Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 2004"

The green state : rethinking democracy and sovereignty

Abstract: What would constitute a definitively "green" state? In this important new book, Robyn Eckersley explores what it might take to create a green democratic state as an alternative to the classical liberal democratic state, the indiscriminate growth-dependent welfare state, and the neoliberal market-focused state -- seeking, she writes, "to navigate between undisciplined political imagination and pessimistic resignation to the status quo." In recent years, most environmental scholars and environmentalists have characterized the sovereign state as ineffectual and have criticized nations for perpetuating ecological destruction. Going consciously against the grain of much current thinking, this book argues that the state is still the preeminent political institution for addressing environmental problems. States remain the gatekeepers of the global order, and greening the state is a necessary step, Eckersley argues, toward greening domestic and international policy and law. The Green State seeks to connect the moral and practical concerns of the environmental movement with contemporary theories about the state, democracy, and justice. Eckersley's proposed "critical political ecology" expands the boundaries of the moral community to include the natural environment in which the human community is embedded. This is the first book to make the vision of a "good" green state explicit, to explore the obstacles to its achievement, and to suggest practical constitutional and multilateral arrangements that could help transform the liberal democratic state into a postliberal green democratic state. Rethinking the state in light of the principles of ecological democracy ultimately casts it in a new role: that of an ecological steward and facilitator of transboundary democracy rather than a selfish actor jealously protecting its territory.

Dialogic leadership for social justice: Overcoming pathologies of silence

Abstract: In this article, I draw on current scholarship about leadership for social justice, my own (and others’) empirical research in schools, and my previous experience as a K-12 educator to develop a framework intended to help educational leaders think about leading for social justice. I critically examine some ways in which the status quo marginalizes large numbers of students and their families, preventing them from being heard or even acknowledged. I suggest that transformative educational leaders may foster the academic success of all children through engaging in moral dialogue that facilitates the development of strong relationships, supplants pathologizing silences, challenges existing beliefs and practices, and grounds educational leadership in some criteria for social justice.

EU external governance in 'wider Europe'

Abstract: The 'wider Europe' initiative opens the possibility for a far-reaching association of the EU's eastern and southern European neighbours which, by offering 'everything but institutions' (Prodi), proposes an alternative to membership. This article presents this initiative as part of an ambitious external governance agenda by the enlarged Union with the aim to manage its new interdependence in an altered geopolitical context. Focusing on the conception of interdependence and the institutional configuration of EU relations with its near abroad, external governance is defined and examined in three prominent 'soft security' issues: justice and home affairs, environmental and energy policy. It is argued that external governance seeks to expand the 'legal boundary' of the Union with only limited openings of its 'institutional boundary', thereby oscillating between an inclusionary and exclusionary approach towards its near abroad.

Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents Feminist and Multicultural Principles in Action

Abstract: Despite recent calls for counseling psychology to embrace social justice-oriented work, there has been little discussion about what such work actually looks like. The first part of this article derives a set of principles from feminist and multicultural counseling theories that counseling psychologists should consider as they engage in social justice work. These include (a) ongoing self-examination,(b) sharing power, (c) giving voice, (d) facilitating consciousness raising, (e) building on strengths, and(f) leaving clients the tools to work toward social change. The second part of the article describes a program designed to integrate social justice work into the core curriculum of the Boston College doctoral program. The authors discuss ways in which the above principles have shaped students; activities, and some of the ethical dilemmas that have emerged. Finally, the article under-scores professional obstacles that counseling psychologists doing social justice work are likely to face, and offers recommen...

You, the people : the United Nations, transitional administration, and state-building

Abstract: Introduction 1. Colonies and Occupied Territories: Transitional Administrations Through the Twentieth Century 2. Power and Change: The Evolution of United Nations Complex Peace Operations 3. Peace and Security: The Use of Force to Maintain Law and Order 4. Consultation and Accountability: Building Democracy Through Benevolent Autocracy 5. Justice and Reconciliation: The Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Territories 6. Relief and Reconstruction: The Politics of Humanitarian and Development Assistance 7. Elections and Exit Strategies: No Exit Without a Strategy, or No Strategy Without an Exit 8. 'You, the People': The Future of State-Building

'Just sustainability': the emerging discourse of environmental justice in Britain?

Abstract: Environmental justice is both a vocabulary for political opportunity, mobilization and action, and a policy principle to guide public decision making. It emerged initially in the US, and more recently in the UK, as a new vocabulary underpinning action by community organizations campaigning against environmental injustices. However, as the environmental justice discourse has matured, it has become increasingly evident that it should play a role in the wider agendas for sustainable development and social inclusion. The links between sustainability and environmental justice are becoming clearer and more widely understood in the UK by NGOs and government alike, and it is the potential synergy between these two discourses which is the focus of this paper. This paper argues that the concept of ‘just sustainability’ provides a discourse for policymakers and activists, which brings together the key dimensions of both environmental justice and sustainable development.

Responsibility and Global Labor Justice

Abstract: Do people in relatively free and affluent countries such as the United States, Canada or Germany have responsibilities to try and to improve working conditions and wages of workers in far-off parts of the world who produce items those in the more affluent countries purchase? In recent years the “antisweatshop” movement has gained momentum with arguments that at least some agents in these relatively free and affluent countries do have such responsibilities. They have had rallies and press conferences, staged sit-ins and hunger strikes, all with the aim of convincing consumers, corporate executives, union members, municipal governments, students, and university administrators in the United States or Europe to acknowledge a responsibility with respect to the working conditions of distant workers in other countries, and to take actions to meet such responsibilities.

Congregations in America

Abstract: More Americans belong to religious congregations than to any other kind of voluntary association. What these vast numbers amount to - what people are doing in the over 300,000 churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples in the United States - is a question that resonates through every quarter of American society, particularly in these times of "faith-based initiatives," "moral majorities," and militant fundamentalism. And it is a question answered in depth and in detail in Congregations in America. Drawing on the 1998 National Congregations Study - the first systematic study of its kind - as well as a broad range of quantitative, qualitative, and historical evidence, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the most significant form of collective religious expression in American society: local congregations. Among its more surprising findings, Congregations in America reveals that, despite the media focus on the political and social activities of religious groups, the arts are actually far more central to the workings of congregations. Here we see how, far from emphasising the pursuit of charity or justice through social services or politics, congregations mainly traffic in ritual, knowledge, and beauty through the cultural activities of worship, religious education, and the arts. Along with clarifying - and debunking - arguments on both sides of the debate over faith-based initiatives, the information presented here comprises a unique and invaluable resource, answering previously unanswerable questions about the size, nature, makeup, finances, activities, and proclivities of these organisations at the very centre of American life.

Transitional Justice as Ordinary Justice

Abstract: Theorists of transitional justice study the transition measures used, or eschewed, by new democracies that succeed communist or authoritarian regimes - measures including trials, purges, lustration, reparations, and truth commissions. The theorists tend to oppose transitional measures, portraying them as illiberal and as a distraction from the task of consolidating new democracies. In this Article we argue against that view. The critics of transitional justice have gone wrong by overlooking that transitional measures are common in consolidated legal systems, which themselves constantly undergo political and economic shocks resulting in transitions of greater or lesser degree. Ordinary justice has developed a range of pragmatic tools for managing transitions. Consolidated democracies use trials, purges and reparations to accomplish valuable forward-looking goals without allowing illiberal repression; new democracies can and should use those tools also. Because transitional justice is continuous with ordinary justice, there is no reason to treat transitional-justice measures as presumptively suspect, on either moral or institutional grounds.

Recognition and justice: outline of a plural theory of justice

Abstract: In this article, Axel Honneth outlines a plural theory of justice. In developing his argument he takes his departure not in the classic elimination of 'inequality', but in the avoidance of 'humiliation' or 'disrespect'. He is convinced that an appropriate point of departure for a recognition-theoretical conception of justice must show that the experience of social injustice is always measured in terms of the withholding of some recognition held to be legitimate. Throughout the article, Honneth makes strong reservations about Nancy Fraser's approach, where 'recognition' and 'redistribution' are separated into two conceptual totalities with the single goal of 'participatory equality'. On the contrary, he suggests having a more elaborate concept of identity formation, so that participating in the public realm means participating without shame, capable of unfurling his or her own personality's potential in an unforced manner and of thus developing a personal identity. From this standpoint Honneth points to three differentiated spheres of recognition that must be obtained if the individual is to obtain a personal identity, namely love, equal treatment in law and social esteem.

Justice, legitimacy, and self-determination

Abstract: Justice, legitimacy, and self-determination , Justice, legitimacy, and self-determination , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Expanding the Landscape of Social Justice: A Critical Ecological Analysis:

Abstract: The social justice discourse in education has been critiqued by Bowers and others for its lack of attention to a broad range of related ecological issues. This article analyzes and critiques the current discourse of social justice in the field of educational leadership and offers an expanded concept of socioecological justice in schools. Arguing that pedagogy is a critical vehicle for addressing socioecological justice, the authors develop a model for a critical pedagogy of place and describe specific instructional methodologies associated with the model. The article concludes with suggestions for a critical leadership of place intended to enhance socioecological justice in schools.

Access to Justice

Abstract: 1. Equal Justice Under Law: The Gap between Principle and Practice 2. Litigation and Its Discontents: Too Much Law for Those Who Can Afford It, Too Little for Everyone Else 3. Historical Perspectives: Legal Rights and Social Wrongs 4. Access to What? Law without Lawyers and New Models of Legal Assistance 5. Locked In and Locked Out: The Legal Needs of Low-Income Communities 6. Presumed Guilty: Class Injustice in Criminal Justice 7. Pro Bono in Principle and in Practice 8. A Roadmap for Reform

Food Justice Movements: Policy, Planning, and Networks

Abstract: This article examines the emergence of food justice movements through the lens of social movement theories, which emphasize the politics of place as a resource and strategies of networked movements operating across scales. It examines the creation of a political space for food justice from three perspectives: first, food security from below—the projects and initiatives that serve as alternative practices and precedents for policy change; second, the ways in which agencies of the local state develop policy and change planning; and third, the emergence of food networks at local and regional scales. Food justice movements provide grounded case studies of resistance to globalization through delinking strategies, citizen planning in relation to Toronto’s official plan, and new forms of democratic practice.

The employment relationship : examining psychological and contextual perspectives

Abstract: THE NATURE OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP FROM SOCIAL EXCHANGE, JUSTICE, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, LEGAL, AND ECONOMIC LITERATURES 1. The Employment Relationship Through the Lens of Social Exchange 2. Justice and Employment: Moral Retribution as a Contra-Subjugation Tendency 3. Industrial Relations Approaches to the Employment Relationship 4. Legal Theory: Contemporary Contract Law Perspectives and Insights for Employment Relationship Theory 5. The Economic Dimension of the Employment Relationship 6. Commonalities and Conflicts Between Different Perspectives to the Employment Relationship: Towards a Unified Perspective EXAMINING CONSTRUCTS TO CAPTURE THE EXCHANGE NATURE OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP 7. Employer-Oriented Strategic Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship 8. The Employment Relationship from Two Sides: Incongruence in Employees' and Employers' Perceptions of Obligations 9. Job Creep: A Reactance Theory Perspective on Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Over-Fulfillment of Obligations 10. Perceived Organizational Support 11. The Role of Leader-Member Exchange in the Dynamic Relationship Between Employer and Employee: Implications for Employee Socialization, Leaders, and Organization DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE: CREATING A WHOLE THAT IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS: LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE 12. Taking Stock of Psychological Contract Research: Assessing Progress, Addressing Troublesome Issues, and Setting Research Priorities 13. Changes in the Employment Relationship Across Time 14. Understanding the Employment Relationship: Implications for Measurement and Research Design 15. Employment Relationships in Context: Implications for Policy and Practice 16. Directions for Future Research

Justice without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Patriotism

Abstract: The cosmopolitan idea of justice is commonly accused of not taking seriously the special ties and commitments of nationality and patriotism. This is because the ideal of impartial egalitarianism, which is central to the cosmopolitan view, seems to be directly opposed to the moral partiality inherent to nationalism and patriotism. In this book, Kok-Chor Tan argues that cosmopolitan justice, properly understood, can accommodate and appreciate nationalist and patriotic commitments, setting limits for these commitments without denying their moral significance. This book offers a defense of cosmopolitan justice against the charge that it denies the values that ordinarily matter to people, and a defence of nationalism and patriotism against the charge that these morally partial ideals are fundamentally inconsistent with the obligations of global justice. Accessible and persuasive, this book will have broad appeal to political theorists and moral philosophers.

Classroom Justice: Student Aggression and Resistance as Reactions to Perceived Unfairness.

Abstract: The present study examined the relations between students' perceptions of distributive and procedural justice in college classes and student aggression and hostility toward their instructors and resistance of their instructors' requests. Although perceptions of both distributive and procedural justice were negatively correlated with student aggression and hostility, hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that only perceptions of procedural justice predicted these two criterion variables. The relationships between perceptions of justice and students' use of resistance strategies were less consistent. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that perceptions of procedural justice negatively predicted student revenge and deception. Contrary to predictions, perceptions of procedural and distributive justice did not interact to predict student aggression, hostility, or resistance. In short, students' perceptions of procedural justice in the classroom—for example that grades were distrib...

The Cost of Domestic Violence

Abstract: Domestic violence has devastating consequences for both the individual victim and wider society. It drains the resources of public and voluntary services and of employers and causes untold pain and suffering to those who are abused. This report addresses one aspect of domestic violence, the cost, for a range of people and social institutions. While considerations of justice and fairness provide a sufficient basis for public intervention into domestic violence, a better understanding of the full cost of domestic violence provides the basis for action within an additional policy framework, that of finance. Adding a financial dimension increases the range of ways in which policy interventions can be articulated, measured and evaluated. In particular, it may assist in addressing spending priorities. This is complementary to policy frameworks based on need and justice.

The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action

Abstract: Affirmative action strikes at the heart of deeply held beliefs about employment and education, about the concepts of justice and fairness, and about the troubled history of race relations in America. Published on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, this is the only book available that gives readers a balanced, non-polemical, and lucid account of this highly contentious issue. Beginning with the roots of affirmative action, Anderson describes African-American demands for employment in the defense industry - spearheaded by A. Philip Randolph's threatened March on Washington in July 1941 - and the desegregation of the armed forces after World War II. He investigates President Kennedy's historic 1961 executive order that introduced the term "affirmative action" during the early years of the civil rights movement and he examines President Johnson's attempts to gain equal opportunities for African Americans. He describes President Nixon's expansion of affirmative action with the Philadelphia Plan - which the Supreme Court upheld - along with President Carter's introduction of "set asides" for minority businesses and the Bakke ruling which allowed the use of race as one factor in college admissions. By the early 1980s many citizens were becoming alarmed by affirmative action, and that feeling was exemplified by the Reagan administration's backlash, which resulted in the demise and revision of affirmative action during the Clinton years. He concludes with a look at the University of Michigan cases of 2003, the current status of the policy, and its impact. Throughout, the author weighs each side of every issue - often finding merit in both arguments - resulting in an eminently fair account of one of America's most heated debates. A colorful history that brings to life the politicians, legal minds, and ordinary people who have fought for or against affirmative action, "The Pursuit of Fairness" helps clear the air and calm the emotions, as it illuminates a difficult and critically important issue.

Practical considerations of critical race theory and Latino critical theory for Latino college students

Abstract: Critical race theory requires the examination of institutional policies, programs, and practices that interfere with Latino students' rights and abilities to receive the best educational opportunities available within higher education. With attention to an ethic of caring and social justice, student services staff can work to undo the effects of racism on campus.

For what tomorrow : a dialogue

Abstract: "For what tomorrow will be, no one knows," writes Victor Hugo. This dialogue, proposed to Jacques Derrida by the historian Elisabeth Roudinesco, brings together two longtime friends who share a common history and an intellectual heritage. While their perspectives are often different, they have many common reference points: psychoanalysis, above all, but also the authors and works that have come to be known outside France as "post-structuralist." Beginning with a revealing glance back at the French intellectual scene over the past forty years, Derrida and Roudinesco go on to address a number of major social and political issues. Their extraordinarily wide-ranging discussion covers topics such as immigration, hospitality, gender equality, and "political correctness"; the disordering of the traditional family, same-sex unions, and reproductive technologies; the freedom of the "subject" over and against "scientism"; violence against animals; the haunting specter of communism and revolution; the present and future of anti-Semitism (as well as that which marked Derrida's own history) and the hazardous politics of criticizing the state of Israel; the principled abolition of the death penalty; and, to conclude, a chapter "in praise of psychoanalysis." These exchanges not only help to situate Derrida's thought within the milieu out of which it grew, they also show more clearly than ever how this thought, impelled by a deep concern for justice, can be brought to bear on the social and political issues of our day. What emerges here above all, far from an abstract, apolitical discourse, is a call to take responsibility-for the inheritance of a past, for the singularities of the present, and for the unforeseeable tasks of the future.

An American travesty: Legal responses to adolescent sexual offending.

Abstract: "An American Travesty" is the first scholarly book in half a century to analyze the justice system's response to sexual misconduct by children and adolescents in the United States. Writing with a refreshing dose of common sense, Franklin E. Zimring discusses our society's failure to consider the developmental status of adolescent sex offenders. Too often, he argues, the American legal system ignores age and developmental status when adjudicating young sexual offenders, in many cases responding as they would to an adult.

Compulsory Compassion: A Critique of Restorative Justice

Abstract: Acknowledgments 1. The Seductive Vision of Restorative Justice: Right-Relation, Reciprocity, Healing, and Repair 2. "Essentially and Only a Matter of Love": Justice and the Teachability of Universal Love 3. Three Precarious Pillars of Restorative Optimism 4. Sentimental Justice: The Unearned Emotions of Restorative Catharsis 5. "Lovemaking Is Justice-Making": The Idealization of Eros and the Eroticization of Justice 6. Compulsory Compassion: Justice, Fellow-Feeling and the Restorative Encounter 7. Epilogue. Restorative Utopias: "The Fire with Which We Must Play"? Notes References Index

Protected Areas Governance and Justice: Theory and the European Union’s Habitats Directive

Abstract: This article investigates protected areas governance and the role of justice in it. The article argues that protected areas governance is needed because resources such as biodiversity and heritage create conflicts over their use and preservation. The resolutions of these conflicts need to be justified for the involved and affected interest groups in order to guarantee their legitimacy and effectiveness. The legitimacy of governance solutions is argued to rest on both distributive and procedural justice. On one hand, the distribution of beneficial and adverse consequences of protected areas governance must be justifiable and justified. On the other hand, decisionmaking regarding protected areas has to satisfy expectations regarding procedural justice. The article exemplifies these arguments by analysing the European Union’s Habitats Directive and experiences in implementing it. The article demonstrates how the lack of attention to distributive and procedural justice has resulted in conflicts which have del...

A theory of ecological justice

Abstract: 1. The Concept of Ecological Justice Part 1: How to Think About Moral Issues: Universalist Versus Contextualist Approaches 2. The Case for Social Constructivism Considered 3. Contextualist Rather than Universalist and Rationalist Morality? Part 2: The Case for the Moral Considerability of All Organisms 4. The Restriction of Moral Status to Sentient Organisms 5. The Moral Status of Non-Sentient Part 3: The Case for Ecological Justice 6. The Concept of Ecological Justice - Objections and Replies 7. Liberal Theories of Justice and the Non-Human 8. Ecological Justice and Justice as Impartiality 9. Ecological Justice and the Non-Sentient 10. Ecological Justice and the Sentient Part 4: Institutional Arrangements for Ecological Justice 11. Institutional Arrangements within States 12. Institutional Arrangements at the Global Level 13. Conclusion

Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America? Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and Well Being

Abstract: The severe economic crisis facing several countries in the region over the last couple of years has led many observers to predict a backlash against market policies and even against democracy in the region. An economic crisis of such proportions should also, in theory, have negative effects on subjective well being. Our analysis, based on the Latinobarometro surveys from 2000–2002, finds some unexpected positive trends, as well as notable differences between those countries that suffered from crises and those that did not. Satisfaction with market policies and with the way democracy is working has decreased among all groups except the very wealthy. In contrast, support for democracy as a system of government has increased, suggesting that respondents are increasingly distinguishing between democracy as a system of government, and the manner in which particular governments are performing. We also find evidence of changing attitudes towards redistributive taxation among the wealthy.JEL Codes. D63 (welfare economics, equity, justice, inequality); D84 (information and uncertainty, expectations); I31 (general welfare; basic needs; quality of life); J62 (mobility, unemployment, intergenerational mobility)

A Social Justice Agenda Ready, Or Not?

Abstract: This commentary highlights the innovative inclusion of social action groups in the 2001 Houston Conference and expands on their significance to the conference and the field. If the 2001 Houston Conference has correctly forecast a (re)establishment of social action as a mainstay of counseling psychology, then an in-depth exploration of how we train students, conduct research, and engage in practice is warranted. Given the political nature of social action and its inextricable connection to social justice, the implications of such a stance for the future of the profession are discussed.

On Intergenerational Justice

Abstract: The issue of justice is drawing wider and wider attention in modern society If we consider the issue on the context of “generation”, then justice may be divided into two kinds, that is, generational justice and intergenerational justice The so-called generational justice is nothing but the concept of justice in common usage, while intergenerational justice has two forms——namely justice between contemporary generations and that between contemporary generations and future generations To classify the two kinds of intergenerational justice is of special significance

Urban violence: a guide to the literature

Abstract: This review of literature on urban violence does not attempt to be comprehensive. Rather, its objective is to outline some of the key ideas regarding the manifestations of urban violence that have emerged from recent literature, and to explore these ideas in the context of examples from the South. The review draws on a typology that distinguishes between political, institutional, economic and social violence, and it highlights the degree to which these different categories overlap and converge in such phenomena as the drug trade, informal justice and youth gangs. It stresses the importance of macro-level structural forces and points to how various influences (including certain development models) intersect with local conditions to stimulate and shape violence.

Some of the Nineteenth Century Origins of the Sustainability Concept

Abstract: Interpreting and applying the concept of sustainable development is increasingly viewed as being the way to promulgate just and practicable economic, environmental and social policy. It is thus important that there be increased public and political awareness concerning the origins of economic theory, and its early relationship to sustainability concepts. While the term 'sustainable development' was popularised by the World Commission on Environment and Development report Our Common Future in 1987, it is generally recognised that notions of sustainability were promoted in `limits to growth' and 'green' discourses in the early 1970s (Meadows et al.: 1974, The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome, Potomac Associates and Pan Books, London and Sydney). However, there is little acknowledgement of the way in which nineteenth century intellectuals, from a range of disciplines, conceptualised the importance of balancing economic, social and environmental sustainability in their quest for justice and the conservation of nature. There was a considerable exchange of ideas on `political economy' and nature across Europe, and later the Americas, from the middle of the eighteenth century. This discourse reached its intellectual peak in the nineteenth century. During that era there was a proliferation of literature that was aimed at improving the human condition and recognising humanity's dependence upon nature. In Europe and the USA the participants in the debate included Cantillon, Quesnay, Condorcet, Galiani, Von Hayek, Marx and George. Due to the breadth of this influential body of work, we focus here on the British Victorian thinkers such as Darwin, Malthus, Martineau and Mill. These thinkers influenced each other in developing their theories and ideas in science, politics, economics and philosophy, and were influenced in turn by an earlier generation of intellectuals, such as Adam Smith. For the Victorian thinkers, conserving nature while trying to improve the distribution of wealth was a not a paradox, but a moral duty, and for them Smith's `rational' pursuit of self-interest could only be followed if it did not interfere with 'the rules of justice'. We argue that the manner in which these thinkers conceptualised their theories and ideas represents the nineteenth century origins of sustainability concepts.