Showing papers on "Exemplification published in 2018"

The grammar of engagement I: Framework and initial exemplification

Abstract: Human language offers rich ways to track, compare, and engage the attentional and epistemic states of interlocutors. While this task is central to everyday communication, our knowledge of the cross-linguistic grammatical means that target such intersubjective coordination has remained basic. In two serialised papers, we introduce the term ‘engagement’ to refer to grammaticalised means for encoding the relative mental directedness of speaker and addressee towards an entity or state of affairs, and describe examples of engagement systems from around the world. Engagement systems express the speaker’s assumptions about the degree to which their attention or knowledge is shared (or not shared) by the addressee. Engagement categories can operate at the level of entities in the here-and-now (deixis), in the unfolding discourse (definiteness vs indefiniteness), entire event-depicting propositions (through markers with clausal scope), and even metapropositions (potentially scoping over evidential values). In this first paper, we introduce engagement and situate it with respect to existing work on intersubjectivity in language. We then explore the key role of deixis in coordinating attention and expressing engagement, moving through increasingly intercognitive deictic systems from those that focus on the the location of the speaker, to those that encode the attentional state of the addressee.

The turn of the valve: representing with material models

Abstract: Many scientific models are representations. Building on Goodman and Elgin’s notion of representation-as we analyse what this claim involves by providing a general definition of what makes something a scientific model and formulating a novel account of how models represent. We call the result the DEKI account of representation, which offers a complex kind of representation involving an interplay of denotation, exemplification, keying up of properties, and imputation. Throughout we focus on material models, and we illustrate our claims with the Phillips-Newlyn machine. In the conclusion we suggest that, mutatis mutandis, the DEKI account can be carried over to other kinds of models, notably fictional and mathematical models.

Linguistic strategies for ad hoc categorization: theoretical assessment and cross-linguistic variation

Abstract: Abstract Ad hoc categorization is the bottom-up abstraction of a category starting from concrete exemplars of the category itself. When we observe linguistic data, we find various phenomena that provide evidence for the ubiquity of such an on-line, goal-driven and context-dependent categorization in everyday communication. Beyond offering concept labels in the form of words, language indeed provides speakers with a great number of strategies to convey reference to a class by naming representative individuals. After providing a semantic and pragmatic account of ad hoc categorization in terms of indexicality, we will survey ad hoc categorization strategies in discourse and across languages: they can be syntactic (lists, general extenders, exemplifying constructions), morphological (heterogeneous plurals, collectives, aggregates, compounds), or in-between (reduplication). We will argue that all these strategies show a similar abstract structure consisting in a categorization trigger, that is, some prosodic, morphological or syntactic element triggering the abstractive inferential process towards the category identification, plus a linguistic expression referring to some overt category member, which is processed as the starting point for abstraction. The diachronic connections between these strategies and the pathways leading to their emergence and conventionalization also speak in favor of their unified treatment.

Virtual Exemplars in Health Promotion Campaigns

Abstract: . Virtual simulations allow individuals to concretely view the future negative health consequences of present dietary choices. Integrating exemplification theory with risk communication research, the effect of using virtual simulations to exemplify the health risks of soft drink consumption was assessed across 3 weeks. A three-group pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest design (N = 62) compared the effect of three channels of delivering health risk information – base-rate statistics, picture, and virtual simulation – embedded in a digital health promotion pamphlet. Three dimensions of risk perception (perceived likelihood, susceptibility, severity), involvement with the health issue, and soft drink consumption were measured across 3 weeks. Virtual exemplars were the most effective channel for increasing perceived likelihood, perceived susceptibility, involvement, and soft drink consumption over time. Exemplification did not affect perceived severity. The paper discusses the potential of virtual ...

Differentiating Objective Sport Knowledge Versus Subjective Sport Fanship via a Test of Exemplification in Sport Media

Abstract: Recognizing the need for a more nuanced measure of sport fanship, this study utilizes an experiment to better understand the construct of sport fanship, comparing a common sport fanship measure and...

Exemplification and ad hoc categorization: the genre-construction in French

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the genre-construction, in which the French noun genre connects a noun phrase (named X) with another constituent (a noun phrase in most cases; named Y). Such a construction has an exemplifying function, and, traditionally, authors consider Y to be an example of a category denoted by X. I show that this traditional analysis is not entirely satisfying as it does not give a comprehensive account of the construction’s semantics. Instead, I show through a wide variety of examples that the genre-construction provides a means of expressing ad hoc categorization. Rather than merely exemplifying a category denoted by X, the construction frequently builds up an ad hoc category based on X and examples provided by Y. This analysis can be further extended to other related constructions so as to give a unified account of such constructions. The data analysed consist of internet users’ messages collected from online forums. The analyses are carried out within the framework of construction grammar.

Barriers to Effective Implementation of Lean Management Principles - Empirical Exemplification in the Industry of Agricultural Machinery

Abstract: Background: The constitutive aim of this paper is to explore the barriers to effective implementation of the principles of lean management among manufacturers of parts, subassemblies and ready-made agricultural machinery. The realization of the formulated goal requires –first of all – an attempt to create a catalogue of determinants implying the leanness of a manufacturing unit. Consequently, the conceptual study of the method will be preceded by extensive analysis and systematization of the current achievements, including: on the theoretical level, the analysis of the literature being in direct relation to the subject of research; it will find its expression in the set of barriers determined in source literature on the subject that compresses the leanness of the generation unit and – on the design level – their catalogue based on the point of view of experts invited to this research. On the empirical level, it is assumed that the hierarchy of importance will be recognized for each of the determinants listed in the catalogue, and it will be determined which one constitutes the largest barrier from the point of view of enterprises invited to research (self-assessment). Methods: The interdisciplinary nature of management sciences creates problems in the selection of research methods with which one intends to describe a given problem. In empirical research, methods and research tools verified in other research are often used (directly or with some modifications). The authors of this paper also use verified methods and tools; however, the method and tools used by them will be selected in accordance with the adopted methodological concept. On the theoretical level – using the method of reconstruction and interpretation of the source literature – the authors, referring to the key principles of lean management, have selected key barriers to their effective implementation. Reconstruction and interpretation of the source literature was supported by practical experience of the authors, participant observation and creative discussion with deliberately chosen experts. The preparatory study conditioned the conduct of the proper research; the intention of the authors was to develop a form – a catalogue of barriers implying lean production, which is a tool enabling reconnaissance in the surveyed enterprises. The research will be both diagnostic and verifying in nature. It will relate to relationships between variables describing the barriers to effective implementation of lean management principles, and requirements implying leanness, identifying the reality under investigation. Results: As a result of the research, it was found that the factors that significantly determine the effective implementation of lean management principles are possession of a permanent and competent managerial and executive staff. The entrepreneurs subjected to the research indicate the absence of permanent, qualified employees who are replaced by "random" employees, which does not serve continuous improvement (gap – 1.01). In view of the foregoing, they do identify lean management with reduction in the level employment in the company. Conclusion: This publication was created as a result of reflection, research and authors’ practical experience in managing the enterprises operating in the sector of agricultural machinery. It is an ambitious attempt to depict knowledge on implementation of the principles of lean management in a manufacturing company. Thanks to this, it can play the role of a scientific aid, and at the same time be a source of knowledge necessary in managerial activity. The authors hope that the presented publication will provide a new knowledge, the consideration of which may form the basis of for actions that will need to be addressed in the near future and can begin a discussion on the necessity of overcoming the limits regarding the implementation of lean management.

The role of exemplification in the construction of categories: the case of Japanese

Abstract: Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the role of exemplification in categorization processes, that is, how examples can be used in discourse to communicate conceptual categories. Based on data from present-day Japanese and a corpus-driven methodology, it will be shown that exemplifying constructions can be used 1) to refine already explicit categories by contextualizing and actualizing the reference, and 2) to create categories ex novo by triggering associative inferences and abstractive processes. Accordingly, a detailed analysis of the linguistic properties of the examples will be provided in order to identify recurring encoding patterns and correlations with the functions described above. Furthermore, it will be argued that, although any conceptual category can be lexicalized by means of a category label, there exist some interesting correlations between the coding of the examples and the labelling of the category. Finally, we will conclude by showing that the linguistic analysis of exemplification can provide useful insights regarding the modalities in which the human brain categorizes.

Discourse Functions of Kama in Arabic Journalistic Discourse from the Perspective of Rhetorical Structure Theory

Abstract: The study aims at examining the functions of the discourse marker Kama in the Arabic journalistic discourse in the light of Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) proposed by Mann and Thompson (1987). To this end, the study compiled a small-scale corpus of journalistic discourse taken from two prominent Arabic news websites: Aljazeera.net and Alarabia.net. The corpus covers three distinct sub-genres of journalistic discourse: opinion articles, news reports, and sport reports. The journalistic discourse is chosen on the basis that it is considered as the best representative of the contemporary written Arabic and it receives a wide readership in the Arabic-speaking countries. The motivation for the study is that although it is frequently used in the written form of Arabic (particularly in the language of Arabic media), the discourse marker kama is largely neglected and very few has been said about it in the present literature on Arabic discourse markers. The current findings show that kama is found to achieve 290 occurrences in the corpus under investigation. This obviously indicates that kama is commonly used in the language of Arabic journalistic discourse, which calls for paying attention to its usage in such a type of discourse. In the light of Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) proposed by Mann and Thompson (1987), kama was found to serve four common functions: elaboration (around 50 %), similarity (around 19 %), evidence (16 %), and exemplification (13 %). Two functions of kama (similarity and exemplification) are listed in RST while the other two are incorporated.

Epistemología y Pedagogía… Consideraciones

Abstract: Epistemology represents scientific knowledge focused on different areas of thought, in order to appreciate the relevance of the human being. It can be considered as the philosophy of science; Basing that knowledge on human custom, in other words, is that which has been acquired during life. Therefore, epistemology and pedagogy require a series of competences for teaching performance, within these are the personal, academic, pedagogical and technological; determining the individual's performance. In other words, they require educators to know, select, use, evaluate, refine and generate effective pedagogical strategies that awaken the student's critical thinking. In the present essay it is tried to make a revision about the epistemology and the pedagogy, acting from the considerations of the same one. To do this, a bibliographic review was carried out on the importance and relevance of epistemology from the pedagogy that the teacher performs and the analysis of knowledge that must be done from their environment. Finally, it contributes to enrich this feeling, think, live and coexist, towards an epistemological construction legitimized in the production of knowledge originated from practice, having as an explanation the experience as an instance of creation of knowledge and resignifying the knowledge from the self-constructed and socialized In addition, it will focus the explanation and exemplification of the general knowledge that is taught in the classroom; taking into account the context in which students develop, experience and their daily life.

Dirty dining: how exemplification affects food safety perceptions

Abstract: News outlets recurrently publish stories depicting restaurants in a negative light by using vivid exemplars based on a reporter’s personal testimony rather than detailing food safety reports. This ...

Gerenciamento de impressões dos líderes nas organizações de trabalho

Abstract: This is an exploratory field research of qualitative approach of the phenomenon. The article describes the strategies of Impression Management elucidating the most used in the exercise of leadership of a technology company located in Tubarao/SC. The research was conducted in the company in order to facilitate the access for the participating leaders. The research was performed using the Organizational Impression Management Inventory (IGIO-5), which qualifies the five GI strategies, which are Insinuation, Self-Promotion, Exemplification, Intimidation and Supplication, comparing the results with interviews of the leadership exercise and strategies adopted to practice it. The study compared the 5 ways of GI used by 5 leaders, such as Self-Promotion and Insinuation, and points out the desired and negative attributions of each strategy adopted by evaluating their influence in the work environment.

Minding the Gap: Subjectivism and the Deduction

Abstract: Chapter 4 of Dennis Schulting’s book Kant’s Radical Subjectivism targets those commentators who take there to be a gap in the transcendental deduction of the categories, arguing instead that there is no gap between the necessary application of the categories and their exemplification in the object of experience. In these comments on the chapter, I suggest a minimal sense in which the fact that there is a gap is non-negotiable. The interesting question is not whether there is a gap which needs to be bridged, but how and why Kant makes the step from subjectivity to objectivity.

Delimitation of Flatness in Paintings

Abstract: This essay is a double exemplification: the first is a visual one based on Goodman’s theory of symbols showing that art can exemplify the delimitation of the flatness. I illustrate this claim with five achromatic paintings contrasting the materiality of the canvas with its visual elements. By emphasizing the epistemic nature of arts, this article also suggests a second exemplification: the use of visual elements to question their geometric associations.

Popular Science Discourse Development in the Cyberspace

Abstract: Popular science sphere of communication is acquiring new features of virtuality, globality, mosaic structure and social orientation, which are essential in fulfilling its functions in modern society. Based on the examination of 92 podcasts, the study deals with podcasting research identifying typical characteristics of the podcast and factors contributing to the spread of podcasting in the popular scientific hypermedia communication. The survey showed that increasing popularity of the podcast in the popular scientific sphere is explained by several factors. First, informing the user becomes more accessible, quicker and easier. Secondly, the listener takes part in interpersonal communication not with a virtual author, but with a real person, gets the opportunity to make his own conclusions based on sounding speech, which is more expressive, emotional, and has a strong impact on the addressee. Thirdly, most podcasts are interviews and discussions, which facilitates the perception and processing of new information making it more structured by means of questions, paraphrasing, exemplification, clarifications, etc. Analysis of the Nature publication podcast helped single out structural features that allow a podcast to function in a hypermedia environment as an independent multimodal node. The conclusions about the emergence of new virtual environment for intercultural interaction and cooperation were made.

Fantástico y terror: teoría y práctica de dos categorías ficcionales en el ámbito hispánico

Abstract: In the studies of non-mimetic fiction in the Hispanic world, reflections on expressions traditionally considered popular have been consolidating little by little. It is striking that, in this process of academic visibilization, such scarce attention is paid to horror. Often associated with the category of the fantastic, it urges to claim the specificity of this genre as an expression similar to the fantastic; not coincident with it, but, on the contrary, endowed with particular features. The purpose of the article is precisely to illustrate these characteristics. To this end, we resort to sources of various kinds, including those that assume the specific character of horror, and those that study it as part of the fantastic mode. All of them will contribute to the establishment of a solid theoretical basis; once it is fixed, we will proceed to exemplification by means of the analysis of two stories belonging to each of the categories and by the same author: Cadiz-born Felix J. Palma (Sanlucar de Barrameda, 1968).

Exemplification in Undergraduate Biology: Dominant Images and Their Impact on Student Acquisition of Conceptual Knowledge

Abstract: Striving to better understand exemplification, this study examines the types of animal behavior references (anthropomorphic/non-anthropomorphic) and taxonomic groups featured in the examples given by an undergraduate biology instructor during a semester-long course. It is reported that instruction was dominated by anthropomorphic examples of mammals and birds. Further, these dominant examples were found to bias the conceptual knowledge acquired by students who showed a tendency to conceive of nonhuman conduct in terms of mammalian and avian action. It is argued that extending biological exemplification practices beyond mammals and birds is essential to help students develop deep conceptual knowledge and an unbiased appreciation of life.

O łączeniu badań ilościowych i jakościowych – oczekiwania i wątpliwości

Abstract: The thesis that the significance attributed to specific methodological solutions depends on their theoretical interpretation is not new. Nevertheless, among some researchers there is still a tendency to “make methods independent” (to omit their theoretical context). This tendency is expressed by expectations regarding mixed-methods, as if there were no previous discussions about “paradigmatic disproportions”. Different methods are being combined in one research study under the term of “triangulation” (its two functions are discussed) or “method mixing”. The author argues that accepting a new name does not solve any of the old problems. As an exemplification of selected problems she presents a sample of results from the conducted research: evaluation of professional development formulated by graduates of pedagogical studies. This evaluation was obtained in two ways: through a questionnaire (survey method) and in a free interview (method of objective hermeneutics).

Self-presentation strategies applied by academic teachers at universities in rzeszów and their potential impact on students: a case of self-promotion and exemplification

Abstract: The paper analyzes the application of self-presenta tio strategies in academic surroundings, and juxtaposes them with potential impact they may h ve on students. The data presented in the article constitute an excerpt of research on th e application of five self-presentation strategies, i.e. ingratiation, intimidation, self-promoti on, supplication, exemplification by academic teachers in Rzeszów, Poland, conducted in February a nd March 2018. Self-presentation, in simplified terms, constitutes the choice of behavio urs to intentionally manage the impressions that others form of us, whereas a self-presentation strategy encompasses means of behaviour used to create a desirable image. The study encompa sses 100 academic teachers, both men and women, between 26 and 62, employed at universit ies in Rzeszów. The research conducted by means of an online questionnaire indicated that self-promotion and exemplification were the least frequently applied choices. The rationale behind this result may be found in teacher’s reluctance to appear as showing off or being vaingl orious. Each of the strategies was covered by 5 questions thematically connected to them. Whil e constructing the questions, it was attempted to adjust them thematically to the strate gy in question as strongly as possible. Characteristic features of the two strategies were t aken into account while shaping the cognitive reality around a question.

Resemblance, Exemplification, and Ontology

Abstract: According to the quantificational (neo-)Quinean model in meta-ontology, the question of ontology boils down to the question of whether a sortal property is exemplified. I address some complications that arise when we try to build a philosophical reconstruction of the link between individuals and kinds displayed in the exemplification relation from the point of view of conceptualism about kinds and having in mind this stand in ontology. I distinguish two notions of resemblance, objectto-object and object-to-kind, and show the problems with both of them. Finally, I argue for a better awareness of the implicit "bias" involved in the very notion of "resemblance," without indulging in Quine’s veto toward this notion.

An Educational Blend of Pseudohistory and History of Science and Its Application in the Study of the Discovery of Electromagnetism

Abstract: This work describes a strategy for teaching the history of science that contrasts different types of historical resources, including pieces of pseudohistory, with primary and secondary sources. This approach provides lessons and stimulates attitudes that are very difficult to overcome using other tactics. Notably, one of the aims of this method is to teach the students how to distinguish a well-grounded historical narrative from an unreliable one and to develop a critical attitude concerning the flawed stories that proliferate on the internet and in popular science books. Besides describing the general procedure used at a Brazilian university, the paper presents its exemplification in the study of Hans Christian Orsted’s discovery of electromagnetism.

Mitigation via exemplification in present-day Italian: A corpus-based study

Abstract: The research described in this paper has been conducted within the SIR program (SIR project «LEAdhoC: The linguistic expression of ad hoc categories», prot. RBSI14IIG0), coordinated by Caterina Mauri.

Exemplification of Expectations and their Implications for Trust and Credibility of University Teachers in the Students’ Opinion

Abstract: The article describes the question of trust and credibility of university teachers, i.e. fulfilling the expectations and obligations towards students who have placed their trust in the teachers. It focuses on the importance of credibility understood as expectations concerning relations. The discussion aims at presenting of the significance of academic teachers’ credibility for students and finding the answer to the question about the basis on which the teachers’ credibility is evaluated in students’ opinion. The conclusions base on the analysis of the subject literature and the author’s own research results.

Valgretsdebattens vitale stemmer - Et offentlighedsperspektiv

Abstract: This article approaches the struggles for enfranchisement within a perspective of a public sphere as conceptualized by Jurgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser. It focuses on one Danish suffragette organisation and its membership magazine, Kvindevalgret (1908-1915), as an exemplification of a type of opinion-forming public. In so doing the article is informed by the assumption that this type of public is a central democratic arena in which the process of deliberation has intrinsic value. The case demonstrates how participants in such a public can use a public arena as a means of politicising their situation, of democratic learning and of constructing political identities – in this case as mature, capable female voters. This was a controversial identity formation in the historical period of strong Conservative forces. The suffragettes’ in the debate were inspired by the contemporary philosophy of John Stuart Mill, in particular his liberal and utilitarian thinking on women as mature adults and as contributors to society’s well being.

Exemplification in a phraseological dictionary: an extended illustration model

Abstract: Illustrative material constitutes an important part of a lexicographic entry. It offers dictionary users the possibility to learn how the units are used, enabling them to develop a better understanding of the word or phrase presented in a lexicographic work. On the basis of the prior literature, this paper aims to offer new insights into the selection and presentation of illustrative material in phraseological dictionaries. Since dictionaries show a range of approaches, different stands on exemplification are presented. The illustrations are discussed according to particular types of lexicographic works. Another aspect taken into consideration is the lexicographers’ attitude to translating examples in bilingual dictionaries. On the basis of a review of the prior literature, recommendations are made for the quantitative and qualitative extension of illustrations. A model for presentation of extended illustrative examples is proposed: the model allows for providing dictionary users with different categories of illustrations, for instance, examples in which the canonic form is used and those which employ modification of it; or illustrations which come from various sources, grouped in sections like press, literature, etc. Since one of the problems related to exemplification is insufficient cultural context, the model includes a selection of links to the cultural references to the phraseological unit described in the entry. An evaluation of the proposed model is also presented.

Self-presentation processes in personal profiles in a pro-anorexia group

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a content analysis of 1000 personal profiles posted on a pro-anorexia (pro-ana) group from the social networking site Xanga. Applying methods of computer-mediated communication discourse analysis, the visual and verbal strategies of self-presentation in pro-ana members’ profiles were examined. Competence, ingratiation, exemplification and supplication emerged as the main self-presentation strategies identified in the text-based profiles. In contrast to other online self-presentations (such as personal home pages and weblogs), new contents and meanings related to a pro-ana social identity were assigned to these strategies in the group. The analysis of the profile pictures revealed that pro-ana users of the site tended to remain visually anonymous, resorting to images of models and celebrities, and reproducing the thin ideal. Based on these findings, this study advances some conclusions about how the pro-ana identity is constructed in social networking sites.

Metamorfozy domeny publicznej i ich janusowe oblicze społeczne

Abstract: The aim of the article is to show some trends in contemporary transformation of the public domain, and draw attention to certain analogies that occur between changes in the urban space and social modernization processes taking place at a wider, nationwide scale. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion, the text consists of two main parts: dedicated to theoretical considerations and empirical findings. The first part presents more general issues concerning the nature and significance of the urban public space and ways of interfering in its shape, taking into account in particular the phenomena referred to as revitalization (urban renewal) and gentrification. In the second part, for illustrative exemplification, three specific cases of modernizing impacts of various nature and effects that took place in recent years in Warsaw were briefly discussed.

Gatunek mowy: zamknięty system cech, tekst otwarty, czy kategoria poznawcza?

Abstract: The article revolves around the title question, starting with a brief overview of the major accounts of what the speech genre can possibly be in structurally, functionally-, and, finally, cognitively-oriented accounts. The latter are identified specifically with Ronald Langacker’s understanding of the prototype, and are here related/compared to the conceptions in selected Polish genre studies. The material basis and the source of exemplification are found in two modern versions of the Cinderella story. The main bulk of argumentation has to do with the research question of why, how, and to what extent these two modern versions can still be considered a Cinderella tale in the light of the respective accounts, and what new perspectives Langacker’s conception of the prototype can bring if applied to speech genre studies.