the epistemology underlying it have remained unexamined. This paper outlines the history of the significance concept in historic preservation and traces the current view of significance to the empiricistpositivist school of Western philosophical thought. Flaws in the arguments of this school, and in the logic of the significance concept, are raised and discussed. Potential approaches for dealing with aspects of the significance dilemma are proposed. THE FEDERAL MANDATE to manage and protect archaeological and historical resources has, since its earliest days, divided cultural properties into two classes: those which are "significant" and those which are not. The level at which significance is to be evaluated has broadened with time: early federal efforts covered sites of national significance, while in more recent times the significance of properties important at state and local levels has come to be recognized. The notion of significance now guides much of this nation's historic preservation effort. The ambiguities of the concept have been noted and discussed, but a deeper understanding of the idea, and its origin, has not emerged. The purposes of this paper are, first, to develop such an understanding, and second, on this basis, to suggest possible courses of action for dealing with some aspects of the significance dilemma. To accomplish this, it will be useful to briefly sketch the development of today's significance concept.
83 citations
TL;DR: The article traces and illustrates a normative trajectory involving several phases — departure of children, accommodation, seasonal migration, crisis, relocation, holding on, and severance — that characterize the decision process whereby, over a period of years, the dilemma is gradually resolved.
Abstract: An historically based spatial separation of old people from their children has generated a critical relocation dilemma for the present generation of Appalachian elderly--reconciling the physical, social, and emotional support of a familiar environment with the desire to be close to family. This article, based on a four-year participant observation study of a panel of elderly persons in a rural northern Appalachian community, explores the tension between factors that reinforce inertia and those that encourage relocation to the homes of children living outside Appalachian. The article traces and illustrates a normative trajectory involving several phases--departure of children, accommodation, seasonal migration, crisis, relocation, holding on, and severance--that characterize the decision process whereby, over a period of years, the dilemma is gradually resolved.
57 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Organizational culture is defined as the pattern of basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered, or developed in learning to cope with its external adaptation and internal integration problems.
Abstract: Explores what organizational culture is, how founders create and embed cultural elements into their firms, why first-generation companies develop distinctive cultures, and the implications present when making the transition from founders or owning families to professional managers. Organizational culture is defined as the pattern of basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered, or developed in learning to cope with its external adaptation and internal integration problems. In addition, this pattern of assumptions has worked well enough to be considered valid and is taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Organizational culture is not the overt behavior or visible artifacts one might observe on a visit to the company; rather it is the assumptions that underlie the values and determine not only behavior patterns, but architecture, office layout, dress codes, etc. The process of culture formation in the organization begins with the founding of the group and these essential steps: (1) a single person (the founder) has an idea for a new enterprise; (2) a founding group is created on the basis of initial consensus that the idea is a good one; (3) the founding group begins to act in concert to create the organization by raising funds, obtaining patents, incorporating, etc.; and (4) others are brought into the group according to what the founder or founding company considers necessary, and the group begins to function, developing its own history. Embedding a cultural element into the organization occurs when the founder/leader gets the group to try out certain responses. The biggest dilemma for a first-generation organization with a strong founder-generated culture is how to make the transition to future generations in a way that the organization remains adaptive to its external environment without destroying any cultural elements that have made it unique and have made life within the internal environment fulfilling for employees. (SFL)
45 citations
TL;DR: In the service model, the primary function of government is to provide services and to reconcile conflicting interests among different groups and individuals as discussed by the authors, where the goal is to educate and mobilize on behalf of the people.
Abstract: There are two models or conceptions of the primary function of modern governments. We call one the service model. According to this model, the function of government is to provide services and to reconcile conflicting interests among different groups and individuals. David Apter uses the term reconciliation system to describe the "secular-libertarian" form of authority which generally characterizes such a state.' He contrasts it with what he calls a mobilization system characterized by a "sacred collectivity" form of authority. This fits, with some modification, what we call a visionary model. In this model, government has a predetermined vision or goal, and its primary function is to educate and mobilize on its behalf. The term vision is appropriate since the goals transcend the immediate material needs of the nation's population, which is conceived of as a moral community. Our models stand at two ends of a theoretical continuum and are useful in
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 30-trial Prisoner's Dilemma situation with a simulated other who, after 10 trials of 50% cooperatio... was classified as cooperator and competitor.
Abstract: Eighty-seven subjects were classified as cooperators and competitors. They then participated in a 30-trial Prisoner's Dilemma situation with a simulated other who, after 10 trials of 50% cooperatio...
31 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that if financial policies, including the treatment of foreign exchange risks, are set centrally, the performances of operating groups will be influenced by exchange risk policies over whose effect they have little control.
Abstract: Multinational corporations with decentralized responsibility for operations face a serious dilemma. If financial policies, including the treatment of foreign exchange risks, are set centrally, the performances of operating groups will be influenced by exchange risk policies over whose effect they have little control. If financial decisions are left to the operating units, on the other hand, they are likely to overreact to exchange risks and thus suboptimize from a corporate perspective. This article suggests that this dilemma can be resolved through the use of “internal forward rates”—rates at which the corporate treasury agrees to translate future foreign currency revenue and expense items. It illustrates the impact of differing treatments of exchange rate changes in budgeting and tracking the performance of decentralized operating units. The article concludes with a discussion of how internal forward rates should be set and updated.
29 citations
TL;DR: The author suggests systematic use of consultation as a potential method to address both ethical and clinical responsibilities.
Abstract: Psychiatrists have an ethical obligation to expose colleagues who sexually abuse their patients. However, this obligation often conflicts with the ethical obligation of confidentiality. The principled ethical dilemma is grounded in practical clinical considerations. The author suggests systematic use of consultation as a potential method to address both ethical and clinical responsibilities.
TL;DR: The theory that trade unions exist to protect and advance the job interests of working men has dominated the precept and practice of unionism for as long as unions have been in existence as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The theory that trade unions exist to protect and advance the job interests of working men has dominated the precept and practice of unionism for as long as unions have been in existence. Uneasiness over the crasser forms of "bring-home-the-bacon" unionism has often led labor theorists to claim that there is more to trade unionism than mere money. Perlman argued five decades ago that business unionism would be a misnomer if it were intended to mean a labor movement without ideology, for all unions possessed the idealism of upholding the interests of the collectivity-what he termed "Tom, Dick and Harry idealism."1 More recently, Flanders has stressed the importance of union participation in rule making. For him, the most enduring social achievement of trade unions has been the "creation of a social order in industry embodied in a code of industrial rights."2 If in liberal pluralist theory trade unionism is more than mere money, it is also less than a broad social movement aimed at exterminating the very source of unequal social relationships. The outer limit to union purpose in this theory is set by a method-collective bargaining. It is argued that industrial methods have primacy over political methods because the members' expectations are distinctly more industrial than political.3 Economic unionism-crude forms if possible, refined forms if necessary-undoubtedly suits the interests of management best. "Their [the unions'] purely economic objectives conflict with the capitalist's desire to minimize costs of production ... while any connection between trade unionism and socialist politics is a potential threat to his very existence.... Where unions are willing to confine their objectives within comparatively innocu-
TL;DR: The first third of the twentieth century witnessed a reduction in hours of work from 60.1 to 47 hours per week, primarily as a result of technological advancements, the activities of organized labor, new managerial approaches, and changes in the "philosophy of production" within the economic elite.
Abstract: The first third of the twentieth century witnessed a reduction in hours of work from 60.1 to 47 hours per week, primarily as a result of technological advancements, the activities of organized labor, new managerial approaches, and changes in the "philosophy of production" within the economic elite.' However, although fewer hours were worked, output in the production of goods continued to increase.2 These trends created two problems: first, what to do with increased leasure time ("Until lately, most people have had no leisure to use and, of course, they do not know how to use it"),3 and second, how to absorb the economy's expanded productive capacity. Coupled with rising "technological unemployment" and declining opportunities for capital investment in traditional goods-producing sectors, these trends pointed towards a dilemma in continued capitalist development. The failure of existing markets to absorb the increasing surplus of goods revealed the limitations of the self-regulating "free market"4 and indicated that the deeply rooted cultural principles of deferred gratification were becoming a fetter to continued economic development. New opportunities for leisure posed the problem of social control over the industrial labor force as demanded by the labor-market system of modern capitalism. To maintain capitalist expansion, it was imperative that new markets be created to provide outlets for both the investment of surplus capital and the increasing abundance of goods. It was also necessary to provide a focus for workers' leisure compatible with the dictates of the workplace. A major response to both the problem of social control over leisure time of workers and the need for greater absorption of goods was "consumerism." The social significance of consumerism was not lost on the leaders of corporate industrial thought: "Prosperity," they declared, "lies in spending, not in saving." The importance of leisure in this new scheme of things was sketched out by one of the leading architects of corporate capitalism:
TL;DR: Foucault has written histories in several areas and about several periods as discussed by the authors, and as such he must worry about the political aims and consequences of both his histories and their methods.
Abstract: Foucault has written histories in several areas and about several periods. He has also written about the discipline of history and its methods. Typically, philosophers have paid attention primarily to his metahistory, while historians have ignored it, preferring to judge his work on their own terms. But there is a further complication. As was Sartre, Foucault is an "intellectual" with public positions, and as such he must worry about the political aims and consequences of both his histories and their methods-worries which, in America at least, have inspired mainly professors of literature. All three facets of his work are perhaps less internally consistent than anyone imagines; yet it is instructive to take them as a whole. Foucault has often been seen as Sartre's philosophical rival. Yet as an intellectual he shares with Sartre an inclination to present his work as nonacademic and nonspecialized, and as addressed in a nontechnocratic way to basic issues in the lives of all of us. And like Sartre, as Foucault assumes this intellectual role, he moves from primarily epistemological to primarily political concerns, identified with an oppositional left, though not with a party or with any claim to bureaucratic or charismatic authority. In 1972 Foucault made a point of agreeing with philosopher Gilles Deleuze that intellectuals should no longer see themselves as "representing the masses"; they should stand apart and offer useful analyses for specific struggles. In this paper I discuss a cluster of problems common to both Foucault's history and his metahistory that poses a dilemma for his left intellectual commitment. The dilemma belongs to a more general situation of French intellectuals attributed variously to a devaluation of Marxist thought, to a decline in the oppositional spirit symbolized by '68, an "end of ideology," or to the Socialist victory-but with the result that it can no longer be taken for granted that an intellectual is automatically de gauche and that his enemies are the State, the bureaucracy, the bourgeoisie or the corporations, and U.S. foreign policy. In his 1976 presentation of his history of sexuality, Foucault introduces one theme that might be read as a critical analysis of a left sensibility-his conjecture that most of our talk about "liberation" and "revolution," or at least about sexual liberation and revolution, in fact belongs to a circumscribed little practice which can be reinterpreted as continuing a long history of internalizing domination. His concluding words are that there is an irony in the historical constitution of what we think of as our sexuality: that we were ever led to believe that our liberation was at issue. I will suggest that a more general philosophical problem about freedom is involved
TL;DR: In this article, multiple scenario analysis addresses the dilemma of strategic planners who must have some understanding of the future while recognizing the inadequacy of predicting it, and addresses the difficulty of predicting the future.
Abstract: Multiple scenario analysis addresses the dilemma of strategic planners who must have some understanding of the future while recognizing the inadequacy of predicting it.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that plateauing is a complex problem, often involving factors both internal and external to the organization, and describe several innovative interventions for coping with this dilemma.
Abstract: Managers find it very frustrating to reach a point in their careers when promotions are no longer possible. As the number of people entering management increases, the phenomenon of "plateauing" becomes a significant concern for organizations. The author contends that plateauing is a complex problem, often involving factors both internal and external to the organization. To address this difficult issue, she describes several innovative interventions for coping with this dilemma.
TL;DR: In this article, crisis reactions are explained as an expression of and a "solution" to the dilemma of feeling the need to both achieve for, and remain overinvolved with, the family system.
Abstract: This article presents a systemic orientation to the conceptualization and treatment of crisis reactions in college students. Crisis reactions are explained as an expression of and a “solution” to the dilemma of feeling the need to both achieve for, and remain overinvolved with, the family system. It is proposed that this dilemma occurs in the context of enmeshed systems in which unfulfilled aspirations from prior generations are transmitted to the student in crisis. Based on this conceptualization, a treatment approach that incorporates the use of strategic and structural interventions within a predominantly family of origin framework is provided.
TL;DR: Recent evidence indicates that many teenagers, despite access to birth control information and services, are choosing not to utilize them, and, therefore, are becoming intentionally pregnant.
Abstract: Recent evidence indicates that many teenagers, despite access to birth control information and services, are choosing not to utilize them, and, therefore, are becoming intentionally pregnant. Several studies have begun to provide reasons for this new dilemma and profiles of those teenagers who become intentionally pregnant. New strategies have to be developed by health care professionals to combat this problem. Some suggestions are presented.
Book•
01 Jan 198301 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that considerable progress has been made in understanding the variables that control cooperation and defection in the laboratory and that two-person Prisoner's Dilemma games have been used for studying conflict resolution in resource management problems.
Abstract: (Dawes, 1980; Edney, 1980, Edney and Harper, 1978; Linder, 1982) show that considerable progress has been made in understanding the variables that control cooperation and defection in the laboratory. While these simulations are a marked improvement over the two-person Prisoner’s Dilemma game for studying conflict resolution in resource management problems, they vary in ways that hinder comparisons between studies. In some