Showing papers on "Energy policy published in 1985"

The 1973 Oil Crisis and its Aftermath

Abstract: By 1973,36 per cent of the world’s oil was supplied by the Middle East countries since oil from that quarter was more abundant and cheaper to produce than other known sources. Historically, however, the region has always been riddled with political and cultural tensions. As the result of Egypt crossing the Suez Canal and attacking Israel on 6 October 1973, which led to the Yom Kippur War, many countries in the industrial world had their oil supplies curtailed and by the following year oil prices had quadrupled. By mid-1980 the price of crude oil had risen nearly twelvefold. To what extent did the 1973 ‘oil crisis’ prove a turning point or watershed in the history of energy use, and how did the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War affect energy policy not only in the U.K. but throughout the world?

Interstate Communication Among State Legislators Regarding Energy Policy Innovation

Abstract: This study, using survey data of legislators in six states, examines the prevalence of crossstate cue-taking. The findings regarding the sources of policy ideas are similar to those reported in studies of agency officials. Regionalism is most important, although afew states are recognized as national leaders. Support for innovative energy policies among state legislators was positively related to two variables: the extent to which one engaged in cue-taking and the degree to which the respondents were supportive of external communication. A comparison of the six states shows that extensive interstate communication is not a necessary condition for legislative support of innovative policies; an orientation supportive of external cue-taking is sufficient.

Realized Savings from Residential Conservation Activity

Abstract: A variety of public and private incentives are currently used to encourage the adoption of conservation measures and practices. One economic justification for these programs is that the marginal cost of conserving energy through these incentives is lower than the corresponding incremental cost of providing energy through conventional means. Naturally, the marginal cost of conserving energy is critically dependent on the actual, or realized, energy savings associated with the adoption of specific measures and practices. Our contention is that the standard approach to estimating these savings is inadequate.

Geographical dimensions of energy

Abstract: I. Research Contributions in Energy Geography.- 1. Coal.- 2. Petroleum and Natural Gas.- 3. Nuclear Energy.- 4. Renewable Energy.- 5. Energy Conservation.- II. Resource Development Issues.- 6. Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.- 7. Location and the Development of Energy Supplies from Biomass Sources.- 8. The Development Potential of New Energy Resources: A Spatial-Economic Analysis of Coalbed Methane.- 9. Planning for Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Neglected Spatial and Behavioral Considerations.- III. Power Plant Siting and Land Use.- 10. Existing and Future Siting Patterns of Electric Utility Power Plants.- 11. Modeling Imperfect Spatial Energy Markets.- 12. Nuclear Power in the US and UK: The Role of Siting in Safety Philosophy.- 13. Energy, Participation and Planning: The Case of Electricity Generation in Great Britain.- 14. Land Requirements for Solar Electricity Alternatives.- IV. Patterns of Energy Use.- 15. The Urban Geography of Residential Energy Consumption.- 16. Spatially-Oriented Energy Consumption Scenarios: Method and Application to Holland.- 17. House Prices and House Buyers: Does Energy Matter?.- 18. Residential Energy Conservation Among the Elderly.- V. Multiregional and Environmental Issues.- 19. Energy-Economic Measures for Selected Economies of the World, 1960-81.- 20. Regional Development as an Entropic Process: A Canadian Example.- 21. Changing Energy Prices and State Revenue.- 22. Constraints on Regional Coal Production in the US: A Time Series Analysis.- 23. Regional Economic Trade-Offs in Sulfur Emissions Control Policy.- 24. Hydroelectric Energy: An Agent of Change in Amazonia (Northern Brazil).- VI. Prospects in Energy Geography.- 25. Geography and Energy: The Quest for Roles and Missions.

Western European energy policies : a comparative study of the influence of institutional structure on technical change

Abstract: This book examines how political and technical factors interact to govern decisions on energy policy by analysing and comparing the reaction of five oil-importing European countries: France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, and Sweden.

Psychological Aspects of Scenarios

Abstract: A major step in the evaluation of technologies, and policies concerning technologies, is often the development of scenarios describing possible futures under various conditions. The notion of scenario was introduced for military planning by Herman Kahn while at RAND Corporation in the 1950s. Since then, the scenario method has been applied in many areas of long-range policymaking. Typical examples are scenarios for U.S. agricultural policy (1), environmental policy (2), world energy supply strategy (3), helium storage policy (4), climate change (5), or aviation communications technology (6). A recent example are the four scenarios for energy policy in West Germany, developed by a Temporary Committee of the German Parliament. These scenarios describe alternative energy policy options for the next 50 years and represent a wide range of expectations, assumptions, goals, and values with respect to, for instance, population growth, lifestyle changes, economic growth, change of economic structure, and availability of energy resources and technologies for their transformation (7).

Organized Technology: Networks and Innovation in Technical Systems

Abstract: Organized Technology is a first step in meeting this challenge. The book is based on an intensive study of radioactive waste and solar cell research, two large-scale technical systems important to U.S. energy policy. Historical and organizational analyses are combined with results from interviews with a national sample of scientists, engineers, managers, policymakers, and public-interest advocates in a new approach to technology analysis.

A three-region intertemporal model of energy, international trade and capital flows

Abstract: This paper reports on the formulation and solution of a three-region intertemporal equilibrium model of energy, international trade and capital flows. In order to focus upon international energy issues, the market economies are aggregated into three broad regional groupings: OECD, OPEC and NODC (non-OPEC developing countries).

UK Energy: Structure, Prospects and Policies

Abstract: This book provides a detailed assessment of the current UK energy situation, future needs and energy policies Past policies have often taken too little account of uncertainty, and have therefore quickly become outdated The book concludes that the need for a positive energy policy is increasingly urgent The book is in three parts The first part sets the UK in the world energy context, reviews the history of UK energy policy and institutions, and describes the current pattern of fuel use The second part contains detailed analysis and discussion of UK energy demand and supply The third part of the book reviews policies for energy conservation and discusses the overall energy prospects for the UK The concluding chapter examines energy policy objectives, relating them to the problems and issues identified in the book The authors are amongst the leading authorities on UK energy, and are co-authors of Energy Economics (also published by Cambridge University Press)

Energy Policy in America since 1945

Abstract: In the political economy of energy, World War II was a significant watershed: it accelerated the transition from dependence on coal to petroleum and natural gas. At the same time, mobilization provided an unprecedented experience in the management of energy markets by a forced partnership of business and government. In this 1985 book, Vietor covers American policy from 1945 to 1980. For readers convinced that big business contrived the energy crisis of the 1970s, this story will be disappointing, but enlightening. For those committed to theories of regulatory capture or public interest reform it should be frustrating. More than a history of government policy making, this book provides us with an innovative and insightful approach to the study of business-government relations in modern America. For managers, bureaucrats, and anyone interested in seeing a more effective national industrial policy, this history should put the relationship of business and government in a critical new perspective.

Public policy and policy analysis in India

Abstract: PART ONE: APPROACHES TO POLICY ANALYSIS Policy Analysis as a Science of Choice - T C Shelling On Methodologies for Policy Analysis - R S Ganapathy PART TWO: POLICY MAKING IN SECTORS Rural Development - M L Dantwala and J N Barmeda Energy Policy Formulation -- The Indian Experience - T L Shankar Policy Studies in Health and Population -- A Review - G Giridhar, J K Satia, and A Subramanian PART THREE: CASE STUDIES ON POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION Specialists, Bureaucrats and Politicians in Social Development - T V Rao The National Adult Education Programme Policy Formulation as Political Process -- A Case Study of Health Manpower - R M Maru 1949-75 The Making of Science and Technology Plan - A Ahmad Research in Women's Development - V Mazumdar A Case Study of the ICSSR Programme of Women's Studies PART FOUR: THE POLICY FIELD IN INDIA IN PERSPECTIVE Towards a Policy for Analysis - S Guhan Autonomous Research Institutions and the Public Policy Process - S R Ganesh and S Paul Some Recent Committees and Commissions -- A Review - R M Rao PART FIVE: THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE The Present State of Public Policy Analysis in Britain - B Donoughue The Emergence of Public Policy - R Klitgaard Studies and Prospects for Comparative Work

Energy, Participation and Planning: The Case of Electricity Generation in Great Britain

Abstract: This paper shows how issues and conflicts over power station proposals in the United Kingdom have changed and developed during the past three decades, then looks to the future to consider whether planning and democratic procedures will be able to cope with anticipated development pressures. It is argued that current planning ‘delays’ result from a long established trend towards greater concern for environmental quality, superimposed on the emergence of ‘generic’ issues since the mid-1970’s. There is consensus that the present situation is unsatisfactory, but reforms proposed by development interests and environmental groups (broadly defined) reflect fundamentally different views about policy and participation. Several scenarios are explored in the final section and it is concluded that in spite of a ‘remission’ from development pressures due largely to the current recession, there is little room for complacency about conflicts over power station developments in the future.

The European energy challenge east and west

Abstract: This exceptionally thorough study provides a balanced analysis of most aspects of energy use in Europe west of the Soviet Union. Giving special attention to security of supply, Hoffman, of the University of Texas, urges more attention to domestic sources and increased cooperation among the Western countries.

Socioeconomic Risk in Development of Energy Systems

Abstract: A soft mathematical model, taking stock of the stochastic and cooperative features of the economy of thinking in the decision making, is aggregated to unveil hidden connections between energy policy and the energy technology choices of an establishment. Starting from several assumptions on the nature of the collective decisional behavior, one obtains a probabilistic interpretation of the mechanism of penetration of energy technologies. The probability that the establishment bets on a certain technological profile is given as a solution to a Fokker-Planck equation accounting for the decision game. It provides a topological variety that accomodates possible states of the system and their trajectories, and indicates ways in which different attractors drive the technology choice in the space of the energy policy. In this framework, a series of concepts (i.e., logistic evolution, resilience, stability, risks of disruption or crisis, energy security) can find in a natural way strikingly intuitive interpretations. Strategic games are possible on this ground, confirming facts of life and also showing predictive power. The complex and difficult to manage interdependence between energy policy and technology appears as a challenge to the long-term planning of alternative energy systems. To meet the challenge, preparedness for changes through a large freedommore » of choice on the technological options appears as a necessary complement to the faithful observance of the market drives, which stresses the importance of having available perceptive, coherent, reliable, and responsible mechanisms of decision making.« less

Large scale energy projects: Assessment of regional consequences

Abstract: A major component of this study is a review of models and inference structures used in analysis of energy project impacts (economic, institutional, and environmental) -- the supporting databases, and the uses of such information in pertinent policy analysis. In this effort, the study emphasized the regional dimension of impact analysis. Second, in order to capture the rich and complex pattern of energy initiatives, their multidimensional impacts, and methods of assessment of such impacts, five case studies of large-scale energy projects in four countries were commissioned. Large-scale adjustments in energy supply and demand, and in economic and environmental systems are inherently surrounded by technological and political uncertainties. Further, these countries -- Canada, the USA, Sweden, and the USSR -- vary considerably in the objective conditions of energy supply and demand, in their policy formulation and decision frameworks, and in their policy implementation settings. The case studies were consequently intended to elucidate, in these diverse decision-making and implementation contexts, the antecedents and development of the energy investments: how energy crises were perceived; how they were transformed into public policy issues by the various national and regional interest groups; how the scope of energy impact assessment studies were defined; what methods and databases were used in impact analysis; and how these technical study results interfaced with policy-making groups or influenced the energy investment outcomes. The overall study attempted to integrate these two prongs of analysis -- the comparative study of impact assessment models and management methods and the rich, complex delineation of energy development case studies -- into a broad understanding of the process of policy formulation and decision making on large energy initiatives. This book attempts to capture the salient features of the process of assessment and decision making on large-scale energy initiatives, from initial specifications of the energy problem, through impact assessments, to the final stage of using such studies in policy decisions.