Showing papers on "Exercise physiology published in 2022"

Inactivity Causes Resistance to Improvements in Metabolism After Exercise

Abstract: In Brief Prolonged sitting prevents a 1-h bout of running from improving fat oxidation and reducing plasma triglycerides. This “exercise resistance” can be prevented by taking 8500 steps·d−1 or by interrupting 8 h of sitting with hourly cycle sprints. We hypothesize that there is an interplay between background physical activity (e.g., steps·d−1) and the exercise stimuli in regulating some acute and chronic adaptations to exercise. This new perspective indicates an interplay between background physical activity (e.g., steps or sprints) and exercise stimuli in regulating some acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise.

What Is the Evidence That Dietary Macronutrient Composition Influences Exercise Performance? A Narrative Review

Abstract: The introduction of the needle muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s allowed muscle tissue to be sampled from exercising humans for the first time. The finding that muscle glycogen content reached low levels at exhaustion suggested that the metabolic cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise had been discovered. A special pre-exercise diet that maximized pre-exercise muscle glycogen storage also increased time to fatigue during prolonged exercise. The logical conclusion was that the athlete’s pre-exercise muscle glycogen content is the single most important acutely modifiable determinant of endurance capacity. Muscle biochemists proposed that skeletal muscle has an obligatory dependence on high rates of muscle glycogen/carbohydrate oxidation, especially during high intensity or prolonged exercise. Without this obligatory carbohydrate oxidation from muscle glycogen, optimum muscle metabolism cannot be sustained; fatigue develops and exercise performance is impaired. As plausible as this explanation may appear, it has never been proven. Here, I propose an alternate explanation. All the original studies overlooked one crucial finding, specifically that not only were muscle glycogen concentrations low at exhaustion in all trials, but hypoglycemia was also always present. Here, I provide the historical and modern evidence showing that the blood glucose concentration—reflecting the liver glycogen rather than the muscle glycogen content—is the homeostatically-regulated (protected) variable that drives the metabolic response to prolonged exercise. If this is so, nutritional interventions that enhance exercise performance, especially during prolonged exercise, will be those that assist the body in its efforts to maintain the blood glucose concentration within the normal range.

Efficiency of cycling exercise: Quantification, mechanisms, and misunderstandings

Abstract: The energetics of cycling represents a well‐studied area of exercise science, yet there are still many questions that remain. Efficiency, broadly defined as the ratio of energy output to energy input, is one key metric that, despite its importance from both a scientific as well as performance perspective, is commonly misunderstood. There are many factors that may affect cycling efficiency, both intrinsic (e.g., muscle fiber type composition) and extrinsic (e.g., cycling cadence, prior exercise, and training), creating a complex interplay of many components. Due to its relative simplicity, the measurement of oxygen uptake continues to be the most common means of measuring the energy cost of exercise (and thus efficiency); however, it is limited to only a small proportion of the range of outputs humans are capable of, further limiting our understanding of the energetics of high‐intensity exercise and any mechanistic bases therein. This review presents evidence that delta efficiency does not represent muscular efficiency and challenges the notion that the slow component of oxygen uptake represents decreasing efficiency. It is noted that gross efficiency increases as intensity of exercise increases in spite of the fact that fast‐twitch fibers are recruited to achieve this high power output. Understanding the energetics of high‐intensity exercise will require critical evaluation of the available data.

Factors Influencing Substrate Oxidation During Submaximal Cycling: A Modelling Analysis

Abstract: Multiple factors influence substrate oxidation during exercise including exercise duration and intensity, sex, and dietary intake before and during exercise. However, the relative influence and interaction between these factors is unclear.Our aim was to investigate factors influencing the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during continuous exercise and formulate multivariable regression models to determine which factors best explain RER during exercise, as well as their relative influence.Data were extracted from 434 studies reporting RER during continuous cycling exercise. General linear mixed-effect models were used to determine relationships between RER and factors purported to influence RER (e.g., exercise duration and intensity, muscle glycogen, dietary intake, age, and sex), and to examine which factors influenced RER, with standardized coefficients used to assess their relative influence.The RER decreases with exercise duration, dietary fat intake, age, VO2max, and percentage of type I muscle fibers, and increases with dietary carbohydrate intake, exercise intensity, male sex, and carbohydrate intake before and during exercise. The modelling could explain up to 59% of the variation in RER, and a model using exclusively easily modified factors (exercise duration and intensity, and dietary intake before and during exercise) could only explain 36% of the variation in RER. Variables with the largest effect on RER were sex, dietary intake, and exercise duration. Among the diet-related factors, daily fat and carbohydrate intake have a larger influence than carbohydrate ingestion during exercise.Variability in RER during exercise cannot be fully accounted for by models incorporating a range of participant, diet, exercise, and physiological characteristics. To better understand what influences substrate oxidation during exercise further research is required on older subjects and females, and on other factors that could explain additional variability in RER.

Muscle Protein Synthesis Responses Following Aerobic-Based Exercise or High-Intensity Interval Training with or Without Protein Ingestion: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Systematic investigation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses with or without protein ingestion has been largely limited to resistance training.This systematic review determined the capacity for aerobic-based exercise or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to stimulate post-exercise rates of MPS and whether protein ingestion further significantly increases MPS compared with placebo.Three separate models analysed rates of either mixed, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, or mitochondrial protein synthesis (PS) following aerobic-based exercise or HIIT: Model 1 (n = 9 studies), no protein ingestion; Model 2 (n = 7 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with no placebo comparison; Model 3 (n = 14 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with placebo comparison.Eight of nine studies and all seven studies in Models 1 and 2, respectively, demonstrated significant post-exercise increases in either mixed or a specific muscle protein pool. Model 3 observed significantly greater MPS responses with protein compared with placebo in either mixed or a specific muscle fraction in 7 of 14 studies. Seven studies showed no difference in MPS between protein and placebo, while three studies reported no significant increases in mitochondrial PS with protein compared with placebo.Most studies reporting significant increases in MPS were confined to mixed and myofibrillar PS that may facilitate power generating capacity of working skeletal muscle with aerobic-based exercise and HIIT. Only three of eight studies demonstrated significant increases in mitochondrial PS post-exercise, with no further benefits of protein ingestion. This lack of change may be explained by the acute analysis window in most studies and apparent latency in exercise-induced stimulation of mitochondrial PS.

Animal Models of Exercise From Rodents to Pythons

Abstract: Acute and chronic animal models of exercise are commonly used in research. Acute exercise testing is used, often in combination with genetic, pharmacological, or other manipulations, to study the impact of these manipulations on the cardiovascular response to exercise and to detect impairments or improvements in cardiovascular function that may not be evident at rest. Chronic exercise conditioning models are used to study the cardiac phenotypic response to regular exercise training and as a platform for discovery of novel pathways mediating cardiovascular benefits conferred by exercise conditioning that could be exploited therapeutically. The cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well established, and, frequently, molecular manipulations that mimic the pathway changes induced by exercise recapitulate at least some of its benefits. This review discusses approaches for assessing cardiovascular function during an acute exercise challenge in rodents, as well as practical and conceptual considerations in the use of common rodent exercise conditioning models. The case for studying feeding in the Burmese python as a model for exercise-like physiological adaptation is also explored.

Effects of metabolic syndrome on fuel utilization during exercise on middle-aged moderately trained individuals.

Abstract: People with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may have blunted exercise stimulation of metabolism explaining their resistance to lower blood glucose and triglycerides with exercise training. Glycerol and glucose rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma and substrate oxidation were determined at rest and during cycle ergometer exercise at three increasing intensities (55, 80 and 95% of maximal heart rate) in 9 middle-aged (61±7 yr) individuals with MetS. Data were compared to 8 healthy-younger (29±10 yr) individuals matched for habitual exercise training and fat free mass (Healthy-young). At rest, fasting plasma triglycerides (TG), blood glucose and insulin were higher in MetS than in Healthy-young (38%, 42% and 85%, respectively; all p<0.05). At rest, and during low intensity exercise (32-43% VO2MAX), plasma glycerol Ra (index of whole-body lipolysis) and glucose Ra and Rd (index of glucose appearance and disposal) were similar in MetS and Healthy-young. Fat oxidation peaked at low intensity exercise similarly in MetS and Healthy-young (0.273±0.082 vs 0.272±0.078 g·min-1, respectively; p = 0.961). Ra glycerol increased with exercise intensity but was lower in MetS at moderate and high exercise intensities (i.e., 60-100% VO2MAX; p<0.05). Metabolic clearance rate of glucose at high intensity (85-100% VO2MAX) was lower in MetS compared to Healthy-young (p = 0.029). The MetS that develops in middle adulthood, reduces exercise lipolysis and plasma glucose clearance at high exercise intensities, but does not blunt fat or carbohydrate metabolism at low exercise intensity.

The circadian clock regulates metabolic responses to physical exercise

Abstract: ABSTRACT It has been proposed for years that physical exercise ameliorates metabolic diseases. Optimal exercise timing in humans and mammals has indicated that circadian clocks play a vital role in exercise and body metabolism. Skeletal muscle metabolism exhibits a robust circadian rhythm under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Clock genes also control the development, differentiation, and function of skeletal muscles. In this review, we aimed to clarify the relationship between exercise, skeletal muscles, and the circadian clock. Health benefits can be attained by the scheduling of exercise at the best circadian time. Exercise therapy for metabolic diseases and cardiovascular health is a key adjuvant method. This review highlights the importance of exercise timing in maintaining healthy metabolism and circadian clocks.

Effects of exercise anticipation on cardiorespiratory coherence

Abstract: In this study, we explored the role of feedforward mechanisms in triggering cardiorespiratory adjustments before the onset of exercise. To isolate the feedforward aspects, we examined the effect of exercise anticipation on cardiorespiratory coherence. Twenty‐nine healthy males (age = 18.8 [0.96] years) were subjected to bicycle (BE) and handgrip exercise (H) at two different intensities, viz., low and high. Bicycle exercise was performed in a unilateral (left‐ and right‐sided) or bilateral mode, whereas handgrip was performed only in a unilateral mode. Single‐lead ECG and respiratory rhythm, measured in the 5 min of anticipation phase before the onset of exercise, were used for analysis. Coherence was computed between ECG‐derived instantaneous heart rate and respiratory signal. Average coherence in the high‐frequency band (0.15–0.4 Hz) was used to estimate respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). We found that coherence decreased with the anticipation of exercise relative to baseline (baseline = 0.54 [0.16], BE = 0.41 [0.12], H = 0.39 [0.12], p < 0.001). The decrease was greater for high intensity exercise (low = 0.42 [0.11], high = 0.37 [0.1], p < 0.001). The fall of coherence with intensity was stronger for bicycle exercise (BE: low = 0.44 [0.12], high = 0.37 [0.12], H: low = 0.4 [0.12], high = 0.37 [0.12], p = 0.00433). The expectation of bilateral exercise resulted in lower coherence compared to unilateral exercise (right‐sided = 0.45 [0.16], left‐sided = 0.4 [0.16], bilateral = 0.36 [0.15], unilateral vs. bilateral: p < 0.001), and the left‐sided exercise had lower coherence compared to that of the right (left‐sided vs. right‐sided: p = 0.00925). Handgrip exercise showed similar trend (right‐sided = 0.4 [0.15], left‐sided = 0.37 [0.14], p = 0.0056). In conclusion, feedforward RSA adjustments in anticipation of exercise covaried with subsequent exercise‐related features like intensity, muscle mass (unilateral vs. bilateral), and the exercise side (left vs. right). The left versus the right difference in coherence indicates autonomic asymmetry. Feedforward changes in RSA are like those seen during actual exercise and might facilitate the rapid phase transition between rest and exercise.

Exercise, type 1 diabetes mellitus and blood glucose: The implications of exercise timing

Abstract: The scientific literature shows that exercise has many benefits for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Yet, several barriers to exercise in this population exist, such as post-exercise hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia. Several studies suggest that the timing of exercise may be an important factor in preventing exercise-induced hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia. However, there is a paucity of evidence solely focused on summarising findings regarding exercise timing and the impact it has on glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes. This report suggests that resistance or high-intensity interval exercise/training (often known as HIIT) may be best commenced at the time of day when an individual is most likely to experience a hypoglycaemic event (i.e., afternoon/evening) due to the superior blood glucose stability resistance and HIIT exercise provides. Continuous aerobic-based exercise is advised to be performed in the morning due to circadian elevations in blood glucose at this time, thereby providing added protection against a hypoglycaemic episode. Ultimately, the evidence concerning exercise timing and glycaemic control remains at an embryonic stage. Carefully designed investigations of this nexus are required, which could be harnessed to determine the most effective, and possibly safest, time to exercise for those with type 1 diabetes.

The Effect of Training on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Metabolism

Abstract: AbstractThis chapter reviews the molecular and metabolic responses in human skeletal muscle to exercise training. Acute changes in various stimuli that trigger adaptations largely depend on the type of exercise performed and particularly the intensity and duration of discrete sessions. These stimuli are linked to the activation and/or repression of an array of intracellular signal transduction pathways, pre- and posttranscriptional processes, and the regulation of protein translation. Given the considerable overlap in these underlying molecular processes, the mechanistic basis for how repeated, acute changes are translated into specific training responses remains a topic of much investigation. Endurance training is primarily associated with an enhanced capacity for oxidative energy provision and a shift in substrate utilization, from carbohydrate to lipid, at a given absolute exercise intensity. Strength training mainly results in increased muscle size, force-generating capacity, and enhanced capacity for non-oxidative energy provision. Sprint training also increases the capacity for non-oxidative energy provision, but can elicit a range of responses, including some that resemble endurance or strength training. Training generally enhances fatigue resistance and performance in a manner that is specific, but not exclusive, to the type of exercise performed. These improvements are owed, in part to training-induced changes in both the maximal capacity for, and the specific utilization of, various substrates during exercise.KeywordsAerobicEnduranceGene expressionMitochondriaResistanceSprintSignal transductionStrengthSubstrate utilizationHypertrophy

Exercise Physiology [Working Title]

Abstract: Exercise physiology is one of the most researched sports sciences, with practical implications for health, well-being and sports performance. This book brings together emerging research in this area, presenting the main findings and criticisms, as well as considering the future of exercise physiology.

Caffeine increases exercise intensity and energy expenditure but does not modify substrate oxidation during 1 h of self-paced cycling

Abstract: Oral caffeine intake has been deemed as an effective supplementation strategy to enhance fat oxidation during aerobic exercise with a steady-state intensity. However, in real exercise scenarios, individuals habitually train with autoregulation of exercise intensity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of oral caffeine intake during self-paced cycling on autoregulated exercise intensity and substrate oxidation. Fifteen young and healthy participants (11 men and 4 women) participated in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over investigation. Each participant took part in 2 experimental days consisting of pedaling for 1 h with a self-selected wattage. Participants were told that they had to exercise at a moderate intensity to maximize fat oxidation. On one occasion participants ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine and on the other occasion ingested a placebo. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation rate, and carbohydrate oxidation rate were continuously measured during exercise by indirect calorimetry. In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake increased the self-selected wattage (on average, 105 ± 44 vs 117 ± 45 W, respectively, P < 0.001) which represented a higher total work during the cycling session (377 ± 157 vs 422 ± 160 kJ, P < 0.001). Caffeine increased total energy expenditure (543 ± 161 vs 587 ± 155 kcal, P = 0.042) but it did not affect total fat oxidation (24.7 ± 12.2 vs 22.9 ± 11.5 g, P = 0.509) or total carbohydrate oxidation (87.4 ± 22.4 vs 97.8 ± 32.3 g, P = 0.101). Acute caffeine ingestion before an exercise session with an individual's freedom to regulate intensity induces a higher self-selected exercise intensity and total work. The selection of a higher exercise intensity augments total energy expenditure but eliminates the effect of caffeine on substrate oxidation during exercise.

Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology

Abstract: Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, offers physiology students and exercise science professionals a complete look at the major topics and debates in the field of environmental physiology. In this second edition, Dr. Stephen Cheung is joined by the coauthor Dr. Phil Ainslie, who has extensive professional expertise in mountaineering and high-altitude physiology and has led numerous high-altitude research expeditions. Among the issues explored in this text are the effects of heat, hydration, and cold in the thermal environment; diving, altitude training, and other pressure effects on the human system; and the influences that pollution and air quality have on exercise. The text also explores the microgravity (space) environment and chronobiological rhythms. The second edition includes new chapters on heat adaptation and therapy, breath-hold diving, physiological adjustments to acute hypoxia, sex differences in environmental response, and cross-adaptation. Through Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, readers will learn the following: • The initial physiological responses upon exposure to an environment that a person is not adapted to • How the body adapts to repeated exposure to an environment • How various environments affect the ability to exercise and work • Individual variability in response to stressful environments • Countermeasures that people can take to minimize the impact of environmental stressors Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, contains twice the number of figures and illustrations from the previous edition to offer better visualization and explanation of the content. New learning aids include chapter objectives, chapter summaries, and review questions to enhance reader comprehension. Sidebars throughout the text highlight lively areas of current research and debate to stimulate further investigation. Supported by evidence-based information and numerous references, Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, addresses the primary environmental factors affecting people when they are working, exercising, and competing in sport. By linking research with recommendations for real-world situations, this text serves as an invaluable resource for students and professionals alike.

Metabolic and hormonal factors influencing high intensity exercise, recovery, and fatigue

Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to consider the metabolic mechanisms contributing to high intensity exercise performance, recovery, and fatigue. A further purpose is also to consider the total stress response to exercise by outlining the catecholamine responses to exercise performance

Editorial: Methods and applications in exercise physiology

Abstract: Exercise physiology is pivotal in optimizing health and performance as it influences various aspects of life, from sports performance to clinical rehabilitation and occupational health. Methods and Applications in Exercise Physiology aimed to highlight the latest experimental techniques and methods relating to research and practice. In this series, we capture recent advances in measurement techniques for 1) cardiorespiratory exercise testing, 2) athletic performance, and 3) health monitoring.

Editorial: Children's Exercise Physiology, Volume II

Abstract: 1 Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal, 2 The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal, 3 Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 6 Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 8 Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 9 Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 10 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal

Editorial: Insights in exercise physiology: 2021

Abstract: The roots of exercise physiology date back into antiquity, when Susruta (about 600 B.C.) in India was likely the first physician to prescribe moderate daily exercise, and Hippocrates (460–370 B.C.) in Greece was the first to provide a written exercise prescription, and Galen (129–210 A.D.) recommended to include regular physical activity in the management of avoiding illness (Tipton, 2014). While physiological concepts at that time were far from current understanding, it were findings from seminal research work published in the first three decades of the 20th century that laid the foundations of modern exercise physiology (Lindinger, 2022). For instance, August Krogh (regulation of oxygen supply to working muscles) and Archibald Vivian Hill (production of heat in the muscle and concept of maximal oxygen uptake) pioneered contemporary exercise physiology, both being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1920 and 1922, respectively. Subsequently hundreds of exercise laboratories have been set up around the world and thousands of publications contributed and still contribute to a more complete understanding of exercise physiology. In particular, during the past few decades, significant advances have been made in analytical laboratory techniques, where the fields of biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology pushed forward exercise science into a new era (Gomes et al., 2020). Part of the current scope of research in exercise physiology is represented by 11 papers contributing to the Research Topic “Insights in Exercise Physiology: 2021,” from different areas.

Editorial: Physiology in Medicine: From Rest to Exercise

Abstract: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 3 Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Editorial: Exercise physiology and its role in chronic disease prevention and treatment—mechanisms and insights

Abstract: M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), University Rennes, Rennes, France, Insrtitut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology& Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

I Think It Was 8? Validity Of Manual Wingate Power Estimates In An Exercise Physiology Lab Class.

Abstract: PURPOSE: The Wingate test (WAnT) is commonly taught in exercise physiology lab courses to assess anaerobic capacity and peak power output using the number of revolutions on a cycle ergometer. Despite adequate instruction and practice in lab classes, student counts often lack precision, which can significantly impact the calculations for key performance variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of student measurements through comparison with computerized results to determine if current teaching techniques in the exercise physiology lab class are adequate. Specifically, we looked at students’ revolution counts for total revolutions and number of revolutions in each 5 s interval of the test. METHODS: Exercise physiology undergraduate students (N = 28) were selected to conduct the WAnT test procedure using the Monark 894E after one class of instruction and practice. Computerized power ratings were collected simultaneously to student counts. Student results were then directly compared to scores from the Monark software. RESULTS: A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in revolution counts on the WAnT protocol compared to the measurements from the Monark anaerobic test software. Overall a statistically significant difference existed in counts, F(1,16) = 4.279, p = .022, with accuracy of counts decreasing over the course of the six stages, stage one .0441 ± .377 rpm’s, stage two .667 ± .360 rpm’s, stage three .706 ± .311 rpm’s, stage four .72 ± .279 rpm’s, stage five 1.044 ± .271 rpm’s, stage six 0.627 ± .24. rpm’s. CONCLUSIONS: Students accurately counted revolutions for the first five seconds; but the accuracy decreased as time progressed. Peak power estimates were accurate, but the mean anaerobic capacity and fatigue index was underestimated. These findings suggest that students need more practice conducting the WAnT before they are able to use the test in sport performance and research settings, especially if the goal is to calculate mean anaerobic capacity and fatigue index which requires accurate revolution counts for the entire 30 s. Exercise physiology lab instructors should consider spending more time teaching counting techniques, including the addition of partial revolution counts.

Case studies in physiology: Training adaptation in an elite athlete after breast cancer diagnosis.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity to return to competition of a 28-year-old female 400m hurdle elite athlete after a diagnosis of breast cancer. The study lasted 14 months after diagnosis. She was tested four times (T1-T4) to measure body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), percentage of total fat mass (TFM%), total fat-free mass (TFFM%), bone mineral density (BMD), one-repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal power (MP) in bench-press and half-squat, maximum oxygen uptake, 400m dash and hurdles. T0 (baseline time) was established with values prior to diagnosis. BM and BMI increased from T0 to T1 (5.3% and 5.2%) and remained stable. BMD experienced no change. TFM% values decreased from T1 to T4 (3.5%). TFFM% values increased from T1 to T3 (0.9%). During T1-T2, the athlete presented a global decline from T0 in 1RMSquat, 1RMBench, MPSquat and MPBench (32.6%, 27.2%, 37.5%, 27.6%, respectively). Results during T3-T4 were also lower for these parameters from T0 (23.3%, 20.6%, 23.4%, 11%). During T1-T2, the VO2max declined, compared to T0 (1.8% and 6.4%), showing a small increase at T3 (+1%) and reaching the lowest level at T4 (9%). During T1-T2, the time record of 400 m dash (8.3%) and hurdles (7.4%) increased. However, a slight improvement was found at T3 (1.3% and 0.6%, respectively). that exercise training improved body composition, maintained BMD and TFFM, but could not completely reverse the worsening of the cardiorespiratory, muscle strength and power, and running performance levels.