Showing papers on "Gender history published in 2006"

Gender Matters: Ethnographers Bring Gender from the Periphery toward the Core of Migration Studies

Abstract: Ethnographers from anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines have been at the forefront of efforts to bring gender into scholarship on international and transnational migration. This article traces the long and often arduous history of these scholars’ efforts, arguing that though gender is now less rarely treated merely as a variable in social science writing on migration, it is still not viewed by most researchers in the field as a key constitutive element of migrations. The article highlights critical advances in the labor to engender migration studies, identifies under-researched topics, and argues that there have been opportunities when, had gender been construed as a critical force shaping migrations, the course of research likely would have shifted. The main example developed is the inattention paid to how gendered recruitment practices structure migrations – the fact that gender sways recruiters’ conceptions of appropriate employment niches for men versus women.

The Nature of Gender: Work, Gender, and Environment

Abstract: Gender has long been recognised as important within environmental issues, but there has been considerable debate over how to conceptualise the gender–environment nexus. As feminist theorising around women and gender has changed, so have conceptualisations about gender and environment, leading to a key debate within ecofeminism and related literatures about whether there is an essential or a contingent relationship between women and natural environments. Within geography, most political ecologists work with the assumption that the gender–environment nexus is a contingent relationship, and thus investigate how gender relations are salient in the symbolic and material construction of environmental issues. In this paper I seek to build from this work and again raise the issue of how gender is conceptualised in relation to environment. I begin by briefly reviewing some of the work that has been done on gender and environment and then draw from poststructural feminism to suggest that gender itself has been unde...

Practising Gender at Work: Further Thoughts on Reflexivity

Abstract: In an effort to make visible the subtle and seldom acknowledged aspects of gendering dynamics, Martin focuses on unreflexive practices that both communicate and constitute gender in paid work settings. She reviews the distinction between practices that are culturally available to ‘do gender’ and the literal practising of gender that is constituted through interaction. While acknowledging that agency is involved in any practicing of gender, she considers how intentionality and agency intersect, arguing that people in powerful positions routinely practise gender without being reflexive about it. Defining practising as emergent, directional, temporal, rapid, immediate and indeterminate, Martin shows how these qualities affect men as well as women in unexpected and often harmful ways. She concludes with a call for innovative ways to ‘catch gender in practice’ and for attention to reflexivity's role in the ongoing constitution of gender at work.

The Business of Ethics and Gender

Abstract: Unethical decision-making behavior within organizations has received increasing attention over the past ten years. As a result, a plethora of studies have examined the relationship between gender and business ethics. However, these studies report conflicting results as to whether or not men and women differ with regards to business ethics. In this article, we propose that gender identity theory [Spence: 1993, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 624–635], provides both the theory and empirical measures to explore the influence of psychological gender traits and gender-role attitudes on ethical perceptions of workplace behaviors. Statistical analyses of the data reveal that based on sex alone, no differences occur between men and women in their ethical perceptions. Yet, when a multidimensional approach to gender is applied, results show that expressive traits and egalitarian gender-role attitudes contribute to both men’s and women’s propensity to perceive unethical workplace behaviors as unethical. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are presented.

Gender and Language Theory and Practice

Abstract: Introduction Part I Theorizations of gender and language 1. Putting gender and language on the map 2. The 'language of women': lacking, powerless, different 3. The shift to discourse: the discursive construction of gendered identities Part II Gender in context 4. Gender and language in education 5. Gender and language in the media 6. Gender and language in the workplace Part III Researching gender and language 7. Starting points for researchers, teachers and students

Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Legal and Criminal Justice Occupations

Abstract: 1. Introduction : changes in criminal justice, occupations, and women in the workplace -- The CJS : mission, processes, and workforce -- Historical context of women in justice occupations -- Legal changes -- Equal employment opportunity law -- Sexual harassment law -- Pregnancy and family leave -- Systemic reforms and expanded opportunities for women -- Women and today's justice occupations -- Contents of the second edition of this book -- A note on perspective and terminology -- Endnotes --

The Other Half of Gender: Men's Issues in Development

Abstract: The vulnerabilities of men have received limited attention in development research and programming. In Liberia, men's lack of access to employment and land and their loss of traditional power and authority lay at the heart of the violence and conflict that led to the near destruction of the country. It is thus important that men's concerns, in addition to women's, be bought into focus in the development literature and practice. This book by the World Bank makes an important contribution to this end. Her Excellency Mrs. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf President of Liberia The Other Half of Gender brings the gender and development debate full circle - from a much-needed focus on empowering women to a more comprehensive gender framework that considers gender as a system that affects both women and men. It draws on a slowly emerging realization that attaining the vision of gender equality will be difficult, if not impossible, without changing the ways in which masculinities are defined and acted upon.

Gender, Culture and Society : Contemporary Femininities and Masculinities

Abstract: Introduction: Gender Relations in Context Approaching Gender: Feminism, Men's Studies and the Cultural Turn Fragmenting Family Life: Maternal Femininities and Paternal Masculinities In and Out of Labour: Beyond the Cult of Domesticity and Breadwinners Interplaying Gender and Age in Late Modernity Sporting Genders: Media Masculinities and Femininities Shifting Gender Connections: Sexuality, Late Modernity and Lifestyle Sex Representing Engendered Bodies: Producing the Cultural Categories 'Men' and 'Women' Men and Women of the World: Emerging Representations of Global Gender Relations Gender on the Move: The Search for a New Sex/Gender Order in Late Modernity Conclusion

Reconceptualizing the gendered body: learning and constructing masculinities and femininities in school

Abstract: How children learn to construct and enact masculinities and femininities is clearly an issue for education and one that has been explored in a wide variety of ways. In recent years, however, our conceptions of gender have once again become problematic, particularly given a gradual slippage regarding the sex/gender distinction and the increasing use of ‘gender’ to refer to matters of biology as well as those pertaining to the social. We now need to rethink how we understand what it is to be male and female, masculine and feminine, and whether the sex/gender distinction and related dualisms are useful to our conceptualization of gender. One way to do this is to focus on the construction of gender in the social systems of which children are a part, including the schooling system. In this paper I consider the legacy of Cartesian dualism both for our understanding of sex and gender and for the schooling system, exploring the interconnections between the two. I examine how the Cartesian legacy underpins the dis...

The Sage handbook of gender and communication

Abstract: The Evolution of Gender and Communication Research: Intersections of Theory, Politics, and Scholarship - Bonnie J. Dow and Julia T. Wood Part I: Gender and Communication in Interpersonal Contexts Introduction - Julia T. Wood 1: Performing Gender and Interpersonal Communication Research - Elizabeth Bell and Daniel Blaeuer 2: Gendered Communication in Dating Relationship - Sandra Metts 3: Gender and Family Interaction: Dress Rehearsal for an Improvisation? - Kathleen M. Galvin 4: Communication and Gender Among Adult Friends - Michael Monsour 5: Gendered Communication and Intimate Partner Violence - Michael P. Johnson Part II: Gender and Communication in Organizational Contexts Introduction - Dennis K. Mumby 6: Back to Work: Sights/Sites of Difference in Gender and Organizational Communication Studies - Karen Lee Ashcraft 7: Construction Embodied Organizational Identites: Commodifying, Securing, and Servicing Professional Bodies - Angela Trethewey, Cliff Scott, and Marianne Le Greco 8: Love, Sex, and Tech in the Global Workplace - Nikki C. Townsley 9: Gendered Stories of Career: Unfolding Discourses of Time, Space, and Identity - Patrice Buzzanell and Kristen Lucas Part III: Gender and Communication in Rhetorical Contexts Introduction - Karlyn Kohrs Campbell 10: Gender and Public Address - Karlyn Khors Campbell and Zornitsa Keremidchieva 11: Gender in Political Communication Research: The Problem With Having No Name - Vanessa B. Beasley 12: The Intersections of Race and Gender in Rhetorical Theory and Praxis - Jacqueline Bacon 13: Rhetoric and Gender in Greco-Roman Theorizing - Cheryl Glenn and Rosalyn Collings Eves 14: A Vexing Relationship: Gender and Contemporary Rhetorical Theory - Nathan Stormer Part IV: Gender and Communication in Mediated Contexts Introduction - Bonnie J. Dow 15: Feminism and/in Mass Media - Angharad N. Valdivia and Sarah Projansky 16: Gender, Race, and Media Representation - Dwight E. Brooks and Lisa P. Hebert 17: Critical Studies in Gender/Sexuality and Media - John M. Sloop 18: Gendered Violence and Mass Media Representation - Lisa M. Cuklanz 19: Gender and New Media - Mia Consalvo Part V: Gender and Communication in Intercultural and Global Contexts Introduction - Fern L. Johnson 20: Gender With/out Borders: Discursive Dynamics of Gender, Race, and Culture - Lisa A. Flores 21: Negotiating Boundaries, Crossing Borders: The Language of Black Women's Intercultural Encounters - Marsha Houston and Karla D. Scott 22: Transgressing Gender in Discourses Across Cultures - Fern L. Johnson 23: Globalizing Gender Studies in Communication - Radha S. Hegde

The Modern Girl and Racial Respectability in 1930s South Africa

Abstract: This essay rethinks the gender history and historiography of interwar sub-Saharan Africa by deploying the heuristic device of the ‘modern girl’ to consider how global circuits of representation and commerce informed this period of gender tumult. This device has been developed by a research group at the University of Washington to understand the global emergence during the 1920s and 1930s of female figures identified by their cosmopolitan look, their explicit eroticism and their use of specific commodities. Previous scholarship has suggested that a black modern girl imbricated in international circuits of images, ideologies and commodities only became visible in southern Africa in the post-Second World War period. Yet, analysis of the black newspaper Bantu World reveals the emergence of such a figure by the early 1930s. The modern girl heuristic helps to situate race as a key category of analysis in scholarship on women and gender in interwar Africa as contemporaries consistently debated her in racial terms. In South Africa, some social observers saw African young women’s school education, professional careers and cosmopolitan look as contributing to ‘racial uplift’. Others accused the African modern girl of ‘prostituting’ her sex and race by imitating white, coloured or Indian women, and by delaying or avoiding marriage, dressing provocatively and engaging in premarital and inter-racial sex. Cosmetics use was one of the most contentious issues surrounding the black modern girl because it drew attention to the phenotypic dimensions of racial distinctions. By analysing a beauty contest in Bantu World together with articles and letters on, and advertisements for, cosmetics, this essay demonstrates how, in white-dominated segregationist South Africa, the modern girl emerged through and posed challenges to categories of race and respectability.

Gender and Migration: Historical Perspectives

Abstract: Gender has become a category of concern for many historians of migration in scholarship of the 2000s. This article notes a variety of factors which made it possible and likely for historians to turn to questions of gender. The article surveys historiography on migration and gender as it developed in the late twentieth century and explores some current directions in this scholarship, on a variety of geographic scales: global, national, and local. It emphasizes the need for longitudinal analysis in any study of gender and migration, and notes some approaches to the concept of time used by historians.

Gender and Language

Abstract: The field of language and gender is multidisciplinary in scope, finding a point of contact in feminist interest in language and, in that sense, some kind of political engagement. After thirty years, the accumulated research is now wide-ranging. Explicitly feminist in focus are explorations of gender positioning in representations in media broadcasting and print, and in interaction in the media and other institutions, including the family. This entry addresses two prominent issues in language and gender that have emerged since the early 1990s, namely a sustained critique of ‘gender differences’ as the research agenda, and a need for firmer theoretical grounding, for which poststructuralism has proved to be influential.

Handbook of gender in archaeology

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction,Theoretical and Thematic Issues 2 Chapter 1: Methods in Feminist and Gender Archaeology: A Feeling for Difference-and Likeness 3 Chapter 2: Feminist Theory and Gender Research in Historical Archaeology 4 Chapter 3: Gender, Things, and Material Culture 5 Chapter 4: Gender and Mortuary Analysis 6 Chapter 5: The Engendered Household 7 Chapter 6: Gender and Landscape 8 Chapter 7: Gender, Heterarchy and Hierarchy 9 Chapter 8: Gender and Ethnoarchaeology 10 Chapter 9: Gender in Classical Archaeology 11 Part 2: Identities,Chapter 10: The Prism of Self: Gender and Personhood 12 Chapter 11: Sexuality 13 Chapter 12: Archaeology, Men and Masculinities 14 Chapter 13: The Archaeology of Non-Binary Genders in Native North America 15 Part 3: Subsistence Strategies Chapter 14: Gender in Human Evolution 16 Chapter 15: Gender Dynamics in Hunter-Gatherer Society: Archaeological Methods and Perspectives 17 Chapter 16: Gender and Early Farming Societies 18 Chapter 17: Women, Gender, and Pastorialism 19 Part 4: World Regions Chapter 18: A Critical Appraisal of Gender Research in African Archaeology 20 Chapter 19: Gender in East and Southeast Asian Archaeology 21 Chapter 20: Gender and Archaeology in South and Southwest Asia 22 Chapter 21: Gender and (the Disciplinary Structure of) Australian Archaeology 23 Chapter 22: Gender Archaeology in Europe 24 Chapter 23: Gender and Mesoamerican Archaeology 25 Chapter 24: Gender Archaeology in Native North America 26 Chapter 25: Gender in South American Archaeology

Race, Gender, and Class: Theory and Methods of Analysis

Abstract: Part 1: The Theory of Intersectional Analysis Introduction 1 Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology (Deborah K King) 2 Theorizing Race, Class, and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women's Labor (Rose M Brewer) 3 Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection (Patricia Hill Collins) 4 Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism (Maxine Baca Zinn and Bonnie Thornton Dill) 5 Doing Difference (Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker) 6 Symposium on West and Fenstermaker's 'Doing Difference' (Patricia Hill Collins, Lionel A Maldonado, Dana Y Takagi, Barrie Thorne, Lynn Weber, and Howard Winant) 7 Reply (Re)Doing Difference (Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker) Part 2: The Methodology of Intersectional Analysis: Qualitative Approaches The Saturated Model 8 An Exploratory Analysis of the Effects of Race, Class, and Gender on Student and Parent Mobility Aspirations (Daniel G Solorzano) 9 Policing Boundaries: Race, Class, and Gender in Cartagena, Colombia (Joel Striecker) Intersectional Analysis with Four Social Locations 10 Gender, Race, Class, and the Trend Toward Early Motherhood: A Feminist Analysis of Teen Mothers in Contemporary Society (Janet L Jacobs) 11 Masculinities and Athletic Careers (Michael A Messner) Intersectional Analysis with Two Social Locations 12 Working-Class Women's Ways of Knowing: Effects of Gender, Race, and Class (Wendy Luttrell) Intersectional Analysis in Historical Studies 13 You Have to Have Some Fun to Go Along with your Work: The Interplay of Race, Class, Gender, and Leisure in the Industrial New South (M Deborah Bialeschki and Kathryn Lynn Walbert) Part 3: The Methodology of Intersectional Analysis: Quantitative Approaches Introduction Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Separate Group Analysis 14 Producing and Reproducing Class and Status Differences: Racial and Gender Gaps in US Employment and Retirement Income (Richard Hogan and Carolyn C Perrucci) 15 Gender and Race Differences in the Predictors of Daily Health Practices among Older Adults (Mary P Gallant and Gail P Dorn) Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interaction Analysis 16 Relations among Socioeconomic Status Indicators and Health for African-Americans and Whites (Joan M Ostrove, Pamela Feldman, and Nancy E Adler) Quantitative Studies with Four Locations: Interactions Combined with Separate Group Analysis 17 Predictors of Fear of Criminal Victimization at School Among Adolescents (David C May and Gregory Dunaway) 18 The Intersection of Race and Gender among Chemists: Assessing the Impact of Double Minority Status on Income (Marina A Adler, Gijsberta J Koelewijn-Strattner, and Joseph J Lengermann) 19 Race, Gender, and Attitudes Toward Gender Stratification (Emily W Kane) Quantitative Studies with Eight or More Locations: Separate Group Analysis 20 Parenting in Black and White Families: The Interaction of Gender with Race and Class (Shirley A Hill and Joey Sprague) 21 When Expectations Work: Race and Socioeconomic Differences in School Performance (Karl L Alexander, Doris R Entwisle, and Samuel D Bedinger) Quantitative Studies with Six or More Locations: Interaction Analysis 22 The Relationship of Race, Class, and Gender with Mathematics Achievement for Fifth-, Eighth-, and Eleventh-Grade Students in Pennsylvania Schools (Richard L Kohr, James R Masters, J Robert Coldiron, Ross S Blust, and Eugene W Skiffington) 23 Women's STD Prevention and Detection Practices: The Specificity of Social Location (Erika Laine Austin) Quantitative Studies Using Separate Group Analysis with t-Tests 24 Are there Race and Gender Differences in the Effect of Marital Dissolution on Depression? (Kei M Nomaguchi) 25 Generalized Expectancies for Control among High-School Students at the Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender (Brett A Magill) 26 Race, Gender, and Class Variation in the Effect of Neighborhood Violence on Adolescent Use of Violence (Jennifer Castro and Bart Landry)

Assessing the Gender Climate of an Evangelical Student Subculture in the United States.

Abstract: This study explored the gendered experiences of students belonging to an evangelical Christian religious community on a university campus in the United States. As some religious traditions harbour distinctive views on gender differences and roles, the study focused on community characteristics that pertained to beliefs about gender and the behaviours that emanated from those beliefs. The findings revealed that the community was defined by masculine norms, the endorsement of essential gender differences and separate roles for men and women with respect to leadership, modesty and dating/marriage. Suggestions for improving the conditions for women in religious groups and the broader college campus are discussed.

Gender Balance in K-12 American History Textbooks

Abstract: This research study evaluated K-12 American history textbooks for gender balance. Elementary, middle school, and high school texts were assessed for the number of male and female historical figures in text content and illustrations. Significantly more males than females were found at all levels in both content and illustrations, and all differences were significant at the .001 level. However, American history textbooks do include more women than in previous editions and since the publication of the National History Standards. The challenges of defining gender balance are discussed, and recommendations for teachers and textbook adoption committees are presented. Teachers of history often use the metaphor of a journey through time. Students travel by train through each time period, and teachers help students gain basic historical knowledge as they travel toward the present (Frederickson, 2004). Using this metaphor, students have encountered very few women on their journeys, and the historical record has been narrated by a man. The metaphor highlights the debate over the integration of women’s history into current American history textbooks. This article describes the issues related to teaching women’s history by reviewing controversies related to the National Standards for History and early American history textbooks. A research study designed to assess gender balance in current K-12 American history textbooks is discussed. Conclusions and recommendations for teachers and textbook adoption committees are presented with emphasis on the importance of high-quality history instruction. The National Standards for History (K-grade 4) and the National Standards for U.S. History (grades 5-12) were first published in 1994 (National Center for History in the Schools, 1994). The controversy that ensued, often termed the “history wars,” focused on an incomplete historical record, bias in standards, negative events in American history, and an anti-European

The culture of gender and sexuality in the Caribbean

Abstract: "A major contribution to the scholarship of gender and sexuality in the Caribbean."--A. Lynn Bolles, University of Maryland This volume provides an engaging interdisciplinary approach to the study of gender and sexual relations in the Caribbean. Essays from sociological, literary, historical, and political science approaches cover the Hispanic-, French-, and English-speaking Caribbean areas and address topics such as sexuality, homosexuality, culture, the body, the status of women, and the wider social relations that inform these subjects. Contents Exploring the Intersections of Gender, Sexuality, and Culture in the Caribbean: An Introduction Part 1. Theoretical Mediations on Gender in the Caribbean 1. Theorizing Ruptures in Gender Systems and the Project of Modernity in the Twentieth Century Caribbean, by Violet Eudine Barriteau 2. The Globalization of the Discourse on Gender and Its Impact on the Caribbean, by Hilbourne Watson 3. Caribbean Masculinity: Unpacking the Narrative, by Linden Lewis Part 2. The Political Terrain of Gender and Sexuality 4. A Blueprint for Gender in Creole Trinidad: Exploring Gender Mythology through Calypsos of the 1920s and 1930s, by Patricia Mohammed 5. Popular Imageries of Gender and Sexuality: Poor and Working-Class Haitian Women's Discourses on the Use of Their Bodies, by Carolle Charles 6. "The Infamous Crime against Nature" Constructions of Heterosexuality and Lesbian Subversions in Puerto Rico, by Elizabeth Crespo-Kebler Part 3. Sexual Orientation and Male Socialization in the Caribbean 7. The Role of the Street in the Socialization of Caribbean Males, by Barry Chevannes 8. Masculinity and Power in Puerto Rico, by Rafael Ramirez 9. Queering Cuba: Male Homosexuality in the Short Fiction of Manuel Granados, by Conrad James Part 4. Gender, Sexuality, and Historical Considerations 10. Struggling with a Structure: Gender, Agency, and Discourse, by Glyne Griffith 11. "It Hurt Very Much at the Time" Patriarchy, Rape Culture, and the Slave Body-Semiotic, by Joseph C. Dorsey Linden Lewis is associate professor of sociology and anthropology at Bucknell University and the author of numerous articles on the Caribbean.

Gendering the Interview: Feminist Reflections on Gender as Performance in Research

Abstract: This reflexive essay argues that gender is co-performed but that researchers have greater responsibility for gender performances during research. In the present case, the author began an oral history project with a masculine definition of history, cast narrators using gendered criteria, directed gendered communication performances during interviewing, and elicited narratives via gendered categories. Understanding gender as co-performative encourages researchers to study the communication of gender and to consider the ways they may gender their work.

Gender filters and leadership: Plotting a course to equity

Abstract: Equity for women and women’s ways of leading remains elusive in the profession of educational administration. This article reports research that led to the development and validation of a construct called gender filters, lenses used by individuals to actually navigate gender‐related issues or gender dynamics in educational settings. Our findings suggest that filters frequently reify the institutionalized gender inequity, or silence ideas and people that might disrupt dominance and therefore protect and privilege the profession as a dominant White‐male culture. Other gender filters work as interventions, modifying the helplessness people feel when they try to confront their prejudices, thus providing insights for educating potential educational administrators in ways that promote gender equity in the profession.

A Different Type of Gender Gap: How Women and Men Experience Poverty

Abstract: While recent surveys do not find that poverty is feminized in post-communist Hungary, this project explores gender differences in the experience of destitution. Drawing on a content analysis of in-depth interviews in twentyseven very low-income households, the author exposes the particularly gendered daily practice of poverty in Hungarian families. The author argues that one of the major gender differences in the experience of poverty is that men often find themselves in a gender role crisis when they are too poor to function as successful breadwinners. Women, on the other hand, tend to feel their roles as caretakers intensified and thus avoid a conflict with (newly) hegemonic ideals of femininity. As a response, poor marriedcouple families devise ways in which they try to alleviate men's gender shame. The goal of the article is to identify four such strategies, which are used by poor couples to devise livable alternatives to hegemonic gender roles.

Picturing Women: Gender, Images, and Representation in Social Studies.

Abstract: More than two decades ago, a well-known study pointed out that despite the marked increase in images of women in secondary history textbooks, the narrative emphasis on political, diplomatic, and military history had not changed.' While this study raised awareness of gender balance in the social studies curriculum, little attention has been paid to how women are represented, as opposed to how many are represented. Few, if any, articles on gender in the social studies curriculum have focused on teaching students to critically examine images of women and girls in textbooks, primary sources, and other resources. Young people are bombarded with media images at every turn; therefore, it is important to teach them to consider how women and girls are visually represented. ********** This article raises questions about gender identity, and how it has been culturally constructed in images, artifacts, and photographs. Social studies students should be literate in images as well as text-based resources. (21) suggest ways that social studies teachers can help their students look closely at images of women and girls and think about who is represented, how they are represented, and who is left out. Once they learn some of the techniques of visual literacy, students may explore the following questions: What roles have images played in defining women's places in society? How is gender socially constructed, in part through visual representations of women and girls? How does race come into play through these images? What impact and role do these images play in social and civic education? How do images shape students' understanding of women in history? The activities outlined in this article emphasize three of the National Council for the Social Studies' Ten Thematic Strands: (I) Culture; (II) Time, Continuity, and Change; and (IV) Individual Development and Identity. Picturing Women I use a series of images on women's mid-nineteenth century dress reform efforts to both illustrate the importance of questioning images of women in textbooks, primary source materials, museums, and public art, and to demonstrate three approaches that will help teachers in this endeavor: (1) close-looking, (2) juxtapositions, and (3) switching places. The mid-nineteenth century was a time of great change on the American political and social landscape, particularly for white, middle-class women. In the decades prior to the 1890s surge of women's activism, black and white women engaged in work that sought to aid the poor, support their ongoing education in literary circles, and engage in reform measures. (3) The many reform movements of this time included abolitionism, temperance, suffrage, health, and dress reforms, many of which were interrelated. For example, many women who were involved in the abolitionist movement later fought for women's suffrage. Also, health reforms for women were often related to dress reform, and the need for women to wear more comfortable clothing. In the mid-nineteenth century, American women wore restrictive clothing, such as corsets and hoop skirts, while clothing for men had become more functional and comfortable. Women who adopted "male" clothing were perceived as challenging traditional gender roles, and none was more famous than Amelia Bloomer. Bloomer advocated for women wearing trousers, or "bloomers," under their skirts. (4) Bloomer was a journalist and temperance worker who attended the 1848 women's rights convention in Seneca Falls. By 1850, Bloomer was defending the wearing of "pantelettes" in The Lily, a temperance journal she had founded. Her articles received widespread attention, as women wrote in asking for more information and patterns for this style of dress--a style that by then had become known as the "Bloomer Costume." (5) Bloomer felt, however, that this fervor detracted from more important women's rights issues. She eventually left the journal in the hands of others and later continued her activism as a member of the Ladies' Temperance, Soldiers' Aid, and Iowa Woman Suffrage Societies. …

Queering gender: anima/animus and the paradigm of emergence.

Abstract: An exploration into the world of the queer others of gender and sexuality moves us beyond the binary opposition of male/masculinity and female/femininity in our understanding of gender and expands the meaning of gender and sexuality for all humans. A revision of Jungian gender theory that embraces all genders and sexualities is needed not only to inform our clinical work but also to allow us to bring Jungian thought to contemporary gender theory and to cultural struggles such as gay marriage. The cognitive and developmental neurosciences are increasingly focused on the importance of body biology and embodied experience to the emergence of mind. In my exploration of gender I ask how gender comes to be experienced in a developing body and how those embodied gender feelings elaborate into a conscious category in the mind, a gender position. My understanding of emergent mind theory suggests that one's sense of gender, like other aspects of the mind, emerges very early in development from a self-organizing process involving an individual's particular body biology, the brain, and cultural environment. Gendered feeling, from this perspective, would be an emergent aspect of mind and not an archetypal inheritance, and the experiencing body would be key to gender emergence. A revised Jungian gender theory would transcend some of the limitations of Jung's anima/animus (A/A) gender thinking allowing us to contribute to contemporary gender theory in the spirit of another Jung; the Jung of the symbolic, the mythic, and the subtle body. This is the Jung who invites us to the medial place of the soul, bridging the realm of the physical body and the realm of the spirit.

Growing up female in Nazi Germany

Abstract: The Bund Deutscher Madel was the female section of Hitler Youth. "Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany" examines the way this Nazi organization linked up with the interests of contemporary German girls and young women. Recruiting its members systematically since the end of the 1930s, the BDM encompassed practically all German girls aged ten to fourteen by allowing them latitude for their own development while assigning them responsibilities that gradually integrated them into the National Socialist State. Historian Dagmar Reese illuminates the different experiences of these young women through two case studies: one of the BDM's work in the petty-bourgeois milieu of a Protestant garrison town, and the other immersed in the working-class milieu of Berlin's "red" Wedding neighborhood. "Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany" is the English translation of a major work of German history, one in a list of such works published in Michigan's field-defining series, "Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany". It will be of interest to students and scholars in the fields of German, cultural and gender history, as well as political theory.

Changing studies on men and masculinities

Abstract: This is an excellent and timely addition to the literature on Gender and Women's Studies. Each chapter explores contemporary questions and dilemmas in feminist theory and research, assessing the impacts of past research and feminist actions. Leading scholars discuss such topics as the state of women's and gender studies, feminist epistemology, cultural representations, globalization and the state, families, and work. This book is sure to be an essential resource for gender scholars and students' -Joan Acker, University of Oregon`This breathtakingly broad, interdisciplinary reader demonstrates how widely feminist thinking has spread, how deeply it has shaken settled assumptions in the disciplines and how much new light it throws on contemporary controversies.This volume offers not only a reference manual to what we now know about gender relations as social forces but also gives impetus to future thinking in imaginative and utopian ways about questions of gender, power and knowledge' - Myra Marx Ferree, University of Wisconsin-Madison `This is a timely intervention and highly engaged, thoughtful and scholarly analysis of the state of gender and wmoen's studies in the west by three eminent feminist scholars who have been centrally involved in feminist struggles and scholarship for some time. They have an acute understanding of what matters to feminism and bring together a wide range of essential new readings on gender works and gender troubles. Highly cognisant of the central issues that have fractured, blocked and enhanced western feminism they provide a contextual and political understanding of change and sustained normativity in gender relations. The Handbook ends with a call for gendered trouble making. Following the achievemnent of this handbook, it seems to be the least we as readers can do' - Professor Bev Skeggs, Goldsmiths College`The Handbook gives a pedagogically well structured and thoroughly updated overview over discussions of central issues in contemporary women's and gender studies, including critical studies of men and masculinities. The comprehensiveness and the interdisciplinary range of themes are impressive, and they make the Handbook into a wonderful tool for teachers and students of women's and gender studies. It fulfills an obvious and pressing need for easy accessible overview of the literature. The Handbook strikes a good balance between overview and critically situated analysis, relevant for courses in Women's and Gender Studies on many levels' - Nina Lykke, Director of Nordic Research School in Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, Linkoeping University Gender and women's studies is one of the most challenging fields within the social sciences- the dynamics of gender relations and the social and cultural implications of gender constructions offer a lively forum of debate.The Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies presents a comprehensive and engaging review of the most recent developments within the field, including the study of masculinity, the feminist implications of postmodernism, the `cultural turn' and globalization. The authors review current research and offer critical analyses of women's and gender studies in work, the welfare state, family, education, religion, violence and war and feminist global politics.Edited by three leading academics from Europe and the United States, and with 25 chapters written by scholars based throughout the world, the Handbook situates the most important debates in the field within a uniquely international and interdisciplinary context. The Handbook is a useful introduction to gender theory and an exciting starting-point for fresh debates.··see Sample Chapters & Resources for pdf copies of the Introduction and Chapter Two··

Early modern Europe, 1450-1789

Abstract: The second edition of this best-selling textbook is thoroughly updated to include expanded coverage of the late eighteenth century and the Enlightenment, and incorporates recent advances in gender history, global connections and cultural analysis. It features summaries, timelines, maps, illustrations and discussion questions to support the student. Enhanced online content and sections on sources and methodology give students the tools they need to study early modern European history. Leading historian Merry Wiesner-Hanks skilfully balances breadth and depth of coverage to create a strong narrative, paying particular attention to the global context of European developments. She integrates discussion of gender, class, regional and ethnic differences across the entirety of Europe and its overseas colonies as well as the economic, political, religious and cultural history of the period.

Mysteries of Sex: Tracing Women and Men through American History

Abstract: In a sweeping synthesis of American history, Mary Ryan demonstrates how the meaning of male and female has evolved, changed, and varied over a span of 500 years and across major social and ethnic boundaries. She traces how, at select moments in history, perceptions of sex difference were translated into complex and mutable patterns for differentiating women and men. How those distinctions were drawn and redrawn affected the course of American history more generally. Ryan recounts the construction of a modern gender regime that sharply separated male from female and created modes of exclusion and inequity. The divide between male and female blurred in the twentieth century, as women entered the public domain, massed in the labor force, and revolutionized private life. This transformation in gender history serves as a backdrop for seven chronological chapters, each of which presents a different problem in American history as a quandary of sex. Ryan's bold analysis raises the possibility that perhaps, if understood in their variety and mutability, the differences of sex might lose the sting of inequality.

Language Education and Gender

Abstract: Research on and interest in language and gender have increased significantly during the last several decades. However, much of the debate has only cursorily addressed the intersections of language, education, and gender as a subcategory. This review explores this linkage with a particular focus on the extent and nature of gender-based language practices in education, including textual representations and discourse norms. Analyzed from a sociolinguistic perspective, the chapter extends the discussion from educational settings to the broader implications of gendered language practices for society as a whole, as well as for the differential life chances of men and women.