Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1980"

Why Older People Move Theoretical Issues

Abstract: The theory of elderly migration lags well behind the state of empirical knowledge. Further development is needed to integrate present findings and direct future research. The intent of this article...

European inter-continental emigration. The road home: return migration from the U.S.A.

Abstract: The author examines international migration to and from the United States during the period 1907-1914 and analyzes the reasons for the reverse flow of migrants returning to Europe. Factors in migration decisions that would cause variations in the levels and geographical patterns of temporary migration are investigated taking into consideration improvements in transportation labor opportunities wage levels and industrialization and urbanization in the United States. Features of Italian emigration for the period 1876-1914 and its effects on the United States Argentina and Brazil are studied

Rebirth of rural America: rural migration in the Midwest

Abstract: In this volume various aspects of the recent increase in migration to nonmetropolitan areas of the United States are analyzed. Part 1 emphasis is on an examination of migrant characteristics including origin destination motivations and decision-making; household changes occurring as a result of migration; and migrant integration at the place of destination. In Part 2 the economic development implications of nonmetropolitan migration are considered and the potential of recent migrants to move again is assessed. In Part 3 characteristics of selected groups of migrants are examined and compared. Data were obtained from surveys of migrants and long-term residents in 75 rapidly growing counties in the North Central region of the United States.

Peripheral Capitalism and Rural-Urban Migration: A Study of Population Movements in Costa Rica

Abstract: The author presents an analysis of rural-urban migration in Costa Rica. Particular attention is paid to the impact of land use and distribution on the migration of the rural population the process by which the nations elite decide questions related to rural production and land distribution and the effect of international market forces on these decisions (ANNOTATION)

Labor migration from Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with labor migration to South Africa from Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland-the "BLS countries" as they are now called-and the social and economic consequences of migration for the sending countries. It will seek to explain changes in the numbers who have migrated from time to time and seek to relate migration to South Africa to developments that are internal to the countries of origin. It will argue that attempts to increase farm incomes in the BLS countries will not necessarily stem the flow of migration as is so often assumed. This last finding has a considerable bearing on the question that arises in many other low income countries namely whether a rise in farm incomes will necessarily slow down migration to the towns. Inevitably how much is known about migration differs from country to country and for reasons that will soon become apparent; far more is known about migration from Lesotho than from the other two BLS countries where it plays a much smaller role. This unevenness in what is known will also be reflected in the balance of this paper where we shall give more space to Lesotho than to the other countries. (authors)

Les Migrations militaires en Afrique occidentale française, 1900–1945

Abstract: This article provides a quantitative indication of the enormous scale of French military recruitment in West Africa, focussing on the widespread pattern of migration which this recruitment produced. The author describes three types of what he terms “military migration”: migration as resistance to military service; soldiers’ migration from villages to larger West African centres and especially overseas; and return migration of demobilized soldiers. The article concludes that while military migration is part of the general process of integration of West Africa into the world capitalist system, the changing rhythm of this migration helps pinpoint moments of crisis in this process as well as illuminating the process of class formation.

Agrarian change and labour migration in the Sierra of Ecuador.

Abstract: Among the effects produced in the Sierra of Ecuador by the programme of land reforms launched in 1964 was a reduction in the incomes from small-scale farming At the same time the growth of productive employment in urban areas was insufficient to provide round-the-year work to the fast growing army of jobseekers Analysis of the agrarian structure and migration patterns before and after 1964 suggests that it was primarily this combination of circumstances that produced a pronounced shift towards short-term rather than permanent migration thereby providing industry and services with the labour they needed while avoiding the disadvantages of severe urban overpopulation (EXCERPT)

Distribution and migration of foreigners in German cities

Abstract: The author examines the intra-urban distribution and the migration of foreigners in German cities. Comparative analyses of the foreign population are presented for four large cities at the ward level and a further analysis at the block and apartment level is presented for Dusseldorf. Migration differences between native Germans and immigrants are also analyzed (ANNOTATION)

The Structure of Internal Migration in Papua New Guinea

Abstract: The author examines the structure of internal migration in Papua New Guinea from the colonial period to the present. The colonial migrant labor system which regulated the terms of employment and required the repatriation of the worker to his traditional rural economy is described and its effects on the age sex and marital status composition of the migrants are considered. The continuance of this pattern of return migration to rural areas in spite of recent urban growth and the increase in family-oriented migration is also discussed. (ANNOTATION)

Studies in overseas settlement and population

Abstract: This is a collection of papers by various authors. Part 1 is concerned with the overseas migration and settlement of 60 million Europeans during the period of colonization primarily during the nineteenth century. Consideration is also given to the migration of non-European populations within the colonial systems including Asian overseas settlement and labor migration in Western Europe and Southern Africa. Part 2 presents detailed case studies on New Zealand non-British migration to Australia the English in Natal and the Welsh in Patagonia the Indians in East Africa and the Caribbean East Europeans in Canada and Jewish settlement in Palestine

New developments in intra-European migration since 1974.

Abstract: The authors present a brief statistical summary of recent data on intra-European migration identify the major problems created by the present situation and define some main lines of approach concerning the future of European labor migration (ANNOTATION)

Changing patterns of wage labor migration in the Kilenge area of Papua New Guinea.

Abstract: Using data obtained from a village census completed in 1977 the authors examine the importance of economic and social factors in migration decisions in the village of Ongaia Papua New Guinea. The effects on migration of opportunities at place of destination pressures in place of origin and connections between town and village are investigated; motivations for return migration are discussed (ANNOTATION)

Movement of Greek labor to Germany and return.

Abstract: The author presents estimates of the total volume of return migration from the Federal Republic of Germany to Greece and an analysis of the relationship between emigration and return migration. In particular the hypothesis that return migrants may emigrate a second or third time to the same destination is considered. Data are for the period 1959 to 1976. (ANNOTATION)

Government sponsored return migration to Guyana.

Abstract: The impact of population loss through emigration can be measured both in numeric and qualitative terms. Recent migrations within and out from southern Europe have been numerically very significant, but since they have for the most part comprised unskilled rural workers the impact of these movements have tended to be local. They have not posed a serious threat to the economic develop ment of the countries involved. (Salt and Clout, 1976; Bohning, 1975; King and Strachan, 1978). The situation in many third world countries is very different, since the flow of emigrants includes within it a much higher proportion of highly educated and skilled people. Such a loss can be ill afforded by any country but least of all by those in which qualities of this kind are at a premium. The problems of the' brain drain 'have been the subject of numerous national and international reports and discussed at length in the academic literature (United Nations, 1968; Canadian International Development Agency, 1974; UNITAR, 1971; Girling, 1974; Baldwin, 1970). There is no obvious solution. On the one hand the magnet of the developed world seems to be irresistible and on the other conditions vary greatly from one developing country to another. This article reports on the efforts of one country, Guyana, to overcome its shortfall in home based qualified' people. On gaining its independence in 1966 Guyana was by no means totally bereft of experienced administrators, managers and technical experts, but they were thin on the ground. In addition there was no well developed local employment infrastructure or ' qualified ' local labour pool to fill adequately all of the available posts. Such a 'pool ' of Guyanese did, however, exist, but as a conse quence of nearly two decades of outmigration it was located overseas in the UK, USA and Canada. (Net migration loss 1950-1965 was 29,981, an average annual loss of 1,874). Forbes Burnham, Prime Minister of Guyana, launched the remigration scheme in 1967. While on a visit to Britain he threw down the challenge to expatriate Guyanese to return home to help their country achieve its declared objectives of economic self-reliance and socialism. The overwhelming importance of the public sector within the Co-operative Republic of Guyana (over 80 % of all employment) was undoubtedly influential in the setting up of the scheme. Since almost all of the return migrants would be working for the state, 96 % (370) of all those who returned between 1970 and 1977, the expenditure of public money on such a scheme was more easily justified. The response was so encouraging that in 1970 a Personnel Development Unit was set up under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister. This unit has two

A community-based approach to the analysis of migration in the highlands and islands of scotland

Abstract: In this paper it is argued that the migration experiences of present residents may have profound implications for both the structure and organization of a local population and an analytical framework is proposed which takes account of the variety of types of migration encountered in the Highlands and Islands [of Scotland]. Firstly the categories used in the analysis are explained; secondly data are presented on the distribution of migrant types in seven study areas and thirdly some suggestions are made as to the implications of different types of migration experience for the communities concerned. (EXCERPT)

Labour migration within organizations: an introductory study.

Abstract: Using data from a 1970-1971 survey of labor migrant households the authors examine the impact of local labor markets on inter-urban migration patterns in the United Kingdom. The characteristics and experiences of the migrants are analyzed in an attempt to investigate the geographical migration policies of private organizations and the nature and volume of labor migration within organizations. Suggestions for further research are offered (ANNOTATION)

Labour Migration from London

Abstract: The authors examine the voluntary out-migration of families from London and the reasons for it in an attempt to identify policy measures that might be adpoted to slow down or halt this trend. Data are from a survey of 86 labor migrant households moving from London in 1970-1971 (ANNOTATION)

Labour migration in the Sierra of Ecuador: causes and incidence.

Abstract: An attempt was made to analyze the process of internal migration in the Sierra of Ecuador. Primary focus was on the changes in the patterns of migration which have occurred in the last 2 decades. The analytical framework used assumes that migration was largely determined by the process of economic growth. Census data from Ecuador appear to indicate that the level of permanent rural emigration in the Sierra decreased after the land reform of 1964. Other evidence seems to point out that temporary migration to urban areas as well as within rural areas increased considerably after 1964. The main objective is to explain these changes in the migration pattern in terms of the process of economic growth in Ecuador. Analysis of the agrarian structure and the patterns of migration before and after the land reform of 1964 is followed by a descriptive analysis of the migrants themselves comparing them with the rural population that did not migrate. The agrarian structure largely dominated by quasi-feudal haciendas changed substantially during the 1960s. Servant labor was gradually abolished and an increasing number of hacienda owners began to modernize production and to cultivate the land more intensively. The stated objective of the 1st major land reform was to improve the standards of living of the rural poor and to raise agricultural production. Transformation of the agrarian structure led to a reduction in small farm income which stimulated migration and the peasantry increasingly migrated on a temporary basis partly because of the increasing seasonal variations in rural wage employment and the reduced absorption of permanent labor in urban employment. Migrants left largely because of lack of employment and income. The incidence of permanent migration was higher among the poorest households. The latter is not the case for the landless households in agriculture but this may be explained by a higher level of temporary migration. This temporary migration was not only the result of the process of economic growth. It also reinforced this process. It facilitated agricultural modernization by providing wage labor to the modernized farms and it increased the urban labor force thus stimulating the expansion of urban industry and manufacture. Also a growing urban labor force was obtained without a corresponding increase in the resident urban population. It is more difficult to argue that migration besides stimulating economic growth also benefited the migrants. It is true that migrants from the rural Sierra earned more than they did before leaving but these income differences were to a large extent created by the reduction in farm income caused by the structural changes in agriculture. If a genuine agrarian reform had occurred which would have provided the peasantry with a larger share of land and credit it is likely that there would have been less of a need to migrate.

Interregional Migration in the U.S.S.R.: Economic Aspects, 1959-1970

Abstract: This research examines the interregional migration of persons in the Soviet Union between the censuses of January 15 1959 and January 15 1970 Its primary concerns are to identify the migration that took place view the ecoonomic consequences and study the significance of economic factors in motivating migrants though also of interest are the determination and effectiveness of Soviet policy on migration The work is a revision of the authors thesis written in 1973 (EXCERPT)