Showing papers on "Empire published in 2009"

Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction: Games in the Age of Empire Part I. Game Engine: Labor, Capital, Machine 1. Immaterial Labor: A Workers' History of Videogaming 2. Cognitive Capitalism: Electronic Arts 3. Machinic Subjects: The Xbox and Its Rivals Part II. Gameplay: Virtual/Actual 4. Banal War: Full Spectrum Warrior 5. Biopower Play: World of Warcraft 6. Imperial City: Grand Theft Auto Part III. New Game? 7. Games of Multitude 8. Exodus: The Metaverse and the Mines Notes Bibliography Index

Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World

Abstract: Preface vii List of Contributors ix Introduction 1 Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat RACE, LAW, AND CITIZENSHIP Territorializing the Nation and "Integrating the Indian": "Mestizaje" in Mexican Official Discourses and Public Culture by Ana Maria Alonso 39 Violence, Sovereignty, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Peru by Finn Stepputat 61 Sovereign Violence and the Domain of the Political by Partha Chatterjee 82 DEATH, ANXIETY, AND RITUALS OF STATE Confinement and the Imagination: Sovereignty and Subjectivity in a Quasi-State Yael Navaro-Yashin 103 Naturing the Nation: Aliens, Apocalypse, and the Postcolonial State by Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff 120 Sovereignty as a Form of Expenditure by Achille Mbembe 148 BODY, LOCALITY, AND INFORMAL SOVEREIGNTY Sovereigns beyond the State: On Legality and Authority in Urban India by Thomas Blom Hansen 169 The Sovereign Outsourced: Local Justice and Violence in Port Elizabeth by Lars Buur 192 Above the Law: Practices of Sovereignty in Surrey Estate, Cape Town by Steffen Jensen 218 POSTCOLONIAL CITIZENSHIP IN THE EMPIRE Citizenship and Empire by Barry Hindess 241 Splintering Cosmopolitanism: Asian Immigrants and Zones of Autonomy in the American West by Aihwa Ong 257 Virtual India: Indian IT Labor and the Nation-State by Peter van der Veer 276 Inside Out: The Reorganization of National Identity in Norway ivind Fuglerud 291 Suspended Spaces--Contesting Sovereignties in a Refugee Camp by Simon Turner 312 Bibliography 333 Index 363

No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations

Abstract: Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Jan Smuts and Imperial Internationalism 28 Chapter 2: Alfred Zimmern and the Empire of Freedom 66 Chapter 3: Nations, Refugees, and Territory The Jews and the Lessons of the Nazi New Order 104 Chapter 4: Jawaharlal Nehru and the Emergence of the Global United Nations 149 Afterword 190 Notes 205 Index 225

A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900

Abstract: A Search for Sovereignty approaches world history by examining the relation of law and geography in European empires between 1400 and 1900 Lauren Benton argues that Europeans imagined imperial space as networks of corridors and enclaves, and that they constructed sovereignty in ways that merged ideas about geography and law Conflicts over treason, piracy, convict transportation, martial law, and crime created irregular spaces of law, while also attaching legal meanings to familiar geographic categories such as rivers, oceans, islands, and mountains The resulting legal and spatial anomalies influenced debates about imperial constitutions and international law both in the colonies and at home This study changes our understanding of empire and its legacies and opens new perspectives on the global history of law

1688: The First Modern Revolution

Abstract: For two hundred years historians have viewed England's Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 as an un-revolutionary revolution-bloodless, consensual, aristocratic, and above all, sensible. In this brilliant new interpretation Steve Pincus refutes this traditional view. By expanding the interpretive lens to include a broader geographical and chronological frame, Pincus demonstrates that England's revolution was a European event, that it took place over a number of years, not months, and that it had repercussions in India, North America, the West Indies, and throughout continental Europe. His rich historical narrative, based on masses of new archival research, traces the transformation of English foreign policy, religious culture, and political economy that, he argues, was the intended consequence of the revolutionaries of 1688-1689. James II developed a modernization program that emphasized centralized control, repression of dissidents, and territorial empire. The revolutionaries, by contrast, took advantage of the new economic possibilities to create a bureaucratic but participatory state. The postrevolutionary English state emphasized its ideological break with the past and envisioned itself as continuing to evolve. All of this, argues Pincus, makes the Glorious Revolution-not the French Revolution-the first truly modern revolution. This wide-ranging book reenvisions the nature of the Glorious Revolution and of revolutions in general, the causes and consequences of commercialization, the nature of liberalism, and ultimately the origins and contours of modernity itself.

Thinking between the Posts: Postcolonialism, Postsocialism, and Ethnography after the Cold War

Abstract: Lenin spoke at the Second Congress of 1920 to multiple audiences. In continuity with the First International, he spoke in the utopian language of Bolshevism, of the successful revolutionary proletariat that had taken the state and was making its place in history without the intercession of bourgeois class rule. Recognizing the limits of socialism in one country surrounded by the military and economic might of “World imperialism,” however, Lenin also pressed for a broader, ongoing world-historic anti-imperialism in alliance with the oppressed of the East, who, it seemed, were neither sufficiently proletarianized, nor, as yet, subjects of history. There are many ways to situate this particular moment in Lenin's thought. One can see the budding conceits of Marxist social history, or “history from below,” in which millions in the East could become historical subjects under the sign of “anti-imperialism.” One can also see this gesture to those outside the pale as a flourish of the emergent Soviet empire, and as a projection of anxieties about Bolshevik control over a vast and varied Russian countryside with its own internal enemies. But Lenin also spoke to audiences who would make up the next, Third International, like the Indian Marxist M. N. Roy, who saw imperialism dividing the world into oppressed and oppressor nations. For this Third Worldist audience, looking increasingly to the new Soviet Union for material and military support for “national self-determination,” Lenin extends the historic mission of a future world socialism.

Missing : youth, citizenship, and empire after 9/11

Abstract: Acknowledgments ix Introduction. South Asian Muslim Youth in the United States after 9/11 1 1. Imperial Feelings: U.S. Empire and the War on Terror 37 2. Cultural Citizenship 76 3. Transnational Citizenship: Flexibility and Control 95 4. Economies of Citizenship: Work, Play, and Polyculturalism 128 5. Dissenting Citizenship: Orientalisms, Feminisms, and Dissenting Feelings 190 6. Missing: Fear, Complicity, and Solidarity 258 Appendix. A Note on Methods 291 Notes 293 Bibliography 305 Index 329

Questioning collapse : human resilience, ecological vulnerability, and the aftermath of empire

Abstract: 1. Why we question collapse and study human resilience, ecological vulnerability, and the aftermath of empire Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee Part I. Human Resilience and Ecological Vulnerability: 2. Ecological catastrophe, collapse, and the myth of 'ecocide' on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Terry L. Hunt and Carl P. Lipo 3. Did the medieval Norse society in Greenland really fail? Joel Berglund 4. Calamities without collapse: environment, economy, and society in China, c.1800-1949 Kenneth Pomeranz Part II. Surviving Collapse: Studies of Societal Regeneration: 5. Marketing conquest and the vanishing Indian: an indigenous response to Jared Diamond's archaeology of the American southwest Michael Wilcox 6. Bellicose rulers and climatological peril? Retrofitting 21st century woes on 8th century Maya society Patricia A. McAnany and Tomas Gallareta Negron 7. Collapse in ancient Mesopotamia: what happened, what didn't Norman Yoffee Part III. Societies in the Aftermath of Empire: 8. Advanced Andeans and backward Europeans: structure and agency in the collapse of the Inca empire David Cahill 9. Rwandan genocide: towards an explanation in which history and culture matter Christopher C. Taylor 10. 'Failed' states, societal 'collapse', and ecological 'disaster': a Haitian lesson on grand theory Drexel G. Woodson 11. The power of the past: environment, Aborigines, archaeology, and a sustainable Australian society Tim Murray 12. Excusing the haves and blaming the have-nots in the telling of history Frederick Errington and Deborah Gewertz Part IV. Reflections on Sustainability: 13. Sustainable survival J. R. McNeill.

Youth in a suspect society : democracy or disposability?

Abstract: Expendable Futures: Youth and Democracy at Risk Youth in the Empire of Consumption: Beyond the Pedagogy of Commodification Locked Up: Education and the Youth Crime Complex In the Shadow of the Gilded Age: Biopolitics in the Age of Disposability Locked Out: Youth and Academic Unfreedom

The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970

Abstract: Introduction: the project of an Empire Part I Towards 'The Sceptre of the World': The Elements of Empire in the Long Nineteenth Century: 1 Victorian origins 2 The octopus power 3 The commercial republic 4 The Britannic experiment 5 'Un-British rule' in 'Anglo-India' 6 The weakest link: Britain and South Africa 7 The Edwardian transition Part II 'The Great Liner is Sinking': The British World-System in the Age of War: 8 The War for Empire, 1914-19 9 Making imperial peace, 1919-26 10 Holding the centre, 1927-37 11 The strategic abyss, 1937-42 12 The price of survival, 1943-51 13 The third world power, 1951-9 14 Reluctant retreat, 1959-68 Conclusion

Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development

Abstract: In an exciting study of ideas accompanying the rise of the West, Thomas McCarthy analyzes the ideologies of race and empire that were integral to European-American expansion. He highlights the central role that conceptions of human development (civilization, progress, modernization, and the like) played in answering challenges to legitimacy through a hierarchical ordering of difference. Focusing on Kant and natural history in the eighteenth century, Mill and social Darwinism in the nineteenth, and theories of development and modernization in the twentieth, he proposes a critical theory of development which can counter contemporary neoracism and neoimperialism, and can accommodate the multiple modernities now taking shape. Offering an unusual perspective on the past and present of our globalizing world, this book will appeal to scholars and advanced students of philosophy, political theory, the history of ideas, racial and ethnic studies, social theory, and cultural studies.

Civilization and Empire: China and Japan's Encounter with European International Society

Abstract: Introduction 1. Socialization into International Society 2. The East Asian International Society 3. Acquiring Knowledge: Chinese and Japanese Perceptions of European International Society 4. Learning the Competence and Skill to be a 'Civilized' State: State Reconfiguration in China 5. Learning the Competence and Skill to be a 'Civilized' State: State Reinvention in Japan 6. Demonstrating 'Civilized' Identity: Dismantling the Tribute System. Conclusion.

The defence of the realm : the authorized history of MI5

Abstract: To mark the centenary of its foundation, the British Security Service, MI5, has opened its archives to an independent historian, the first time any of the world's leading intelligence or security services has taken such a step "The Defence of the Realm", the book which results, is an unprecedented publication It reveals the precise role of the Service in twentieth-century British history, from its foundation by Captain Kell of the British Army in October 1909 to root out 'the spies of the Kaiser' up to its present role in countering Islamic terrorism It describes the distinctive ethos of MI5, how the organization has been managed, its relationship with the government, where it has triumphed and where it has failed In all of this, no restriction has been placed on the judgements made by the author The book also casts new light on many events and periods in British history, showing for example that through well-placed sources MI5 was probably the pre-war department with the best understanding of Hitler's objectives, and had a remarkable willingness to speak truth to power; how it was so astonishingly successful in turning German agents during the Second World War; and that it had much greater roles than has hitherto been realized during the end of the Empire and in responding to the recurrent fears of successive governments (both Conservative and Labour) and or Cold War Communist subversion It has new information about the Profumo affair and its aftermath, about the 'Magnificent Five' and about a range of formerly unconfirmed Soviet contacts It reveals that though MI5 had a file on Harold Wilson it did not plot against him, and it describes what really happened during the failed IRA attack in Gibraltar in March 1988 When Rab Butler was appointed Home Secretary with responsibility for the Security Service in 1957 he didn't even know where its headquarters were "The Defence of the Realm" now describes this previously extremely secretive organization more fully than any previous book - and identifies all its main buildings on the end papers

Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle

Abstract: A Pulitzer prize-winning and "NYT" bestselling author charts the political, social and cultural consequences of the dramatic and disturbing rise of a post-literate America that craves fantasy, ecstasy and illusion. The "New York Times" bestselling author of "American Fascists" travels in Empire of Illusion to the ringside of professional wrestling bouts at Madison Square Garden, to Las Vegas to write about the pornographic film industry, and to academic conferences held by positive psychologists - who claim to be able to engineer happiness - to chronicle our terrifying flight as a culture into a state of illusion. Hedges exposes the mechanisms used to divert us from confronting the economic, political, and moral collapse around us. He attacks the absurd idea that we can always draw on inner resources and strengths to have everything we desire. Reality, we are assured, is never an impediment to human wishes. It can always be overcome. The future will always be glorious. And held out to keep us amused are spectacles and celebrities who have become idealised versions of ourselves and who, we are assured, we can all one day become. The cultural embrace of illusion, and the celebrity culture that has risen up around it, have accompanied a growing system of casino capitalism, with its complicated and unregulated deals of turning debt into magical assets to create fictional wealth for us, and vast wealth for our elite. Corporations, behind the smoke screen, have ruthlessly dismantled and destroyed our manufacturing base and impoverished our working class. The free market became our god and government was taken hostage by corporations, the same corporations that entice us daily with illusions through the mass media, the entertainment industry, and popular culture.

The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800

Abstract: List of Maps - List of Tables - Acknowledgements - Notes on Contributors - Preface B.Bailyn - Introduction D.Armitage & M.J.Braddick - PART ONE: FRAMEWORKS - Three Concepts of Atlantic History D. Armitage - PART TWO: CONNECTIONS - Migration A.Games - Economy N.Zahedieh - Religion C.G.Pestana - PART THREE: IDENTITIES - Civility and Authority M.J.Braddick - Gender S.M.S.Pearsall - Class K.Wrightson - Race J.E.Chaplin - PART FOUR: POLITICS - State and Empire E.Mancke - Revolution and Counter-Revolution E.H.Gould - The Politics of Slavery C.L.Brown - Afterword: Atlantic History: A Circumnavigation J.H.Elliott - Abbreviations - Notes - Further Reading - Index

Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History

Abstract: Preface Carla M. Sinopoli and Terence N. D'Altroy Part I. Sources, Approaches, Definitions Kathleen D. Morrison: 1. The shadow empires: imperial state formation along the Chinese-Nomad frontier Thomas J. Barfield 2. Written on water: designs and dynamics in the Portuguese Estado de India Sanjay Subrahmanyam 3. The Wari empire of Middle Horizon Peru: the epistemological challenge of documenting an empire without documentary evidence Katharina Schreiber 4. The Achaemenid Persian empire (c. 550-c. 330 BCE): continuities, adaptations, transformations Amelie Kuhrt Part II. Empires in a Wider World Terence N. D'Altroy: 5. The Aztec Empire and the Meso-American world system Michael E. Smith 6. On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty Carla M. Sinopoli 7. Dynamics of imperial adjustment in Spanish America: ideology and social integration Kathleen Deagan Part III. Imperial Integration and Imperial Subjects Carla M. Sinopoli: 8. Politics, resources, and blood in the Inka Empire Terence N. D'Altroy 9. Egypt and Nubia Robert Morkot 10. Coercion, resistance, and hierarchy: local processes and imperial strategies in the Vijayanagara Empire Kathleen D. Morrison Part IV. Imperial Ideologies Susan E. Alcock and Kathleen D. Morrison: 11. Aztec hearts and minds: religion and the state in the Aztec empire Elizabeth M. Brumfiel 12. Inventing empire in ancient Rome Greg Woolf 13. The reconfiguration of memory in the eastern Roman empire Susan E. Alcock 14. Cosmos, central authority, and communities in the early Chinese empire Robin Yates Part V. The Afterlife of Empires Susan E. Alcock: 15. The fall of the Assyrian empire: ancient and modern interpretations Mario Liverani 16. The Carolingian empire: Rome reborn? John Moreland 17. Cuzco, another Rome? Sabine MacCormack.

Civil resistance and power politics : the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present

Abstract: Foreword on the Arab Spring Preface Acknowledgements Contents List of Illustrations List of Contributors List of Initial Questions 1. Civil Resistance and Power Politics 2. People Power and Protest: The Literature on Civil Resistance in Historical Context 3. Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917-47: Key Issues 4. The US Civil Rights Movement: Power from Below and Above, 1945-70 5. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967-72 6. The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968-91 7. Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to 'Velvet Revolution', 1968-89 8. Towards 'Self-Limiting Revolution': Poland, 1970-89 9. Portugal: 'The Revolution of the Carnations', 1974-75 10. Mass Protests in the Iranian Revolution, 1977-79 11. 'People Power' in the Philippines, 1983-86 12. Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983-88 13. The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in the Movement against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983-94 14. The Intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States, 1987-91 15. The 1989 Demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and Beyond: Echoes of Gandhi 16. Civil Resistance and Civil Society: Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 17. The Limits of Prudence: Civil Resistance in Kosovo, 1990-98 18. Civil Society versus Slobodan Milosevic: Serbia, 1991-2000 19. Georgia's 'Rose Revolution' of 2003: A Forceful Peace 20. Ukraine's 'Orange Revolution' of 2004: The Paradoxes of Negotiation 21. The Moment of the Monks: Burma, 2007 22. A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions

The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business

Abstract: The definitive account of how a small Ozarks company upended the world of business and what that change meansWal-Mart, the world's largest company, roared out of the rural South to change the way business is done. Deploying computer-age technology, Reagan-era politics, and Protestant evangelism, Sam Walton's firm became a byword for cheap goods and low-paid workers, famed for the ruthless efficiency of its global network of stores and factories. But the revolution has gone further: Sam's proteges have created a new economic order which puts thousands of manufacturers, indeed whole regions, in thrall to a retail royalty. Like the Pennsylvania Railroad and General Motors in their heyday, Wal-Mart sets the commercial model for a huge swath of the global economy. In this lively, probing investigation, historian Nelson Lichtenstein deepens and expands our knowledge of the merchandising giant. He shows that Wal-Mart's rise was closely linked to the cultural and religious values of Bible Belt America as well as to the imperial politics, deregulatory economics, and laissez-faire globalization of Ronald Reagan and his heirs. He explains how the company's success has transformed American politics, and he anticipates a day of reckoning, when challenges to the Wal-Mart way, at home and abroad, are likely to change the far-flung empire. Insightful, original, and steeped in the culture of retail life, "The Retail Revolution" draws on first hand reporting from coastal China to rural Arkansas to give a fresh and necessary understanding of the phenomenon that has transformed international commerce.

Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State

Abstract: At the dawn of the twentieth century, the U.S. Army swiftly occupied Manila and then plunged into a decade-long pacification campaign with striking parallels to today's war in Iraq. Armed with cutting-edge technology from America's first information revolution, the U.S. colonial regime created the most modern police and intelligence units anywhere under the American flag. In "Policing America's Empire" Alfred W. McCoy shows how this imperial panopticon slowly crushed the Filipino revolutionary movement with a lethal mix of firepower, surveillance, and incriminating information. Even after Washington freed its colony and won global power in 1945, it would intervene in the Philippines periodically for the next half-century - using the country as a laboratory for counterinsurgency and rearming local security forces for repression. In trying to create a democracy in the Philippines, the United States unleashed profoundly undemocratic forces that persist to the present day. But security techniques bred in the tropical hothouse of colonial rule were not contained, McCoy shows, at this remote periphery of American power. Migrating homeward through both personnel and policies, these innovations helped shape a new federal security apparatus during World War I. Once established under the pressures of wartime mobilization, this distinctively American system of public-private surveillance persisted in various forms for the next fifty years, as an omnipresent, sub rosa matrix that honeycombed U.S. society with active informers, secretive civilian organizations, and government counterintelligence agencies. In each succeeding global crisis, this covert nexus expanded its domestic operations, producing new contraventions of civil liberties - from the harassment of labor activists and ethnic communities during World War I, to the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, all the way to the secret blacklisting of suspected communists during the Cold War.

German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race, and Scholarship

Abstract: 1. Orientalism and the longue duree 2. Orientalism in a Philhellenic age 3. The lonely orientalists 4. The second oriental renaissance 5. The furor orientalis 6. Towards an oriental Christianity 7. On Aryans and Semites 8. Orientalism and imperialism 9. The study of oriental arts 10. Relations with others: the Great War and after Epilogue Bibliography.

The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea

Abstract: The term "civilization" comes with considerable baggage, setting up a dichotomy wherein people, cultures, and histories are "civilized" - or not. While the idea of civilization has been deployed throughout history to justify all manner of interventions and socio political engineering, relatively few scholars have stopped to consider what the concept actually means. Here, Brett Bowden examines how the idea of civilization has informed our thinking about international relations over the course of ten centuries. From the Crusades to the colonial era to the global war on terror, this sweeping volume exposes civilization as a stage-managed account of history that legitimizes imperialism, uniformity, and conformity to Western standards, culminating in a liberal-democratic global order. Along the way, Bowden explores the variety of confrontations and conquests - as well as those peoples and places excluded or swept aside - undertaken in the name of civilization. Concluding that "the West and the rest" have more commonalities than differences, this provocative and engaging book ultimately points the way toward an authentic inter civilizational dialogue that emphasizes cooperation over clashes.

Roman imperialism and local identities

Abstract: Revell examines questions of Roman ethnic identity and explores Roman imperialism as a lived experience based around the paradox of similarity and difference. Her case studies of public architecture provide an understanding of how urbanism, the emperor and religion were part of the daily encounters of these communities. Revell applies the ideas of agency and practice in her examination of the structures that held the empire together and how they were implicated within repeated daily activities. Rather than offering a homogenized 'ideal type' description of Roman cultural identity, she uses these structures as a way to understand how encounters differed between communities, thus producing a more nuanced interpretation of what it was to be Roman. Bringing an innovative approach to the problem of Romanization, Revell breaks from traditional models, cutting across a number of entrenched debates such as arguments about the imposition of Roman culture or resistance to Roman rule.

American empire and the political economy of global finance

Abstract: Preface Introduction L.Panitch & M.Konings PART I: CONTOURS AND SOURCES OF IMPERIAL FINANCE Finance and American Empire L.Panitch & S.Gindin American Finance and Empire in Historical Perspective M.Konings PART II: CONSTRUCTING THE PILLARS OF IMPERIAL FINANCE US Structural Power and the Internationalization of the US Treasury D.Sarai Neo-Liberalism and the Federal Reserve E.Newstadt US Power and the International Bond Market: Financial Flows and the Construction of Risk Value S.Aquanno Towards the Americanization of European Finance? The Case of Finance-Led Accumulation in Germany T.Sablowski Accounting for Financial Capital. American Hegemony and the Conflict over International Accounting Standards T.Sablowski From Bretton Woods to Neoliberal Reforms: The International Financial Institutions and American Power R.Felder The Role of Financial Discipline in Imperial Strategy C.Rude Conclusion M.Konings & L.Panitch

On rise and decline.

Abstract: In 1776, the year when America declared its independence, Edward Gibbon released his book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He concluded, rightly or wrongly, that the fall of the empire was mainly due to barbarian invasions and the spread of Christianity. Since Gibbon's day, many others have observed that great nations and institutions, after reaching the pinnacle of power and success, gradually decline because of internal degradation. Arnold Toynbee, another British historian, is reported to have said, “An autopsy of history would show that all great nations commit suicide.” I am using these pronouncements to create an analogy with the condition of the orthopaedic discipline. The metaphor is based on observations on the manner in which our profession appears to be showing symptoms suggestive of decline. The technological explosion that began in earnest in the 1960s has changed the face of orthopaedic surgery. As a result, its representative organizations, such as the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the American Orthopaedic Association, the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, and state and regional orthopaedic societies, expanded their territory and became large, comprehensive business-like organizations. Simultaneously, the unrestrained growth of subspecialization began, leading to the creation of twenty-six subspecialty societies to date. The overemphasis on the fragmentation of orthopaedics into subspecialties incited other surgical and medical disciplines to erode the orthopaedic territory as they perceived that orthopaedics was no longer an eclectic body of knowledge but rather splintered groups with a territory consisting of one or several operations. Within a very short time, areas traditionally the purview of the orthopaedist became either partially or completely the possession of other disciplines: neurosurgery, in a number of institutions, is now in virtual control of all conditions of the spine. Plastic surgery includes in its territory the treatment of fractures from the phalanges …

Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization

Abstract: Nineteen papers examining varied responses to Romanization, and how this affects our view of the development of the Roman Empire. The traditional view of the Romanization is as the triumph of a superior and more advanced culture over primitive communities that was brought about by military expansion and which resulted in the creation of a very uniform political and cultural entity. It is only in the last twenty years that the variety of responses that Romanization elicited among the various ethnic groups, social classes, genders, spheres and even within the same person in different conjunctures of his or her life have begun to be appreciated. This new perspective has deep implications for our perception of Roman imperialism. The aim of this collection of papers is to further understanding of Romanization at a formative stage; early Roman expansion in Italy. There is much evidence for bi-directional negotiation between Italian communities and Rome. Understanding the motivation of the Italian peoples to become part of a new political entity is crucial to knowing how Roman Italy was kept together for more than half a millennium. Seven papers also examine responses to Romanization in other areas of the empire.

Migration and diversity in Roman Britain: a multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England.

Abstract: Previous anthropological investigations at Trentholme Drive, in Roman York identified an unusual amount of cranial variation amongst the inhabitants, with some individuals suggested as having originated from the Middle East or North Africa. The current study investigates the validity of this assessment using modern anthropological methods to assess cranial variation in two groups: The Railway and Trentholme Drive. Strontium and oxygen isotope evidence derived from the dentition of 43 of these individuals was combined with the craniometric data to provide information on possible levels of migration and the range of homelands that may be represented. The results of the craniometric analysis indicated that the majority of the York population had European origins, but that 11% of the Trentholme Drive and 12% of The Railway study samples were likely of African decent. Oxygen analysis identified four incomers, three from areas warmer than the UK and one from a cooler or more continental climate. Although based on a relatively small sample of the overall population at York, this multidisciplinary approach made it possible to identify incomers, both men and women, from across the Empire. Evidence for possible second generation migrants was also suggested. The results confirm the presence of a heterogeneous population resident in York and highlight the diversity, rather than the uniformity, of the population in Roman Britain.

China's Last Empire : The Great Qing

Abstract: * Introduction * Conquest * Governance * High Qing * Society * Commerce * Crises * Rebellion * Restoration * Imperialism * Revolution * Conclusion * Emperors and Dynasties * Pronunciation Guide * Notes * Bibliography * Acknowledgments * Index