Showing papers on "Global public good published in 2006"

Globalization for Development: Trade, Finance, Aid, Migration, and Policy

Abstract: Globalization has been taking place for centuries, moving from the colonization of the inhabited parts of the world to the appearance of nations, from conquests to independent countries, from sailboats and caravans to steamboats, truck fleets and cargo planes, from trade in a few commodities to global production and distribution networks and to the present explosion of international flows of services, capital, and information. This book also helps to shatter a false dichotomy that holds that policies that favor the poor cannot be pro-market. There is an enormous set of pro-poor and pro-market policies that allow for more equal market competition among and within countries, and that ask that policy take account of externalities as much as possible. The sheer size of today's global economy is a testament to the speed of change: in 2005, world economic output total US$35 trillion an amount likely to double by 2030, assuming modest continued growth. In this book the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to key aspects of globalization trade, finance, aid, and migration, and their complex linkages with poverty and development. This book also helps to shatter a false dichotomy that holds that policies that favor the poor cannot be pro-market. There is an enormous set of pro-poor and pro-market policies that allow for more equal market competition among and within countries, and that ask that policy take account of externalities as much as possible.

Global Issues for Global Citizens: An Introduction to Key Development Challenges

Abstract: This book grew out of the Global Issues seminars and is itself a testament to that two-way dialogue: the suggestion to compile the speakers' lecture notes into a book came from the students themselves. Both the seminars and this book reflect the Bank's conviction that the seemingly intractable problems of our globalizing world-from entrenched poverty, to climate change, to new infectious diseases such as AIDS and avian flu-can be solved, but only with the informed participation of a global citizenry, cooperating toward global solutions through global institutions that they themselves own. In today's world, the unchecked spread of disease. We are all called, as responsible global citizens, to inform ourselves about these issues, to then inform others, and finally to get involved in seeking solutions. One lesson that emerges from the book is that the global issues are very often interconnected, even if they may not seem so at first. The book also reminds us that many global issues derive from the undersupply of global public goods. The objective of this paper is to promote an understanding of key global issues and why they matter, to analyze the forces shaping public and private actions to address these issues, and to highlight the international actions that are being taken to address the global issues.

Mapping the future of public health: action on global health.

Abstract: We are challenged to develop a public health approach that responds to the globalized world. The present global health crisis is not primarily one of disease, but of governance: its key characteristic is a weakening of public policy and interstate mechanisms as a consequence of global restructuring. The response needs to focus on the political determinants of health, in particular on mechanisms that help ensure the global public goods that are required for a more equitable and secure development. A first step in this direction would be to take up the proposal from the recent 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion to explore the possibility of a new type of global health treaty which would help to establish the new parameters of global health governance. National public health associations should take the lead to establish health as a global public good and organize "National Global Health Summits" to discuss the possible mechanisms for the necessary political process. This means putting global health governance issues onto the agenda of other sectors such as foreign policy, as health is critical not only for poverty reduction but for human security as a whole.

Global Public Goods and Global Finance: Does Global Governance Ensure that the Global Public Interest is Served?

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

Regional cooperation: a tool for addressing regional and global challenges

Abstract: This paper explores the usefulness of regional cooperation in addressing regional and global challenges, with a focus on global public goods for trade, knowledge, peace and security, financial stability, global commons and communicable disease control. It develops a four-step framework, which seeks, first, to acknowledge that regionalism has become increasingly complex and heterogeneous in the context of globalization; second, to distinguish between different types of regional cooperation mechanisms; third, to show that effectiveness and sustainability of regional cooperation are contextually specific, but also dependent on institutions; and, fourth, to pinpoint the specific regional and global goods that regional cooperation is to supply. Applying the framework to these global public goods shows that a coherent way of dealing with them could constitute a global public policy, that they are interlinked and mutually supportive, that the contributions from regional cooperation are essential, that the underlying institutional structure for regionalism is uneven and underdeveloped and that providing global public goods requires specific policy measures. Global, regional and national levels should exploit the specific comparative advantages of regional cooperation for each global public good.

For-Profit, State and Non-Profit: How to Cut the Pie Among the Three Sectors

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

Bioprospecting in Antarctica: the search for a policy regime

Abstract: This paper aims to elucidate the important economic and political aspects of an extremely complex policy issue involving biological prospecting (bioprospecting) in Antarctica. In addressing this rapidly growing global industry, which searches for commercially valuable biological and genetic resources in a world of biological diversity, it becomes obvious that a critical interface exists between Antarctica and the intertwined bioprospecting policies brought forth during recent decades by two treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The analytical framework of the paper builds upon the economic concept of public goods within a political framework of international treaties and law. The concept of a national public good, associated with the sovereignty of a state (nation) over its biological and genetic resources, is the basis of such policy under the Biological Diversity Treaty. In practice, this jurisdiction applies both to the land area of a state and to the exclusive economic zone of a coastal state. The Law of the Sea Treaty, on the other hand, provides both a national public good connotation to exclusive economic zones while creating a global public good connotation for deep seabed mineral resources, with a related potential application to bioprospecting in the deep seabed. While the Antarctic Treaty System possesses several institutions that could be adapted to a bioprospecting policy regime, no such regime has been established up to the present. The paper concludes with a consideration of the critical question: is bioprospecting in Antarctica a national or global public good? While logic would appear to lead one toward the ‘global’ answer, multinational economic and political realities in today's world suggest that either a national public good approach, or a largely unregulated open access approach, is more likely to prevail.

Food Safety as a Global Public Good: Is There Underinvestment?

Abstract: Globalization of the food system is shaped by demand trends that bring about deep integration of agricultural production and marketing As diets and food quality become more similar around the world, risks are shared across borders, creating global public "goods" and "bads" Examples of globally shared food safety risks include acute risks such as microbial pathogens, as well as chronic risks, such as those arising from pesticide residues or mycotoxins Food safety is addressed as a global public good through private sector efforts, institutional innovations such as the SPS agreement under the WTO, and trade capacity building efforts to improve food safety management for developing country exports Data on food safety import violations from the US and the EU show where the global food system is experiencing failures in delivering safe food Microbial pathogens in seafood are an area of common concern; other problems reflect differences in standards between these two major high income markets WTO's database on trade facilitation shows that most efforts focus on general capacity building and only a few address specific risks or commodities Although meeting standards for high income consumers motivates trade facilitation, the spillovers for developing country consumers from such investments could be large

Toward a treaty on safety and cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals and medical devices: enhancing an endangered global public good

Abstract: Expert evaluations of the safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and medical devices, prior to marketing approval or reimbursement listing, collectively represent a globally important public good. The scientific processes involved play a major role in protecting the public from product risks such as unintended or adverse events, sub-standard production and unnecessary burdens on individual and governmental healthcare budgets. Most States now have an increasing policy interest in this area, though institutional arrangements, particularly in the area of cost-effectiveness analysis of medical devices, are not uniformly advanced and are fragile in the face of opposing multinational industry pressure to recoup investment and maintain profit margins. This paper examines the possibility, in this context, of States commencing negotiations toward bilateral trade agreement provisions, and ultimately perhaps a multilateral Treaty, on safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Such obligations may robustly facilitate a conceptually interlinked, but endangered, global public good, without compromising the capacity of intellectual property laws to facilitate local product innovations.

Toward a Treaty on Safety and Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices: Enhancing an Endangered Global Public Good

Abstract: Expert evaluations of the safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and medical devices, prior to marketing approval or reimbursement listing, collectively represent a globally important public good. The scientific processes involved play a major role in protecting the public from product risks such as unintended or adverse events, sub-standard production and unnecessary burdens on individual and governmental healthcare budgets. Most States now have an increasing policy interest in this area, though institutional arrangements, particularly in the area of cost-effectiveness analysis of medical devices, are not uniformly advanced and are fragile in the face of opposing multinational industry pressure to recoup investment and maintain profit margins. This paper examines the possibility, in this context, of States commencing negotiations toward bilateral trade agreement provisions, and ultimately perhaps a multilateral Treaty, on safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Such obligations may robustly facilitate a conceptually interlinked, but endangered, global public good, without compromising the capacity of intellectual property laws to facilitate local product innovations.

Advancing public goods

Abstract: Contents: Preface Introduction: Public Goods, Social Enactions Bernard Gazier and Jean-Philippe Touffut 1. Public Goods: A Positive Analysis Inge Kaul 2. For-Profit, State and Non-Profit: How to Cut the Pie Among the Three Sectors Avner Ben-Ner 3. Services of General Interest in a Competitive Multinational Space Philippe Herzog 4. Funding Public Services in Europe: State Banks or Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)? Patrick Artus 5. New Public Institutional Design Xavier Greffe 6. Knowledge as Global Public Good: Production Conditions and Preconditions Claude Henry 7. Global Public Goods and Global Finance: Does Global Governance Ensure that the Global Public Interest is Served? Joseph E. Stiglitz Index

Public Goods: A Positive Analysis

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

Global Public-Private Partnerships for Pharmaceuticals: Operational and Normative Features, Challenges, and Prospects 1 , 2

Abstract: Global public-private partnerships (GPPPs) in health have been created, purportedly, as a response to both market and government failure to provide health care goods and services, particularly in developing countries. They have been created to address issues of product development (vaccines or pharmaceuticals), improve access to healthcare products, assist with global coordination mechanisms, strengthen health care services, provide public advocacy and education, and for regulatory and quality assurance purposes. This paper provides an overview of the emerging features of global public-private partnerships in health and argues that GPPPs have real and potential normative and operational implications for national and global health governance. The paper examines two global public-private partnerships in HIV/AIDS-related pharmaceuticals provision: the Accelerated Access Initiative and the Diflucan Partnership Program. It concludes by considering the prospects and challenges of GPPPs as a mechanism of global health governance in advancing health as a global public good.

Unraveling the Global Warming Regime Complex: Competitive Entropy in the Regulation of the Global Public Good

Abstract: With Earth's temperature on the rise, ecosystems are faltering, economies are suffering, and human health is deteriorating. The global community has accepted its responsibility for global warming and the immediate need to reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to prevent further global warming. As a means to reduce their greenhouse footprints, many national and state governments have pinned their hopes on greenhouse gas emissions trading regimes. Such regimes, however, seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through differing liability rules and mechanisms. This Article analyzes these different liability rules in the context of regulating the global public good of climate stability. It concludes that the network of partially overlapping greenhouse gas emissions trading regimes with differing rules forms a global warming regime complex and gives rise to inter-regime competition and forum shopping. While beneficial to some trading entities, ultimately, these outcomes may undermine the Kyoto Protocol and climate protection. Recognizing the inherent difficulty in preventing a proliferation of competitive regimes, this Article calls for the creation of a clean development fund as a means to maximize compliance despite strategic behavior facilitated by the regime complex.

Global Property Rights The Kyoto Protocol and the Knowledge Revolution

Abstract: This paper is about the origin of today's global environmental problems, and how to resolve them. At stake are catastrophic risks from global warming and damage to the world's biodiversity that ranks as the planet' sixth great extinction. The origin of today's global nvironmental problems is a historic difference in property rights regimes between industrial and developing countries, the North and the South. The solutions we suggest involve redefining property rights in the use of the global environment as well as in knowledge. We discuss the Kyoto Protocol's new systems of property rights on the use of the planet's atmosphere, and propose a parallel system of property rights on knowledge. Resources such as forests and oil and other mineral deposits are owned as private property in industrial countries but they are treated as common or government property in developing countries. Illrdefined protected property rights lead to the overrextraction of resources in the South, such as timber and oil. They are exported at low prices to the North that over-consumes them. The international market amplifies the tragedy of the commons, leading to inferior solutions for the world economy as a whole (Chichilnisky 1994). Updating property rights on resources in developing countries would face formidable opposition. The lack of property rights in inputs to production, such as timber and oil, could be compensated by assigning property rights on by-products of outputs. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol provides an example as it limits the countries' rights to emit carbon, a by-product of burning fossil fuels. Our suggestions for trading emissions rights (Chichilnisky 1995, 96) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol, yet the atmospheres carbon concentration is a global public good, which makes tradingtricky. Trading rights to forests' carbon sequestration services or to genetic blueprints would also be trading global public goods. Markets that trade public goods have been shown to require a measure of equity to ensure efficiency (Chichilnisky 1996, Chichilnisky and Heal 2002). This conclusion has been validated theoretically and is also in line with what was agreed by 160 nations in the Kyoto Protocol. Somewhat surprisingly, the same conclusion applies also to trading knowledge goods. Knowledge is a global public good. This paper proposes a new property rights regimes for knowledge goods and for environmental assets that seem crucial for economic progress in the era of the Knowledge Revolution.

[Evaluation of the United Nations Declaration on HIV/AIDS resource targets].

Abstract: This study evaluates the targets of the United Nations Declaration on HIV/AIDS Resource Targets, the attainment of which are premised on promoting three fronts: reduction of material and services costs, increased efficiency in access to and management of funds, and the channeling of new funds. Data were derived from studies of National Accounts of HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean and from the recent available literature on the global dynamics of HIV/AIDS resources. The economic concept of global public good occurs throughout the text. The article discusses factors that constrain funding, and thus compel the adoption of new strategies in Brazil. The issues addressed include: difficulties in maintaining the downward tendency in the cost of items related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the incorporation each year of thousands of persons needing antiviral therapy, the rise in patient survival and increased diagnosis for the control of HIV/AIDS transmission. It is concluded that, in order to guarantee additional resources to combat the epidemic, the discussion on funding must necessarily focus on both the share of AIDS support for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and, more importantly, on an increase in health funding as a whole. The recognition that HIV/AIDS control contributes to the global public good should facilitate increases in development assistance from international funding sources.

Knowledge as Global Public Good: Production Conditions and Preconditions

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

European Social Democracy and the Neo-liberal Global Agenda: a Resurgent Influence or Capitulation?

Abstract: Social democracy, in Europe and elsewhere, is attempting to respond to a neo-liberal global agenda to deepen market-oriented development and entrench a regulatory form of state authority. This agenda is built, in important respects, on the political dominance or — in terms of neo-Gramscian international political economy (Gill 1995: 404–5; Pijl 1998: 47) — the ‘hegemony’ of neo-liberal globalization, the first phase of which started in the late 1970s. Although politically dominant, however, neo-liberal globalization is not without its opponents. The 1999 Seattle meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) marked the birth of a vigorous international movement that rallied against the predominantly neo-liberal character of globalization (cf. Cavanagh et al. 2002: 17–53; Buckman 2004: 107–212). Furthermore, a considerable number of European social democrats have suggested alternatives to the neo-liberal variant of globalization. Significantly, a recent report written by former Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (2003: 25) for the Party of European Socialists, highlights globalization as a prime reason for the formulation of a European ‘progressive policy agenda … as part of social democracy’s raison d’etre in the new century’.

The Design of Post-Kyoto Climate Policies: Selected Questions in Analytical Perspective

Abstract: The paper starts from a proposition of institutional design for climate policies made previously by David Bradford and labelled GPGP (Global Public good Purchase). The scheme is compared with other possible post- Kyoto schemes that are, or not, "Kyoto compatible". The comparison puts the emphasis on the participation issue, (free riding, ratchet effect), and on the desirable flexibility of the schemes. It argues that the incidence of climate policies on the final price of fossil fuels is a key and difficult issue which has not received, untill now, the amount of required attention.

Public Goods: A Positive Analysis

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

The governance of genomic information: will it come of age?

Abstract: The completion of the Human Genome Project has opened up unprecedented possibilities in healthcare, but also ethical and social dilemmas in terms of how these can be achieved. Genomic information can be seen as a "global public good" (GPG), in that it is represented by knowledge in the public domain and across national boundaries. Lack of investment, infrastructure and expertise in developing countries means that they are unable to take advantage of these GPG characteristics to address their health needs, fuelling fears of a growing "genomics divide". Some have suggested an international knowledge sharing and capacity building network, a Global Genomics Initiative, as a means to harness the potential of genomics to reduce inequalities in health between North and South. Three UNESCO declarations also call for cooperation between developed and developing countries in genomics research and science and technology in general. Using international relations theories around global governance and networks as a conceptual framework, this paper examines whether these initiatives are likely to succeed in providing effective governance of genomics.

Services of General Interest in a Competitive Multinational Space

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services

Enabling knowledge societies in developing countries: the example of genomics

Abstract: To address the health needs of developing countries, it is necessary to build and strengthen knowledge societies. By using genomics as an example, we aim to demonstrate that creating effective knowledge societies requires transformative steps and concrete mechanisms. We present four transformative steps towards the development of an expansive outlook regarding equity: developing a global state of mind; promoting long-term self-interests; facilitating public engagement and enhancing the production of Global Public Goods (GPGs) using the example of genomics knowledge. In support of these steps, we identify concrete mechanisms as an action plan using four pragmatic solutions: foresight exercises for identifying needs and prioritising technologies; strengthening capacity and improving access to knowledge in developing countries; defining intellectual property and regulatory concerns for these technologies; and establishing global governance and financial mechanisms.

Agriculture production versus biodiversity protection: what role for north-south unconditional transfers?

Abstract: In developing countries, biodiversity is often threatened by the devel- opment of agricultural production because natural habitats are destroyed by the conversion of forests, wetlands or natural pastures into arable land. There is a trade-obetween revenues generated by agricultural produc- tion and services supplied by unspoilt natural capital (ecological services, possibility to develop biodiversity-related tourism activities). Whereas agricultural pro…ts are private, biodiversity produces various types of ben- e…ts, some of them have global public good characteristics -they bene…t all nations without exclusion and without rivalry- while others are re- gional public inputs in the natural asset-based production activities of neighbouring countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether international income transfers can improve the global level of biodiver- sity and global social welfare by changing the relative contributions to biodiversity-protection and to agricultural production. Because of the public good nature of biodiversity, Warr's neutrality theorem suggests that such transfers may have no eects at all (Warr, 1983). A simple model is developed, based on the simplifying assumption that northern countries have little biodiversity whereas southern countries are endowded with natural capital in the form of unspoilt biodiversity-rich land. South- ern countries allocate optimally land and capital to two competing produc- tive activities, agriculture and eco-tourism. When transfers are organized from the North to the South, we show that Warr's neutrality theorem col- lapses except under restrictive hypothesis concerning the characteristics of the eco-tourism and agricultural production functions. We also demon- strate that Pareto-improvements can be obtained even with reductions in the level of biodiversity.

Services of General Interest in a Competitive Multinational Space

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

For-Profit, State and Non-Profit: How to Cut the Pie Among the Three Sectors

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

New Public Institutional Design

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.

New Public Institutional Design

Abstract: The studies cover topics in the conceptualization, classification and stratification of public goods. Also examined are public institutional design, global economic institutions and partnership typologies. Individual papers address the financing, regulatory, organizational and legal aspects relating to services of general interest in Europe. The dynamics of global public good production, including monopolies, patents, scientific uncertainty and market failures, are discussed. Empirical research on the state, profit and non-profit sectors is presented. Providing numerous examples of specific public goods, the contributions also highlight the impact of macroeconomic policies on provision. The book presents a broad diversity of new approaches to global public goods within the framework of mixed economies, beyond the standard economic analysis of public services.