Showing papers on "European union published in 1969"

European advanced technology: A programme for integration

Abstract: First published in 1969, European Advanced Technology expounds a programme of action for Europe to tackle the challenge posed by American technology in the 1960s. It analyses first the nature of the American predominance in science and technology and goes onto describe the efforts of the major European states to counter it on their own. It then explains the limitations of these efforts at the level of the nation state and shows how European countries have gone on to work together in certain key sectors: high energy physics, nuclear power, aircraft, space, electronics, transport and communications. The history of these programmes is examined carefully and the book describes a wider strategy. It deals with larger questions like how Europe can develop a common science and technology policy; what should be done to promote industrial integration and European companies, and what individual companies and the British government can and should do? This book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers interested in the history of European Union, European history, international organisations and European Politics.

Unwelcome Guests: The Detention of Refugees in Turkey's "Foreigners' Guesthouses"'

Abstract: As European countries bordering the Mediterranean have introduced increasingly harsh measures to stem the flow of irregular migration across their frontiers, Turkey has become one of the main crossroads for flows of migration from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East into Europe.At the same time, as part of Turkey’s accession process, the European Union has stepped up pressure on Turkey to prevent the movement of migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees into Europe.As a result of Turkey’s efforts to limit irregular migration flows, thousands of foreign nation­als without travel documents, refugees among them, are detained while attempting to either enter or exit the coun­try illegally.They are primarily held in detention centres, which are officially referred to as “foreigners’ guesthouses.” Turkey’s Ministry of Interior (MOI) severely limits access to detainees in these facilities by international and domestic NGOs and advocates.Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly Turkey (HCA), a leading human rights NGO based in Istanbul, has provided legal aid to refugees since 2004 through its Refugee Advocacy and Support Program.Based on inter­views conducted by HCA with forty refugees from seventeen countries, this report examines refugees’ access to proced­ural rights in detention, as well as conditions in “foreigners’ guesthouses.” It identifies gaps between reported practice and standards of treatment set forth in Turkish legislation and international guidelines on detention.

An Introduction to the Regulation of the Petroleum Industry: Laws, Contracts, and Conventions

Abstract: Part 1 General Aspects of Petroleum and the Petroleum Industry: Part 2 General Principles of Petroleum Legislation: Objectives and Structure of Petroleum Legislation. Contents of Basic Petroleum Laws and their Regulations. Licences. Contracts of Work. Petroleum Taxation. Part 3 Past and Current Petroleum Legislation: The Traditional Concessions in the Middle East. United Kingdom Legislation. Norwegian Legislation. Netherlands Legislation. Egyptian Legislation. Malaysian Legislation. Part 4 International Regulation of Offshore Petroleum Operations: The 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Protection of the Marine Environment. Part 5 Co-operation Agreements: Joint Operating Agreements. Farmin/Farmout Agreements. Joint Development Agreements. Part 6 Petroleum Policies of Multi-State Organizations: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The European Union.

Does road salt affect groundwater in Denmark

Abstract: Chloride (Cl) from dissolved salt is a major threat to groundwater quality in many regions of the world. In arid regions near present-day coastlines, where old seawater occurs in deeper sediments and where road salt is frequently used, Cl can be a significant pollutant (European Environmental Agency 2009). European Union member states have recently reported that next to nitrogen, Cl is the most commonly found pollutant and is often responsible for groundwater bodies being at risk or having a poor ecological status (European Commission 2010).

Biotechnology education in Europe

Abstract: This study was not intended as a catalogue, but as a comparative overview of the range of opportunities for education in biotechnology open to citizens in the various member states of the EU – opportunities organised by governments and their agencies, by educational establishments, by a wide variety of organisations and institutions variously interested in informing/influencing public attitudes and, of course, by the media in its many forms. Switzerland was included because of its experience of a referendum on genetics and biotechnology as well as the USA, where it all started. A number of suggestions are made for improving public understanding of biotechnology and for establishing a code of best practice taking into account the cultural differences between countries. Perhaps the most important is that biotechnology education is a long-term issue requiring a long-term view; it should not be constrained by short-term funding.

Relationship between skin color and some fruit quality characteristics of 'Hass' avocado.

Abstract: Mexico is the main 'Hass' avocado exporter in the world. More than 300,0001 are exported every year. The United States of America, Japan, the European Union, and Canada are the main importer countries. Recently, 'Hass'avocado shipments to Canada containing fruit with skin blackening have been rejected since this characteristic is associated with low pulp firmness and short shelf life. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between skin color of 'Hass' avocado fruit with quality characteristics. Fruit varying in black skin color (from 0 to 100%, categories 1 to 5) were collected from two different packinghouses in Michoacan, Mexico. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with five replications. Significant differences were detected between packinghouses for weight, length, skin color ('a', ‘b’, chroma and hue) and pulp firmness but not for width, dry matter content or the Avocado Maturity Index (AMI). As color skin category increased towards more blackened fruit, AMI value increased, firmness decreased but dry matter content did not change. These results provide evidence that fruit skin blackening is not associated with lower fruit quality, but it did lower pulp firmness at fruit packing.

Common European Asylum System: Contradictions and Crises

Abstract: This paper exposes the contradictions and lack of commonality in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), as well as the wide discrepancy between the European Union’s (EU) human rights rhetoric and exclusionary practices. It examines in detail the Dublin System, which determines the state responsible for processing an asylum claim. This examination demonstrates the differences between an appearance of unity and solidarity on asylum within the EU, but a reality of divergent policies and nationalist approaches to asylum. The failure of countries to fully apply EU law has major negative consequences for asylum seekers and refugees. Finally, the paper explores four possible future directions for the CEAS: disintegration and a return to national asylum systems, strict enforcement of existing EU law, the European Commission’s Dublin IV proposal, or a supranational EU asylum system.

Metarithmisis in Greece: The Emergence of Mediterranean Regimes

Abstract: A top-down analysis reveals that there is a change in the relationship between national and subnational authorities which can be attributed to the challenges facing industrialized countries in general, and European Union (EU) member states in particular. Indeed, in the 1980s, the region has been rediscovered by political economists, political scientists, and sociologists. On the one hand, people are turning to their territory as a way of reclaiming what is threatened. On the other, the region can portray itself as an asset on the global market because it is often better able to interact with the growing number of small and medium- sized firms. Decentralization has taken place across much of Europe; reforming the structures of subnational government can be seen as another attempt to modernize political systems. There is also a connection between EU structural policy and decentralization. In the post-1988 period, structural funds provided an opportunity for subnational authorities to influence EU decision-making, and have provoked a decentralist response from central and subnational authorities (Marks, 1992; Bullmann, 1997; Jeffery, 1997). Structural programmes attempt to alleviate economic disparities through transfers and to enhance the competitive capacity of regions. They also seek to arm regions with the necessary infrastructure and skills needed to compete in the internal market. Politically, one aim is to gain the support of peripheral actors by showing themthe benefits of EU membership. More importantly, there are prerequisites as to process which respect the principles of subsidiarity and partnership with the regions which can empower regional actors.

Bordering on Conventional: The Politics of Iraqi Resettlement to the US and Europe, 2003–2011

Abstract: Of some 2.5 million Iraqi citizens internationally displaced in the wake of Operation Iraqi Freedom, less than 100,000 have achieved permanent international resettlement. This paper compares US and EU policies regulating the selection and admission of Iraqi refugees since 2003, focusing on the divergent political priorities and structural considerations underpinning variations in resettlement levels during this time. I argue that US resettlement of Iraqi refugees is primarily an element of foreign policy, defined by strategic objectives in Iraq and the surrounding region, whereas admissions to the EU reflect ongoing intra-European debates surrounding the construction and modification of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Whereas resettlement to the US increased drastically following a “strategic” reframing of the Iraqi refugee crisis in 2007, failures in the implementation of CEAS’s “standardization” agenda, compounded by enhanced European restrictions on refugee movement, have limited Iraqi admissions to Europe during this time.

The potential for large-scale, subsurface geological CO2 storage in Denmark

Abstract: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is increasingly considered to be a tool that can significantly reduce the emission of CO2. It is viewed as a technology that can contribute to a substantial, global reduction of emitted CO2 within the timeframe that seems available for mitigating the effects of present and continued emission. In order to develop the CCS method the European Union (EU) has supported research programmes for more than a decade, which focus on capture techniques, transport and geological storage. The results of the numerous research projects on geological storage are summarised in a comprehensive best practice manual outlining guidelines for storage in saline aquifers (Chadwick et al. 2008). A detailed directive for geological storage is under implementation (European Commission 2009), and the EU has furthermore established a programme for supporting the development of more than ten large-scale demonstration plants throughout Europe. Geological investigations show that suitable storage sites are present in most European countries. In Denmark initial investigations conducted by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland and private companies indicate that there is significant storage potential at several locations in the subsurface.

Recent changes in the nutrient status of a soft-water Lobelia lake, Hampen Sø, Denmark

Abstract: Nutrient-poor, low-productive (oligotrophic) soft-water lakes in the Atlantic areas of West and North-West Europe – the so-called Lobelia lakes – are of high conservation value as their low nutrient status favours a particular submerged macrophyte flora with isoetids, which are becoming increasingly rare or threatened due to nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) associated with landuse changes and urbanisation. European Union member states have a duty of care, under the Habitats Directive, to protect the biodiversity of oligotrophic to mesotrophic (moderately productive) standing waters. In Denmark the majority of Lobelia lakes are located on sandy soils in central and western Jylland. These lakes are clear-water ecosystems poor in nutrients and organic carbon and with a unique macrophyte vegetation of predominantly Lobelia dortmanna (Water Lobelia), Littorella uniflora (Shore-weed) and Isoetes lacustris (Quill-wort). Severe deterioration of isoetid plant communities is reported from Denmark and many other European countries (e.g. Arts 2002; Pedersen et al. 2006). The isoetids are low and slow growing with relatively poor competitive capabilities. These characteristics make them more sensitive to decreased light levels than other macrophyte groups (Middelboe & Markager 1997) and consequently also particularly vulnerable to eutrophied and turbid waters. In an ongoing project we are investigating the limnological development of two Lobelia lakes in mid-Jylland during the last 1000 years (Hampen So and Raevso, situated 2.5 km apart). The Hampen So investigation is part of a Geocenter Denmark funded project with the title: Lake response to climate change during the last 1000 years. In this paper we present the first results from Hampen So with emphasis on changes in the nutrient status of the lake through the last c. 300 years as inferred from diatom and macrofossil analyses. Today Hampen So is influenced by nutrient enrichment and has a mixture of two vegetation types that normally belong to two different lake types, namely the lake’s original isoetid vegetation plus species of fast-growing and tall elodeids, the latter being favoured by increased nutrient levels (Moeslund 2000). Palaeolimnological methods are used to explore the timing and possible causes of the nutrient enrichment. These are of significance for understanding the environmental threat to the lake ecosystem, and for determining its baseline, or reference conditions, defined by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) as conditions under minimal anthropogenic disturbance.

Invisible Borders: Translation and Multilingualism in an Unequal World

Abstract: Inspired by Jan Blommaert’s approaches to linguistic landscaping and his studies of linguistic mobility, this article traces the changing meanings of multilingualism and monolingualism in a world fractured by uneven vectors of globalization and super-diversity. Drawing on such examples as Polish anti-racist billboards, the commercial, transnational space of the mall, or translation policies in the European Union, it is possible to see the paradoxical effects of neoliberal transformations on linguistic diversity, with the hegemony of English on the one hand, and the revival of ethno-linguistic particularity on the other. Alison Phipp’s theories of multilingualism from above and from below, as well as Yaseem Noorani’s concept of “soft” multilingualism are used to make further differentiations between assertive nationalist monolingualism from below and aggressive global monolingualism from above. These different kinds of multilingualism and monolingualism, produced at intersections of complex historical, political, and economic factors, not only uphold the existing legacies of colonialism and modernity, but also create new hierarchies of global/cosmopolitan and national/local languages and identities.

Mapping of raw materials and habitats in the Danish sector of the North Sea

Abstract: In the summer of 2010, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) mapped the potential raw materials and substrate types, over large parts of the Danish economic sector of the North Sea, in cooperation with Orbicon A/S. The mapping was carried out for the Danish Nature Agency; it is part of the general mapping of raw material resources within the territories of the Danish state and forms part of the input for the implementation of the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The purpose was (1) to provide an overview of the distribution, volume and composition of available raw materials and (2) to identify, describe and map the distribution of the dominant marine bottom types.

Not So Normative After All: The Securitization of Migration since 9/11 and the Erosion of Normative Power in Europe

Abstract: Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, accelerated initiatives to combat terrorism have been criticized for overstepping the bounds of universal human rights norms. A defining feature of European Union (EU) policy as a normative power is how it navigates the customary frictions between human rights and counterterrorism by committing to “combat terrorism globally while respecting human rights, and make Europe safer, allowing its citizens to live in an area of freedom, security and justice.” This paper argues that the threat of transnational terrorism has led Europe to stray from its normative position. This is most clearly understood by examining the securitization of EU interactions with the Mediterranean - particularly North Africa - with regard to migration policy. Migration is considered as “transformed into a key element in the context of transnational threats,” and indeed EU Member States are targeted by Islamist terrorists entering EU soil by way of the Middle East or the Maghreb. Finally, this paper explores how the post-9/11 threat environment - an intensified “global risk society” -has led the EU to downplay its traditional role in ensuring protection of universal human rights through such normative instruments as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).

Presupuestos y propuestas para una futura armonización legal en Europa sobre la investigación con células embrionarias humanas

Abstract: The present study attempts to contribute for the need of construction of the minimal common legal statement or process that would warrantee the necessary scientific cooperation and the access to communitarian resources without prejudice motivated by a public legislation somewhat restrictive in what refers to the scientific investigation and research with human embryos for the study of stem cells. Setting the lacks on the international legal statements that regulates the protection for embryos in vitro, this question is analyzed under the European Union context, deeply detailing what is set out in the Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine (CHRB), what will construct, in the end, the legal statute for the in vitro embryo as the starting point for the European states confluence in what concerns this subject. From this point on, proposals for the harmonization of the European embryo stem cell research public legislations will emerge, including the ones brought by the present study.

Integrating the Öresund – What Kind of Region?

Abstract: The last fifty years in Europe has brought an increased co-operation between nation states and the birth of a considerable supranational institutional level. The most advanced cooperation has developed within the European Union. The set of mutual interactions between the European and national levels, known as a two-level game, had remained the core of cooperation and integration process until the 1990s. Since then a third level has evolved, namely the regional one. Regionalization as an answer to ‘Europeization’ or more broadly speaking – Globalization – has changed the traditional way of cooperation; however it must be said that it is a process of which the outcome is unknown. Regions, generally speaking, still do not enjoy enough power to be able to constitute as much influential body (the Committee of Regions) as the European Parliament. Nevertheless the tendency to give power down to regions is on its way.[...]