Showing papers on "Gasoline published in 1985"

Conversion of synthesis gas to diesel fuel and gasoline

Abstract: Synthesis gas is converted to diesel fuel and a high octane gasoline in two stages. In the first stage the synthesis gas is converted to straight chain paraffins mainly boiling in the diesel fuel boiling range utilizing a catalyst consisting essentially of cobalt, preferably promoted with a Group IIIB or IVB metal oxide, on a support of gamma-alumina, eta-alumina or mixtures thereof. A straight chain paraffin portion of the effluent in the C 5 -C 9 range is converted in a second stage to a highly aromatic and branched chain paraffinic gasoline using a platinum group metal catalyst.

Ethanol to gasoline process: effect of variables, mechanism, and kinetics

Abstract: The conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons by use of a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was studied. The effects of zeolite Si/Al ratio, ethanol dilution, and process variables (temperature, space velocity, pressure, and recycle rate of gaseous products) were established. Results were justified in accordance with a carbenium ion mechanism previously suggested in the literature. This process could be described by a second-order reaction with simultaneous formation of paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The experimental data agreed with the model wit a mean deviation of less than 10%. The thermochemistry of the ethanol to hydrocarbon process is considered.

Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language

Abstract: Preface The evolution of petroleum refining From the oil P\patch to the refinery Crude oil characteristics Distilling Vacuum flashing The chemistry of petroleum Refinery gas plants Cat cracking Alkylation Cat reforming Hydrocracking Isomerization Residue reduction Gasoline Distillate and residual fuels Hydrogen, hydrotreating, and sulfur plants Asphalt Lubricants Ethylene plants Simple and complex refineries Solvent recovery of aromatics Fuel values - heating values Answers to the exercises Glossary Index.

Volatility characteristics of gasoline-alcohol and gasoline-ether fuel blends

Abstract: Determination de la pression de vapeur et des caracteristiques de distillation d'essences, de melanges alcool-essence et ether-essence

Compositions, concentrates, lubricant compositions and methods for improving fuel economy of internal combustion engines

Abstract: Fuel economy of internal combustion engines, especially gasoline engines, is improved by lubricating such engines with lubricant compositions comprising A. at least one tartrate of the formula wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbon-based group and the sum of carbon atoms in both the R groups is at least about 8; and 13. at least one oil-soluble detergent and dispersant.

Process for the production of aromatic fuel

Abstract: An aromatic gasoline component is prepared in a multi-step petroleum refining process starting with a heavy carbometallic petroleum fraction which is catalytically cracked to yield a light catalytic cycle oil which, in turn, is mildly hydrogenated to produce a partially saturated bicyclic hydrocarbon fraction which itself is catalytically cracked to yield a monoaromatic hydrocarbon fraction from which is recovered a gasoline product. The bicyclic hydrocarbons are converted to monoaromatics by selective partial saturation and ring scission.

Hydrocarbon fuel composition containing carbonate additive

Abstract: Hydrocarbon fuels heavier than gasoline, especially diesel fuel compositions, contain carbonate additives, preferably non-aromatic, metals-free carbonates, to reduce particulate emissions therefrom when combusted in an internal combustion engine.

Method for control of octane requirement increase in an internal combustion engine having manifold and/or combustion surfaces which inhibit the formation of engine deposits

Abstract: The control of the octane requirement increase phenomenon in an internal combustion engine is achieved by introducing into an internal combustion engine, having manifold and/or combustion surfaces which inhibit the formation of engine deposits, along with the combustion charge, a fuel composition containing an octane requirement increase-inhibiting amount of (a) an oil-soluble iron compound and (b) carboxylic acids and/or ester derivatives thereof. In particular the esters of a tertiary alcohol and an unsubstituted, mono-carboxylic acid having at least two carbon atoms, e.g., t-butylacetate, in combination with dicyclopentadienyl iron provides an effective octane requirement increase-inhibiting additive for said internal combustion engine. Preferably the manifold and combustion surfaces of said internal combustion engine are coated with a low density alumina or zirconia coating. More preferably said alumina or zirconia coating further comprises a carbon gasification catalyst, e.g. a nickel, cobalt and manganese-containing catalyst or an iron, copper and cerium-containing catalyst, dispersed therein.

Determination of alcohols in gasoline/alcohol blends by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

Abstract: A simple, rapid procedure for the determination of alcohols in gasoline/alcohol mixtures is described. The method takes advantage of a window in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (/sup 1/H NMR) spectrum of gasoline that extends from a chemical shift of delta 2.8 to 6.8 ppm. Foreign substances that have resonances in this region may be readily determined. Methanol in gasoline is quantified by integration of the methyl singlet at delta 3.4 ppm. The method gives linear calibration curves in the range of 0-25% methanol with a detection limit of less than 0.1%. The application of this technique to other alcohols is also presented. 14 references, 5 figures, 2 tables.

Performance and Knock Limits of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends in Spark-Ignited Engines

Abstract: Ethanol-gasoline blends have been investigated as a spark-ignition engine fuel. The work was carried out on a Ricardo E6 variable compression engine in which all the significant operating parameters can be varied and accurately measured including onset of knock. Various blends were used (10 to 70% ethanol by volume) and the effects of mixture strength, ignition timing and speed on the highest useful compression ratio were accurately defined. Borderline road test data were evaluated using information on reference fuels and the required performance of the automatic spark advance mechanism was deduced. The results revealed that higher concentration of ethanol in the blend greatly enhances knock resistance. A blend of 50% gasoline and 50% ethanol produced the highest output in both the rich and lean mixture regions. The performance of the automatic spark advance mechanism was found to vary considerably with various blends and mixture strengths. The sensitivity of optimum power attainment to ignition timing and mixture strength was illustrated. Also the saving in mechanical octanes was put forward.

Carbon dioxide stimulated oil recovery process

Abstract: A method for recovering petroleum from a subterranean petroleum formation penetrated by at least one well in fluid communication with the formation, by a cyclic carbon dioxide injection procedure comprising injecting carbon dioxide into the well followed by a soak period, followed by a production of oil from the formation, wherein the improvement comprises introducing a predetermined quantity of hydrocarbon such as high API gravity crude oil, naphtha, kerosene, gasoline or aromatic solvent which will remain liquid at the temperature of the formation into the formation immediately after introducing the carbon dioxide slug and before the soak and production steps, to dissolve high molecular weight fraction of the crude oil left in the flow channels of the formation, which are recovered from the formation in the production phase. The volume of solvent use is sufficient to fill the well and saturate the formation for a distance of from 4 to 10 feet into the formation.

Control of temperature exotherms in the conversion of methanol to gasoline hydrocarbons

Abstract: A reactor bed, particularly one designed for converting alcohols to gasoline, is provided with a section downstream of the catalyst bed filled with high heat capacity thermal absorptive material. When the circulation of recycled gas to the system is temporarily suspended automatic valves terminate the injection of alcohol feedstock and begin the injection of inert gases such as methane into the system, thereby avoiding the formation of a hot spot which would subsequently damage the catalyst and equipment downstream.

Characterization of emissions from vehicles using methanol and methanol-gasoline blended fuels

Abstract: Exhaust and evaporative emissions were examined from vehicles fueled with methanol or a gasoline-methanol blend. Regulated automobile pollutants, as well as detailed hydrocarbons, methanol, and aldehydes were measured, and exhaust emission trends were obtained for vehicle operation over five different driving cycles. Results indicated that use of the blended fuel does not generally have any significant effect on base-line exhaust emission rates of regulated pollutants; however, emission rates of aldehydes increased during the Federal Test Procedure. Aldehyde emissions from the methanol-fueled car were roughly an order of magnitude higher than those resulting from blended fuel usage. The hydrocarbon composition of evaporative emissions with the blended fuel was similar to that with the base-line fuel except when canister breakthrough occurred. Evaporative emissions during breakthrough were comprised chiefly of N-butane.

Process for making high octane gasoline

Abstract: A process for converting the naphtha fractions distilled from crude oil into greater volumes than heretofore of a gasoline product having higher octane number and a distillate stream of improved cetane number and smoke point by sending the lower boiling naphtha fraction directly to the gasoline pool and subjecting the higher boiling naphtha fraction to a mild reforming treatment, extracting the reformate to separate two streams, aromatics which are directed to the pool and paraffins which are sent to a splitter to separate the paraffin stream into fractions greater than C 8 and a C 8 or less fraction. The C 8 or less fraction is cracked, thermally or catalytically and alkylated and/or polymerized before being directed to the gasoline pool. The fraction from the splitter containing hydrocarbons greater than C 8 can be used in the distillate pool.

Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Potential of Agricultural Materials

Abstract: A project has been under development at Arizona State University (ASU) since 1975 with the goal of producing quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels from cellulosic and waste polymer materials. An indirect liquefaction approach is used, i. e. gasification to synthesis gas followed by liquefaction of the synthesis gas. The primary virtue of an indirect liquefaction approach for cellulosic type feedstocks is that the oxygen contained in the materials is easily separated. Thus the hydrocarbon liquid is free of oxygenated compounds and can therefore be tailored to match transportation fuel products currently derived from petroleum (e. g. diesel, jet fuels, high octane gasoline).

The Effect of the Combustion Chamber Deposits on Octane Requirement Increase and Fuel Economy

Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of combustion chamber deposits on octane requirement increase (ORI) and fuel economy, we carried out fleet test, bench engine test and mini-engine test which was developed in our laboratory.

Conversion of synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbons

Abstract: This invention provides a process for converting synthesis gas to hydrocarbon fuels in the C5 -C24 (gasoline and distillate) range. The conversion proceeds with minimal formation of by-product fractions. The conversion is accomplished with a low nitrogen content iron catalyst intimately mixed with a selected zeolite.

Clear stable motor fuel composition

Abstract: A process for converting a hazy water saturated alcohol-gasoline blend into a clear, stable gasoline composition having an improved octane rating. The conversion is made by adding to and blending with the hazy gasoline, a nonionic surfactant of an alkanoic acid derivative.

Conversion of hazy gasoline to clear stable gasoline

Abstract: A process for converting a hazy or potentially hazy water saturated alcohol-gasoline blend into a clear, stable gasoline composition having an improved octane rating. The conversion is made by adding to and blending with the hazy gasoline, a nonionic surfactant of an aminated polyisopropoxylated polyethoxylated alkylphenol.

Device for absorbing liquid contaminants such as oil and gasoline and fumes thereof

Abstract: Presented is a device which includes a container within which is confined a body of material that will absorb liquid oil and gasoline and also the fumes generated by these two liquid contaminants. The container is provided with a multiplicity of openings formed in such a way as to prevent the intrusion of water with which the oil and gasoline may be mixed, but which permits the passage of the oil and gasoline. The container is constructed in such a way that as the weight of the container increases because of the absorption of liquid oil and gasoline floating on water, the container progressively sinks into the water until the openings in the container are completely submerged, thus entrapping within the container all of the oil and gasoline that has been absorbed and the fumes thereof. When placed in a compartment where liquid oil or gasoline is present in the absence of water, the device will absorb the oil and gasoline and vapors thereof and retain them trapped within the container.

Shaping process makes fuels

Abstract: The Mobil Olefin to Gasoline and Distillate (MOGD) process is described in which light olefinic compunds can be converted to high quality gasoline and distillate. This process, now ready for commercialization is based on a unique synthetic zeolite catalyst, the shape of which selectively oligomerizes light olefins to higher molecular weight iso-olefins. The highly flexible process can be designed to produce distillate/gasoline ratios of 0/100 to 90/10 for a commercial plant, depending on market requirements. MOGD is applicable to a wide range of feed streams ranging from ethylene to 400 degrees F end point olefinic naphtha. The process has been tested using commercially produced catalyst in refinery-scale equipment.

Hydrogen energy releasing catalyst

Abstract: A hydrogen energy releasing catalyst comprises a liposoluble organometallic lithium and a vehicle or diluent oil. A process for preparing the aforementioned catalyst which comprises dissolving or dispersing a liposoluble organometallic lithium in a vehicle or diluent oil. A method of using the aforementioned catalyst which comprises adding it to a hydrocarbon fuel at a specified catalyst-to-fuel ratio according to the type of fuel and the combustion device used. In the case of a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine, the mileage increases from 15% to 35%, while in a furnace or boiler, the fuel efficiency increases from 20% to 35%.

Fuel compositions for lessening valve seat recession

Abstract: A fuel composition for internal combustion engines, and more particularly, a fuel composition for internal combustion engines containing less than about 0.5 gram of lead per liter of fuel is described. The fuel composition comprises a major amount of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a minor, property improving amount of (A) at least one hydrocarbon-soluble alkali or alkaline earth metal-containing composition, and (B) at least one hydrocarbon-soluble ashless dispersant. When a mixture of the metal-containing composition (A) and the ashless dispersant (B) are incorporated into gasolines containing less than about 0.5 gram of lead per liter of fuel, the treated fuel exhibits improved stability and water tolerance, and when the unleaded or low lead-containing fuels of the present invention are utilized in internal combustion engines, there is a significant reduction in valve seat recession. Methods of reducing valve seat recession in internal combustion engines utilizing lead free or low lead-containing fuels also are described.

Anti-wear additives for alcohol fuels

Abstract: A novel fuel composition contains methanol or methanol/gasoline blends plus, as a wear-inhibiting additive, a reaction product of polyoxyisopropylenediamine, maleic anhydride and N-alkyl-1,3-propane diamine.

Octane and total yield improvements in catalytic cracking

Abstract: Addition of AgHZSM-5 to conventional cracking catalysts results in a significant increase in gasoline octane without undue loss in gasoline yield. This octane increase is greater than could be achieved by adding HZSM-5.