Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 1994"
TL;DR: The authors argued that Brown and Levinson's claim to provide a universally valid model of face is empirically inadequate; the dynamics of Chinese face call for an alternative, and more flexible framework.
597 citations
Book•
01 Oct 1994
TL;DR: This paper used the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit to evaluate interdiscourse communication in English as a global language and found that it is ambiguous by nature and our inferences tend to be f ixed, not tentative.
Abstract: Intro -- Intercultural Communication -- Contents -- Figures -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- 1: What Is a Discourse Approach? -- The Problem with Culture -- Culture is a verb -- Discourse -- Discourse systems -- What Is Communication? -- Language is ambiguous by nature -- We must draw inferences about meaning -- Our inferences tend to be f ixed, not tentative -- Our inferences are drawn very quickly -- Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language -- What This Book Is Not -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Four processes of ethnography -- Four types of data in ethnographic research -- Choosing a site of investigation -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 2: How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language -- Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning -- Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations -- Grammar of Context -- Seven main components for a grammar of context -- Scene -- Key -- Participants -- Message form -- Sequence -- Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked -- Manifestation -- Variation in context grammar -- "Culture" and Context -- High context and low context situations -- Researching Interdiscourse Communication -- Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit -- Discussion Questions -- References for Further Study -- 3: Interpersonal Politeness and Power -- Communicative Style or Register -- Face -- The "self" as a communicative identity -- The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence -- Politeness strategies of involvement and independence -- Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples -- Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples -- Face Systems -- Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy -- Deference face system (−P, +D).
556 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present new challenges to be more culturally sensitive to the unique experience of international students in developing satisfying social relationships, and propose a method to address these challenges.
Abstract: Increasing numbers of international students are coming to America to pursue their education. College counselors face new challenges to be more culturally sensitive to the unique experience of these students in developing satisfying social relationships.
323 citations
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TL;DR: AIT offers an excellent forum for consideration of the role of theory in intervention for clinicians engaged in treatment of persons with communication disorders and is being held up to the scrutiny of both the clinical and research communities.
Abstract: In summary, authors Rimland, Edelson, and Veale are to be commended for bringing the topic of auditory integration training forward for professional review and debate AIT offers an excellent forum for consideration of the role of theory in intervention for clinicians engaged in treatment of persons with communication disorders Each clinician must take a step back on occasion and face the question about treatment efficacy from an objective, data-driven perspective Such public discussion of AIT as intervention inevitably leads to reexamination of what is meant by success/failure in treatment; indeed, what constitutes intervention itself AIT is being held up to the scrutiny of both the clinical and research communities, and, if it is valid, it will withstand such inquiry and will even advance our understanding of some very perplexing disorders In order for that to happen, responsible researchers and clinicians must be willing to shed biases, ask questions, conduct studies, and report them to their profe
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a theory of program planning practice that takes power and interests as central to action and asks what educators can do to plan responsibly, in which educators negotiate interests in organizational contexts structured by power relations.
Abstract: This article proposes a theory of program planning practice that takes power and interests as central to action and asks what educators can do to plan responsibly. Program planning is defined as a social activity in which educators negotiate interests in organizational contexts structured by power relations. We explain four central concepts on which the theory is based: power, interests, negotiation, and responsibility. By tying these four concepts together, the theory urges planners to nurture a substantively democratic planning process in the face of power relations that either support or threaten this vision. We argue that this theory meets the criteria for any social theory to be empirically fitting, practically appropriate, and ethically illuminating.
91 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared Greek and German conversational styles and discussed politeness not with respect to a single, face-threatening, act, but within the context of the speech event as a whole, and pointed out some consequences for the Brown and Levinson theory.
88 citations
TL;DR: Indirection plays a significant role in conversational management as well as in the maintenance of face and in politeness as discussed by the authors, and it finds expression in proverbs, circumlocution, innuendoes, metaphors, euphemisms, etc.
67 citations
Book•
28 Jun 1994
TL;DR: From rough house to rule of law for love and money colonialism by consent Europe goes its own way football becomes the world game teaching the masters the changing face of the people's game Third World, new world out of Africa towards 2002.
Abstract: From rough house to rule of law for love and money colonialism by consent Europe goes its own way football becomes the world game teaching the masters the changing face of the people's game Third World, new world out of Africa towards 2002.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that while these issues contribute to the argument favoring regional governance, actual solutions with the capacity and legitimacy to work remain elusive in metropolitan regions, whether growing or declining, face serious strategic issues in economic development, infrastructure, environmental protection, and social equity.
Abstract: Metropolitan regions, whether growing or declining, face serious strategic issues in the arenas of economic development, infrastructure, environmental protection, and social equity. While these issues contribute to the argument favoring regional governance, actual solutions with the capacity and legitimacy to work remain elusive.
35 citations
TL;DR: In the Dodecanese island of Kalymnos as discussed by the authors, the inhabitants of the island draw on a plethora of "others" in discussing the traits which, they believe, epitomize their own culture and identity.
Abstract: Throughout the world people employ the terms "modernity " and "tradition " (or local glosses) to describe the relationship between the West and the non-West Yet the simple equation of the West with modernity and the non-West with tradition hides the complex discourses people use in constructing group identities as they place their societies in the world system In particular it obscures the multiple national/international intersections of these discourses and their role in objectifying culture in ways that promote change The inhabitants of the Dodecanese island of Kalymnos draw on a plethora of "others" in discussing the traits which, they believe, epitomize their own "culture" and "identity " "Dispositive and negative valuations that Kalymnians give to these "others" suggest the different ways they face the dilemmas of "modernity" and transcend any simple division of Greek identity between "East"and "West" Recent work on Modern Greek identity has focused on the differing historical pasts that inform Greek consciousness in the present Scholars such as Herzfeld (1982), Kyriakidou-Nestoros (1986) and Petropulos (1978), among odiers, have examined how Greek intellectuals give prominence to or neglect differing aspects of the Classical, Byzantine, and Ottoman pasts in promulgating their competing visions of Greek identity Herzfeld, in his edinographically grounded studies (1985, 1991), has expanded this approach to "the past in the present" by examining die way these different historical pasts may be claimed and disputed at die level of everyday social practices such as sheep theft and architectural restoration This work has led me to ask about a differendy refracted view of the past, one that preoccupies ordinary Greek people as well as Greece's national policy makers and intellectuals It is die past encapsulated by die concept of "tradition" in contrast to the concept of "modernity" While "tradition" has been a key analytic concept in early
TL;DR: Gifted Black students face many barriers to achievement and motivation, including social, cultural, and psychological constraints as discussed by the authors, and this article addresses the concept of underachievement among gifte...
Abstract: Gifted Black students face many barriers to achievement and motivation, including social, cultural, and psychological constraints. This article addresses the concept of underachievement among gifte...
01 Nov 1994
TL;DR: The authors argued that words stand for things of various kinds and for various kinds of things and are capable of expressing our thoughts, our beliefs, our conjectures, desires and wishes, but it flies in the face of formidable authority.
Abstract: Words stand for things of various kinds and for various kinds of things. Because words do this, the sentences made up of words mean what they do, and are capable of expressing our thoughts, our beliefs and conjectures, desires and wishes. This simple idea seems right to me, but it flies in the face of formidable authority. In a famous passage in "Reality without Reference," Donald Davidson criticizes what he calls the "building-block theory":
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a proposal that attempts to address some of the limitations of previous approaches and to extend their application to facework based on an ethogenic hierarchical analysis of action sequences in social episodes, and derive a procedure for coding discourse in terms of its functions with respect to the face of speakers and hearers.
Abstract: The Brown-Levinson (1987) theory of politeness has attracted a great deal of attention from a variety of disciplines. However, the lack of systematic methods for assessing discourse in terms of politeness has hampered the evaluation and development of the theory and the comparison of findings from different studies. The authors present a proposal that attempts to address some of the limitations of previous approaches and to extend their application to facework. The authors describe a theme for conceptualizing facework in discourse based on an ethogenic hierarchical analysis of action sequences in social episodes. From that scheme a procedure is derived for coding discourse in terms of its functions with respect to the face of speakers and hearers. The procedure is illustrated with examples from a research project on the use of facework in letters of appeal in an academic context.
TL;DR: Rational choice theory has altered the face not only of political science, but also of sociology and organizational theory as mentioned in this paper, and has had profound effects on the practical world of policy.
Abstract: Few people would disagree that politics is a contest over ‘who gets what, when, and
how’ (Lasswell 1936). Clearly and inevitably, it involves strategy and tactics,
gamesmanship, bargaining, coalition building, and the like. How to ‘win’ at politics has
fascinated humans since the dawn of history. But, until comparatively recently, the ‘how
to win’ literature was mainly a collection of pithy insights and proverbs. It was far from
anything resembling a science capable of analyzing, let alone predicting, the relevant
strategic permutations. With the advent and development of rational choice theory-of
which game theory (von Neumann and Morgenstern 1944), collective choice theory
(Arrow 1951, Black 1958, Buchanan and Tullock 1962, Riker 1962), and economics are
but three branches-all this has changed. Rational choice theory has altered the face
not only of political science, but of sociology and organizational theory. While not
dominant, and indeed often controversial in these fields (e.g., Lowi 1992), these new
approaches, grouped under the rubric of rational choice theory, have permanently
altered their landscapes. Moreover, beyond influencing the social science disciplines, the
new approaches have had profound effects on the practical world of policy. The whole
field of policy analysis (for better or worse) is heavily influenced by economic models
and the cost-benefit paradigm. Government policies, big business strategies, and
international calculations with respect to war and peace are increasingly influenced by
mathematical modelling and game theoretic approaches (see, e.g., Bueno de Mesquita et
al. 1985, Lewyn 1994).
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The project of modernity is coming to completion; not in the sense of the achievement of the full rationalization of life prophesied by Habermas, but in the final accomplishment of MacIntyre's'moral catastrophe' as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: S THE millenium draws to a close, the old signs of epistemological certainty and the trusted grounds and resources of moral and political .jL act on lie weakened. The relentless critique of cognitive or practical discourses of foundation has accelerated the process of dissolution of foundations. The project of modernity is coming to completion; not in the sense of the achievement of the full rationalization of life prophesied by Habermas, but in the final accomplishment of MacIntyre’s ’moral catastrophe’. The melancholy of the end, the mourning for the weakening of the social bond have been paradoxically or predictably accompanied by a great call for a return to ethical values and moral principles throughout public life. ’Back to Basics&dquo; is the rallying cry of the 1990s. No area is experiencing this anxiety of morality stronger than law. The ’crisis of law’ has finally taken on a moral dimension, a demand for an ethics. The signs of this ethical concern are everywhere. There is widespread anxiety about access
TL;DR: In this paper, the future of training in educational and school psychology as we move towards the end of the 20th century is discussed, and the authors question whether we are adequately preparing trainees for the rapidly changing demands that face us.
Abstract: What is the future of training in educational and school psychology as we move towards the end of the 20th century? Are we adequately preparing trainees for the rapidly changing demands that face t...
26 Jun 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the introduction of a notion of independence in possibility theory is a problem of long-standing interest, and the definitions that have up to now been given in the literature face some difficulties as far as interpretation is concerned.
Abstract: The introduction of a notion of independence in possibility theory is a problem of long-standing interest. The definitions that have up to now been given in the literature face some difficulties as far as interpretation is concerned. Also, there are inconsistencies between the definition of independence of measurable sets and possibilistic variables. After a discussion of these definitions and their shortcomings, we suggest a new definition, that is consistent in this respect. Furthermore, we show that in the special case of classical, two-valued possibility our definition has a straightforward and natural interpretation. >
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This article provided an ethnography of a Chinese middle school based on fieldwork conducted in 1988 to 1989 and provided a way of looking at classroom and societal interactions in terms of the interplay among criticism, face and shame.
Abstract: This text provides an ethnography of a Chinese middle school based on fieldwork conducted in 1988 to 1989. It provides a way of looking at classroom and societal interactions in terms of the interplay among criticism, face and shame.
TL;DR: The Face We Put On: Carl Jung for Teachers The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol 67, No 4, pp 189-191 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: (1994) The Face We Put On: Carl Jung for Teachers The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol 67, No 4, pp 189-191
TL;DR: The social science literature of the 1980s and 1990s may have overemphasized minority school failure and the difficulties of meeting the needs of a rapidly increasing population in the United States as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The social science literature of the 1980s and 1990s may have overemphasized minority school failure and the difficulties of meeting the needs of a rapidly increasing population in the United States. Recently, however, educational anthropology and critical theory have been focusing on new and more hopeful perspectives, on the success stories and the learned lessons that can help us face the educational challenges of the 21st century. My comments are organized in two parts. One is a recapitulation of the contributions made by the authors of the various articles, and the issues requiring additional attention. The second part is an attempt to link two theoretical perspectives as foundational to the understanding of teacher empowerment: cultural therapy and critical pedagogy.