Showing papers on "Honor published in 2018"

Culture, Masculine Honor, and Violence Toward Women.

Abstract: Prior research has connected the cultural ideology of honor to intrasexual violence between men and to attitudes supporting intersexual aggression in response to perceived honor violations by female romantic partners. We extend this research to show that honor ideology is also associated with an increased likelihood of men actually engaging in violent and sexually coercive behaviors toward women. Extending previous research on honor-based schemas and scripts linked to relationship violence, comparisons between honor states and non-honor states in the United States show that official rape and domestic homicide rates by White male perpetrators (Study 1) and experiences of rape and violence in relationships anonymously reported by White female teenagers (Study 2) were higher in honor states, controlling for a variety of potential confounds. These results extend prior laboratory research on honor-based schemas and scripts into the realm of extreme, real-world behaviors.

Honor and Violence: An Account of Feuds, Duels, and Honor Killings

Abstract: We present a theory of honor violence as a form of costly signaling. Two types of honor violence are identified: revenge and purification. Both types are amenable to a signaling analysis whereby the violent behavior is a signal that can be used by out-groups to draw inferences about the nature of the signaling group, thereby helping to solve perennial problems of social cooperation: deterrence and assurance. The analysis shows that apparently gratuitous acts of violence can be part of a system of norms that are Pareto superior to alternatives without such signals. For societies that lack mechanisms of governance to deter aggression or to enforce contracts, norms of honor can be a rational means of achieving these functions. The theory also suggests that cultures can become trapped in inefficient equilibria owing to path-dependent phenomena. In other words, costly signals of honor may continue to be sent even when they are no longer providing useful information.

Individual differences in masculine honor beliefs predict attitudes toward aggressive security measures, war, and peace

Abstract: We hypothesized that individual differences in masculine honor beliefs (MHBs) would predict participants’ views of the world and the potential for evil and good among the people in it, as well as their attitudes toward war, peace, and aggressive security policies. Participants’ levels of MHBs were positively associated with their support for war and aggressive security policies (Studies 1 and 2), as well as beliefs in pure evil and perceptions of the world as a competitive jungle (Study 2), and they were negatively associated with their support for peacemaking (Study 2) even after controlling for participants’ levels of social desirability, conservatism, and trait aggression (Study 1); sex (Studies 1 and 2); and beliefs in pure evil and pure good (Study 2). We contend that individual differences in MHB are important for understanding how individuals perceive their worlds as places in which the potential and capacity for violence are needed to maintain safety and security.

The Natural Laws of Good Manners: Hobbes, Glory, and Early Modern Civility

Abstract: According to Hobbes, glory causes conflict in two ways: by causing competition over comparative recognition, and by making men violently sensitive to insult. Interpreters have generally depicted the sensitivity to insult as a manifestation of the desire for comparative recognition. This reading raises two problems. First, the two ways in which Hobbes uses glory are inconsistent. Second, if the problem with glory is comparison, then the law of nature enjoining the acknowledgment of equality should lead to war rather than peace. This paper illuminates these obscurities by placing Hobbes in the context of the contemporary literature on honor and civility. These sources reveal two concepts of honor which correspond to the two ways in which Hobbes writes about glory. Hobbes draws heavily from these sources, but intentionally elides the two concepts of honor in order to undermine an ideology of honor that was used to justify disobedience and unlawful violence.

Blood, honor, reform, and God: anti-dueling associations and moral reform in the Old South

Abstract: Scholars have written extensively on dueling and honor in the antebellum period, but most have neglected or dismissed the work of anti-dueling associations. Anti-dueling activists staked a claim to public power by challenging duelists’ claims to mastery. The history of the organizations provides evidence that the South was home to many similar societies dedicated to public activism and moral uplift. Their work illustrates the incapacity of the law, in a period of social transformation on the eve of the sectional crisis, to produce social reform without community support and the commitment of authorities to safeguard public order.

Honor Crimes in the United States and Offenders’ Neutralization Techniques

Abstract: Honor crimes are violent acts that are experienced among different religions and ethnicities. This type of offense can be justified, either before or after the crime, by the offender’s perceived need to protect honor-based values. This study used Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory to explain the offender’s justification of honor crimes. We used data from the United States Extremist Crime Database, which has incident, victim, and perpetrator level indicators for the population of honor crimes in the United States (N = 16). Using open source search files for the cases, neutralizations and justifications provided by the offenders are presented.

Exclusion, inclusion, and the politics of Confederate commemoration in the American South

Abstract: The contemporary commemorative landscape of the United States is dense with Confederate memorials. Although the national tolerance for these monuments that honor sedition, rebellion, treason, and w...

Interfacing Cultural Rhetorics: A History and a Call

Abstract: This essay responds to recent exigencies that ask scholars to honor histories of cultural rhetorics, engage in responsible and responsive cultural rhetorics conversations, and generate productive o...

Putin’s war Against Ukraine: revolution, nationalism, and crime

Abstract: There is a short film often used in introductory anthropology classrooms called Ongka’s Big Moka. In the film, the titular character, Ongka, struggles to defend his honor as the Big Man of his comm...

Do Women Really Kill for Honor? Conceptualizing Women’s Involvement in Honor Killings

Abstract: So far, women’s involvement in honor killings has been attempted to explain with the emphasis on either patriarchy or the concept of hegemonic masculinity. However, the current conceptualization of...

Are Honor Killings Unique? A Comparison of Honor Killings, Domestic Violence Homicides, and Hate Homicides by Far-Right Extremists:

Abstract: This study compared honor killings, domestic violence homicides, and hate homicides committed by far-right extremists. Prior research has suggested that terrorists may differ from “regular” offenders whereas others suggest similarities. Data from the Extremist Crime Database were used to compare honor killings committed in the United States since 1990 to domestic violence and hate homicides (N = 48). Open-source documents were closed coded for criminal justice involvement, domestic violence history, motivation, and offenders’ mental illness. Honor killings were more likely to have a history of domestic violence in open sources than hate homicides, suggesting these three homicides may be more similar than different.

Social rewards: the basis for collaboration in honor cultures

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to define social rewards, as acts and expressions which specifically signal respect, courtesy and benevolence to the other party, based on cultural scripts found in honor cultures Second, to explore whether social rewards mitigate competitive aspirations and foster collaboration in competitive settings, with honor values being a culturally relevant mechanism for this effect Design/methodology/approach This paper reports on two experiments assessing high-honor and low-honor culture participants’ aspirations and behavioral decisions In study 1, participants described a personal situation where they were praised by close others (social reward) or praised themselves (control condition), before responding to a buyer/seller negotiation scenario In study 2, participants were either complimented (social reward) or not complimented (control condition), before engaging in live competition with a confederate for monetary outcomes Findings Both studies indicate that social rewards diminish competitive aspirations and offers among high-honor culture participants, but not among low-honor culture participants Results of study 1 indicate that endorsement of honor values mediates this effect In conclusion, social rewards can improve interactions with members of honor cultures Research limitations/implications These studies advance our understanding of cultural differences in negotiations and provide insight into social rewards as one of the mechanisms necessary to successfully manage intercultural negotiations and collaboration Future research should address the effect of social rewards on self-worth and empowerment Originality/value This research is the first to shed light on the relevance and importance of social rewards as a device to facilitate social interactions in honor cultures

Samuel Pepys, Honor, and Emergent Bureaucracy in Later Seventeenth Century England

Abstract: OF THE DISSERTATION Honor in the Bureaucracy: Samuel Pepys and Emergent Rationality in Later Stuart Government by Michael L. Fitzhugh Doctor of Philosophy in History Washington University in St. Louis, 2018 Professor Emeritus Derek Hirst, Chair Professor Peter Kastor, Co-Chair This dissertation argues that the mentality of honor, deriving from ancient Germanic and perhaps Roman culture and the major component of the knightly medieval ethos, played an important role in the formation of modern bureaucracy. The dissertation makes this argument by offering a case study of Samuel Pepys, a civil servant in the naval administration of later Stuart England (the reigns of Charles II and James II). The argument begins with a Prologue that describes honor's most important social component, lordship, and discusses the ways in which current scholarship on the transition from early modern to fully modern times strongly implies that the old ethos of honor should have been displaced by new developments. An Introduction then addresses theoretical and methodological issues, including the rationale for this dissertation's heavily narrative approach. The body of the dissertation subsequently offers five chapters demonstrating that honor in a form recognizably descended from medieval practice operated as a regular stimulus to the development and implementation of what Weber regarded as key elements in the rationalization of modern bureaucracy, including systematic record-keeping, promotion by merit, and orderly, codified procedure. Various appendices supplement the main argument.

The house, the city, and the colony in the works of Aphra Behn: Gendered spaces and the freedoms and dangers they afford

Abstract: In Behn’s works the house affords no security for women, as men may force their way in, or relatives collude in the sexual violation of women. However, men, too, are threatened and cuckolded in their own houses. Not even convents are safe spaces for either sex. Outdoor spaces promise freedom from supervision but harbor threats to both women’s and men’s honor. The Whig inhabitants of the City of London are ridiculed, but female characters dabbling in politics are no more likeable, though Behn sympathizes with women claiming a right to public visibility. The racialized colonial space offers upward social mobility to Englishmen and –women, and to the latter also the freedom to partake in pastimes and occupations traditionally connoted as male.

Preparing Ideologically Clear Bilingual Teachers to Recognize Linguistic Geniuses 1

Abstract: In this chapter we connect the ideological and pedagogical dimensions in establishing linguistic democracy in bilingual learning spaces in which educators recognize lower-class, multilingual Latino/students as potential linguistic geniuses who possess the cognitive and linguistic skills to effectively communicate in a variety of sociolinguistic academic contexts. More specifically, we discuss the need for bilingual educators (and teacher educators) to interrupt deficit, linguicist views and reactions to codeswitching and other translanguaging strategies employed by multilingual students. We must prepare bilingual educators to develop the necessary ideological clarity so they continually develop an elevated critical consciousness of their students’ linguistic capital in order to honor and build on their strengths. We must teach lower-class, multilingual students by using “cultural wealth” pedagogical approaches to appropriate new language varieties in an additive and self-empowering fashion. Without honoring the richness of students’ language varieties and linguistic skills, students cannot fully and additively attain standard academic discourses in both English and Spanish.

Wonder Woman and the public humanities: a reflection on the 2016 Wonder Woman Symposium

Abstract: In honor of the 75th anniversary of the comic book super heroine Wonder Woman in 2016, Kent State University and Cleveland Public Library partnered to celebrate the intersections of public literacy...

Honor and Humiliation: James Chesnut and Violent Emotions in Reconstruction South Carolina

Abstract: Reconstruction has been seen as the period of redeeming lost southern honor. I argue, however, that the Reconstruction struggle was not simply about restoring pre-war honor to defeated Southerners, for the Civil War had not terminated or subdued honor. Rather, its contents, the idea of what was honorable, underwent changes. These changes were observed and lamented by James Chesnut, Jr. (1815–1885), a politician from South Carolina. Honor can be seen both as a source of emotion guidelines and as a tool used for navigating between acceptable and unacceptable emotions. By expressing acceptable emotions, an individual could claim ownership to honor and attempt to achieve life goals. During Reconstruction, the role of honor and the importance of honor-related emotional expression intensified. Because of major changes in society, individual goals changed and the necessity of forceful alteration to the understanding of honor arose. It became transformed, borrowing from violence, racism, and a more acute fear of shame. Aiming to preserve white supremacy, many white Southerners readjusted their honor ideals and emotional expression. Nonetheless, some moderate individuals, like Chesnut, found it difficult to adopt these new ideals and thus all but lost their political power.

Reflections on Comparative Education: Telling Tales in Honor of Andreas Kazamias.

Abstract: Emphasizing the important role of “history” within comparative education is the classic way, much celebrated in the writings of Andreas Kazamias, to treat this theme. This article uses a different ...

Commentary on “From Exploitation to Expropriation: Geographies of Racialization in Historic Capitalism”

Abstract: I would like to begin by saying that it is an honor to respond to Nancy Fraser, and also to Fraser on the relation between capitalism and racism. I would also like to commend Economic Geography for...

To Preserve, Protect, and Defend: Masculine Honor Beliefs and Perceptions of the 2016 Presidential Candidates

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between masculine honor beliefs and perceptions of the candidates vying for the presidency. Consistent with hypotheses, we found that higher levels of mascu...

Liberation and Pleasure: Feminist Sex Shops and the Politics of Consumption

Abstract: In the Spring 2004 issue of Bitch magazine, the feminist sex shop Toys in Babeland ran an ad, in honor of Masturbation May, encouraging readers to “start your own sexual revolution!” Alongside info...