Showing papers on "Energy market published in 1993"

Carbon/energy taxes and the energy market in Western Europe

Abstract: We are grateful to the Norwegian state oil company Statoil, who initiated and financed the development of the model presented in this paper

Energy market failure in road transport: Is there scope for ‘no regrets’ greenhouse gas reduction?

Abstract: The Australian Government policy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions announced in 1990 includes exploring the scope for immediate, low cost reductions. Such measures can be taken as including ‘no regrets’ policies: those that, in addition to mitigating potential climate change, confer economic gains (including other environmental benefits) which exceed their costs. Some possible ‘no regrets’ opportunities and policies are identified relevant to energy use by the road transport sector over the period to 2020. The MARKALMENSA multi-period linear programming model of the Australian energy sector is used to investigate the cost-effectiveness of these policies.

Restructuring the state energy commission of western australia

Abstract: In the “WA Advantage” statement of February 1992, the Western Australian premier announced restructuring proposals for the State Energy Commission of Western Australia (SECWA). The Dampier‐Perth natural gas pipeline will be taken out of SECWA and operated by an independent authority on an open access basis. SECWA will also withdraw from the Pilbara region to be replaced by a Pilbara Electricity and Gas Authority. To be considered by the Carnegie Commission are proposals for the separation of electricity and gas operations and, within electricity operations, separation into generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. The rationale for these policy changes is an attempt to introduce competition into these sectors of the energy market to improve efficiency and reduce the disparities in energy costs between Western Australia and the other Australian states. If carried out to their full extent, the proposals for SECWA will amount to the most comprehensive restructuring of a publicly owned energy utility in Australia.

Dynamique des ressources et de l'utilisation des combustibles ligneux

Abstract: In Senegal, as in most developing countries, domestic energy, much of which is used for preparing meals, is essentially drawn from fuelwood and charcoal. Extensive woodfelling for energy purposes causes severe damages to natural forests, already badly hit by drought and other types of human mismanagement. In this dissertation, it is argued that forest resources, wood energy producers, wood energy consumers and the State are part of a system, the dynamics of which can be represented by simple laws. A simulation model based on these laws is put forward as a tool for preparing the country's long term energy and forestry policies. In this model, the quantities of commercial wood fuels consumed, which affect the dynamics of forest resources, are determined by seeking an equilibrium of prices and consumed quantities on a spatial domestic energy market. The modelisation of price formation over space allows for an estimation of prices as a function of consumed quantities. Price formation is modelized not only for fuelwood and charcoal, but also for the main substitutes. Distances between production sites and consumers play an important role as they determine transport costs. The modelisation of consumption allows for an estimation of consumed quantities by fuel, as a function of prices. Consumers are classified by zone and type of village or town. Consumption by fuel is a result of energy requirements, stove-efficiencies and interfuel-substitution. Interfuel substitution is achieved by letting the part of each fuel (within the total energy requirements) slowly tend towards long-term equilibrium parts. The long term parts are themselves variables given by a linear logistic model as a function of explanatory variables. The importance of fuel prices and consumer income, within these explanatory variables, is highlighted. Apart from the extraction of commercialized wood fuels, the following phenomena are among those affecting the dynamics of forest resources in the model : natural vegetation growth (with yield reductions in case of vegetation depletion or drought), forest clearing for agricultural purposes, forest management (including establishment of fuelwood plantations), and extraction of uncommercial fuelwood. Decision variables, present at all levels of the model, allow for an evaluation of forestry and energy policies. This is shown by some examples of simulation results.

Strategic management of an energy resource: Queensland's coking coals

Abstract: AimsQueensland's export performance is significantly determined by developments in global markets for energy resources. Concerns have been voiced regarding the presence of distortions in and the functional performance of such markets. In particular, the Pacific coking coal market, which is dominated by Japanese steel industry purchasing policies, has been the subject of some investigation and debate. The resolution of this issue for the Pacific coking coal trade is an aim of the thesis.All products and process technologies have a finite lifecycle. Blast furnace ironmaking is no exception. Pressures arising from increasing volatility of demand for steel and increased environmental controls on heavy industrial manufacturing processes, will ultimately lead to the replacement of the blast furnace as the preferred technology for ironmaking. An evaluation of the impact of such a change, and the managerial strategies which Queensland's coking coal industry participants can adopt in the face of such changes is a complementary research objective.ScopeCentral issues addressed in this study are the history, price formation, and supply/demand equilibrium characteristics of world coking coal markets, and the roles played by the Australian, American and Canadian coal industries. Modelling studies of Japanese demand for coking coal provide a vehicle for examining the impact of the Japanese steel industry purchasing policies on market behaviour.Other market related issues examined include pricing relationships between energy commodities and the behaviour of internationally traded coking coal prices since the early sixties. Modelling studies of American energy markets are used to investigate price behaviour which could be expected in competitive markets.Substitution of steel by other material inputs in many consumer durable goods is changing the relationship between steel consumption and economic growth in OECD countries. Shifts in patterns of demand growth for steel input commodities are examined in the light of such change.Major restructuring of OECD steel manufacture has also taken place. The economic forces and industrial policy actions influencing the dynamics of restructuring of major OECD steel manufacturers are investigated.Process technology developments in iron and steelmaking are undergoing significant change. These developments will impact the future use of bituminous coal in ironmaking. Technology driven qualitative and quantitative changes in steel industry demand for Queensland's hard coking coals are evaluated.ConclusionsRecognition and acceptance of the realities of Pacific and European energy market distortions is required by all Australian coal industry participants. This is necessary for effective export strategies to be developed to cope with arestructuring of the Queensland and New South Wales coking coal industries.Restructuring of both the Australian and Canadian coking coal industries is required to cope with a persistent oversupply situation in a future industry environment of declining demand for coking coal. Prevention of a spiral of destructive competition, which could drive export prices for Australia's coking coals to parity or below that of thermal coals, will require coordinated intervention by federal and state government regulatory agencies.

Energy in the 21st century: new challenges and goals

Abstract: In the next century, energy will remain the pillar of social development and wealth. The demand for energy will continue to increase apace with economic growth in the medium term and population growth in the longer term. Different views on the objectives of economic growth in developing countries (where the emphasis will be on social development), as compared with developed countries (where sustainability of achievements will be the major goal), lend varying degrees of momentum to energy growth in each region. In severd countries, development planning strategies might also conflict sharply with environmental concerns, thus complicating the implementation of timely environmental protection policy strategies. On the other hand, the early introduction and,deployment of safe and clean technologies could reduce future economic burdens, such as compensation payments for health and the environmental costs of energy use. This joint paper was presented at the l5th Congress of the World Energy Council, in Madrid, Spain, in September 1992. It represents the collective views of the IAEA, IIASA. OPEC and UNIDO on the future world energy situation. However, those data and results which lie outside the scope of recognized IIASA research areas represent the opinions of the other organizations and are not attributable to IIASA. These four Vienna-based international organizations formed the study group 'The Vienna Four' in February 1990, to increase energy market transparency and enhance energy planning through the exchange of information, assessing gaps in existing programmes and supporting joint studies.

Issues Affecting Northeast Asian Minerals and Energy Markets

Abstract: In this chapter, some of the broad issues likely to affect industry developments and trade in minerals and energy commodities in Northeast Asia in the 1990s are examined. As will become clear from the chapter, many of these issues can be expected to have a bearing on the rate and extent of development of the mineral and energy resources of the Russian Far East region.

Carbon Taxes and Energy Markets

Abstract: In this paper we shall consider the likely impact of a carbon tax of the type proposed by the EC (1990) on energy markets. There are a number of aspects involved in assessing such an impact. At the simplest level we can begin by asking what impact a carbon tax would have on the consumer and producer prices for fossil fuels, and more generally for all sources of energy. Even to answer this apparently simple question is non-trivial. As a first cut at the problem we could begin by assuming that there is a single world government that is imposing a global carbon tax. This will act to drive up the consumer prices of fossil fuels and drive down the producer prices of fossil fuels and the first question is what is the likely size of such effects; in particular, to what extent does our putative world government need to take account of the reduction in producer prices when calculating the carbon tax required to achieve a particular level of CO2 emissions reduction. To answer such questions we are essentially investigating the elasticities of supply and demand for fossil fuels, taking account of cross elasticities of demand.