Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1992"

Security stability and international migration.

Abstract: At high national levels the issues of international migration and refugees capture the attention of state department heads cabinets and ministries of defense and affect internal security and external relations. Migration flows are affected by economic migration for better employment opportunities and by pushes due to domestic violence and persecution. Examples abound: the recent exodus of east Germans to the west; soviet Jewish settlement of the West Bank; repatriation of refugees from Hong Kong; placement of Western migrants at strategic locations as prevention against air strikes; anxieties about Eastern European migration to Western Europe; Uganda refugees in Rwanda; and the defeat of the Kabul regime in Afghanistan. The breakup of empires and countries has created uncertainty among minorities. International migration is also subject to people fleeing from environmental degradation droughts floods famines and civil conflicts. Access to communication and transportation brings greater opportunities for migration. More people want to leave than there is room for them in other countries. The media have inadequately represented the direction of flows. Only a small part of the 17 million migrants have flowed to Western Europe or to the US. The largest flows are among developing countries particularly among Africa South Asia Southeast Asia and the Persian Gulf. There is a need for a security/stability framework in contrast to an international political economy framework for the study of international migration. State policies are being shaped by concerns over internal security and international security. The literature on international migration tends to focus on global economic conditions as a determinant of population movement. Neglected is the role of governments in encouraging or discouraging migration which is not due to economic conditions and neglects the noneconomic considerations of governments in encouraging or discouraging economic migrants. The article focuses on identifying types of international movements produced by desires for state security and stability (forced and induced migration) circumstances when international migration and the ways states respond to migration are seen as a threat.

International migration systems: a global approach.

Abstract: Global interactions, migration systems, processes, and policies, Mary M. Kritz and Hania Zlotnik. Part 1 Global and regional migration systems: empirical identification of international migration systems, Hania Zlotnik international migration in the South Pacific region, Richard Bedford the West African migration system, Paulina Makinwa-Adebusoye migration and interdependence - the migration system between France and Africa, Jean-Pierre Garson Caribbean exodus and the world system, Alan B. Simmons and Jean Pierre Guengant the role of migration policies and social networks in the development of a migration system in the Southern Cone, Jorge Balan. Part 2 Processes linking origin and destination countries: international labour movements - a perspective on economic exchanges and flows, Lin Lean Lim migration networks and the shaping of migration systems, Douglas T.Gurak and Fe Caces the use of social networks in Turkish migration to Germany, Czarina Wilpert the mobilization of labour migrants in Thailand: personal links and facilitating networks, Anchalee Singhanetra-Renard the contribution of remittances to economic and social development, Fred Arnold science and technology transfers and migration flows, Mary M. Kritz and Fe Caces. Part 3 Policy issues underlying international migration: laws and policies regulating population movements: a European perspective, Tomas Hammar contemporary labour migration from Asia: policies and perspectives of sending countries, Manolo I. Abella institutional and policy interactions among countries and refugee flows, Jacqueline Desbarats evolution of policy modes for regulating international labour migration, Mark J. Miller labour migration and international economic regimes - Bretton Woods and after Aristide R. Zolberg.

Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction to the Second Edition 1. Putting Migration into History 2. Migration in Preindustrial Europe 3. Migration in the Age of Early Industry 4. Migration in an Age of Urbanization and Industrialization 5. Migration in the Twentieth Century Notes Bibliography Index

Migration and development: the importance of gender.

Abstract: The aim of the text on gender and migration in developing countries is to show through case studies and comparative analysis essential features of gender selectivity in migration. The focus on women is justified by a scarcity of studies on womens experiences in migration a need to know why women experience more constraints and implications for development and demographic change. This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the 8 case study chapters and a general review of modern migration patterns in developing countries to urban areas overseas and to other rural areas. There is discussion of seasonal oscillating relay and circular/return migration as well as individual versus family migration and links between migrants and areas of origin. A summary is given of the neoclassical/equilibrium structuralist/Marxist and structural theories of migration. Gender issues have been conceptualized in the equilibrium and neoclassical behavioral structuralist and household strategies approaches. Case studies from Latin American countries focus on Peru and Costa Rica. In Peru female mobility is characterized as urban directed seasonal and dependent upon the organization of labor within peasant households. Detailed descriptions are provided in the study of Kallarayan village in the south. The female shifts to urban centers are also reflected in the Costa Rican study of low income groups in Guanacaste who move to a central location as a base for further family labor moves. The Caribbean study of Leeward island of Montserrat exemplifies male overseas migration and remittances. Gender inequalities in access to work are again reflected in the case study of Avatime women in Ghana. Kenyan migration is examined historically to show the shifts from marriage based migration to labor migration for women. Bangladesh women migrants from Khulna city and the community of Medja Para are described as "independent economic migrants". The Thai case study of Mae Sa village in the Ping River Valley shows the increasing trend toward labor migration among young and single women. Indonesian female migration is characterized as being due to an increase in multinational manufacturing activity displacement of women from agriculture rising levels of female education and the breakdown of patriarchal systems.

Global interactions: migration systems processes and policies.

Abstract: The authors use examples from the other 17 chapters in this book to help describe the key elements of a systems approach to the study of international migration. They conclude that "in an increasingly interconnected world few countries can be simply categorized as receivers or senders of migrants and only the adoption of a wide perspective with regard to migration can advance our understanding about the coexistence of inflows and outflows of migrants from the same country or of the simultaneous admission of highly skilled workers and low-skilled ones by another." The geographical scope is worldwide. (EXCERPT)

Migration processes among the highly skilled in Europe.

Abstract: This article seeks to show that the migration process for highly skilled workers in contemporary Europe is part of the structuring of European business. It focuses on the employers perspective and role in articulating movement using data from various official sources as well as survey evidence from the United Kingdom. It suggests that the increasing importance of this form of mobility is related to the process of internationalization by large employers and that the particular form of movement is dependent on the evolution of corporate business. (EXCERPT)

East-West Migration: The Alternatives

Abstract: Part 1 Overview: the alternatives the presssure to migrate the response conclusions. Part 2 Migration - the pressure to move: the setting earlier migrations what determines migration? prospects for desired migration time pattern of desired migration can migration be controlled?. Part 3 Migration - the likely effects: long-run effects externality issues short-run absorption effects in the United States the return of the French Algerians postwar Germany can the West cope?. Part 4 Free trade with the West: prospects for growth in trade trade as a substitute for migration efficiency differences and factor mobility dynamic and macroeconomic gains from trade. Part 5 Aid and capital flows: necessary conditions for investment external finance as a lever for reform forms and conditions of aid who should pay and how? consolidating the debt. Appendices: economics of migration - further evidence can emigration hurt the home country?

Migrant remittances and development.

Abstract: Income remittances from migrant workers to countries of origin are central to the links between migration and development. Multiple complex and diverse forces however affect the flow of remittances. Factors may include the number and characteristics of workers abroad; levels and types of economic activity in sending and host countries; differential wage exchange and interest rates; political risk; and the facility for transferring funds. These factors then shape personal decisions made by migrants and their families regarding remittances after which any longer-range development consequences of remittances may result. Debate rages over the effects of remittances on development. This paper therefore reviews papers on the measurement of remittances and gives recent findings on the volume and direction of flows. It continues by considering evidence on the uses of remittances and their consequences for development and closes with a discussion of policy options for increasing and channeling remittance flows.

Migration, development and remittances in rural Mexico.

Abstract: The argument is that remittances to Mexico from migrants in the US contribute to household prosperity and lessen the balance of payments problem. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the incentives and constraints to development and individual economic well-being in rural Mexico. Examination is made of the financial amount of remittances the use of remittances the impact on development of remittances models of migration and migration historically. The viewpoint is that migration satisfies labor needs in developed countries to the detriment of underdeveloped countries. $2 billion a year are sent by illegal migrants from the US to Mexico. This sum is 4 times the net earning of Mexicos tourist trade. 21.1% of the Mexican population depend in part on money sent from the US. 79% of illegal migrants remitted money to relatives in Jalisco state. 70% of migrant families receive $170/month. In Guadalupe 73% of families depended on migrant income. In Villa Guerrero 50% of households depended on migrant income. Migrant income supported 1 out of 5 households in Mexico. Money is usually spent of household subsistence items. Sometimes money is also spent on community religious festivals marriage ceremonies and education of children or improved living conditions. Examples are given of money being used for investment in land and livestock. Migration affects community solidarity and comparative ethic and the influence on others to migrate. Employment opportunities are not expanded and cottage and community industries are threatened. Land purchases did not result in land improvements. Migration models are deficient. There is a macro/micro dichotomy. The push-and-pull system is not controllable by individual migrants. The migration remittance model is a product of unequal development and a mechanism feeding migration. Mexican migration has occurred since the 1880s; seasonal migration was encouraged. There was coercion to return to Mexico after the economic recession of World War I; the door was firmly closely during the Great Depression of 1929-35. The 1980 estimates of illegal Mexican migrants totaled 2-9 million which is the largest flow in the world. US industrial presence and Mexican development have reinforced migration flows. Regional and international capitalist requirements govern migration.

Migration patterns and trends

Abstract: This is the first of two planned volumes designed to present the results of the latest research and debate on contemporary migration in Britain. They are both the product of the Working Party on Internal Migration set up in 1988 by the Institute of British Geographers. This volume consists of 14 papers by various authors, which are organized under five headings: migration differentials, migration and housing, migration and employment, migration and social change, and the study of migration. The primary focus is on movement within the United Kingdom.

International migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian region: a review essay.

Abstract: The author reviews the literature on the trends and characteristics of international migration within and from East and Southeast Asia with a focus on the past 25 years. "Five migration systems are described: settler student contract labor skilled labor and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S. Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members....Contract labor migration particularly to the Middle East has provided jobs foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women but also led to illegal migration skills drain and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs [newly industrializing economies] and Japan." (EXCERPT)

Migration and economic development

Abstract: I. Theoretical Models.- A Microeconomic Model of Migration.- Migration and International Factor Price Equalization.- II. Performance of Migrants.- Savings and Remittances: Guestworkers in West Germany.- III. Effects of Emigration on the Sending Country.- The Impact of International Labor Migration for Turkey.- IV. Migration Within Developing Countries.- Rural -Urban Migration. On the Allocation of Risks in Developing Countries.- Place of Birth and Past Place of Residence in South Korea: Methodological Considerations for Migration Research.- V. Immigration Policy.- Migration Pressure in Germany: Past and Future.- The Economic Consequences of Selective Immigration Policies.- List of Contributors.

Migration, international relations and the new Europe: theoretical perspectives from institutional political sociology.

Abstract: The author examines the sociopolitical effects of recent political transformations in Eastern and Central Europe and the formation of the European Community on migration and international relations. Some policy implications are discussed. (ANNOTATION)

Migration processes and patterns. Volume 2: population redistribution in the United Kingdom.

Abstract: This is the second of two volumes on migration in the United Kingdom. It "provides an analysis of the changing level composition and geographical patterns of migration taking place within the United Kingdom during the 1970s and 1980s. The book contains contributions prepared by members of a Working Party on internal migration set up under the aegis of the Institute of British Geographers. Chapters are organised on the basis of the national regional or systematic perspectives which they offer. [The volume demonstrates] the importance of migration and...its role as a key agent of demographic social and economic change in a post-industrial society." (EXCERPT)

International manpower flows in Asia: an overview.

Abstract: Significant differentials in demographic and economic variables shape the nature, extent and direction of economic migration within the diverse Asian region. The Middle East and North Africa have been prime destinations for temporary labor from Asia. However, intra-Asian migration is increasing, characterized by movement of labor from countries at earlier stages of demographic and economic transition to the rapidly growing economies of the region. This article presents a country-by-country overview of historical, economic and sociodemographic variables; statistical data and assessments of the nature and impact of migration; and future trends. Regions covered include: 1) South Asia and the Indian Ocean Islands, 2) Southeast Asia, 3) Northeast Asia.

Population structure in the eastern Adriatic: the influence of historical processes, migration patterns, isolation and ecological pressures, and their interaction

Abstract: Introduction In the last few decades population structure of human groups has emerged as posing some of the most interesting and provocative problems in contemporary anthropological and genetic sciences. Migration is a principal feature acting directly (though with varying intensity) on both genetic equilibrium and demography of populations, so that migration analysis is essential for the understanding of population structure at all levels (Roberts, 1988). Few human populations today remain isolated; those that are not, experience different migratory pressures. At the global level, international migration today is a major topic of economic and social concern (Appleyard, 1988), while the biological effects of human migration are of considerable importance to a wide variety of disciplines (Mascie-Taylor & Lasker, 1989) including anthropology, demography, epidemiology and genetics. A few years ago, discussing the importance of genetic structure in human microevolution, Roberts (1987) noted ‘Every human population can be regarded as a continuing entity occupying a particular space. … A population can be characterised statistically, and distinguished from other populations, by the use of parameters, its group attributes (e.g. birth rates and death rates, means and variance of metric characters, territorial density, gene frequency) which are meaningless relative to any individual. The population is permanent in relation to the individuals composing it; for the individual is born into the population, which exists before his arrival and continues to exist after his death.’ This chapter presents an analysis of the results from studies of the population structure of contemporary European rural communities in the Eastern Adriatic.

Economic and political restructuring and the sustainability of migrant remittances: the case of Western Samoa.

Abstract: This study examines the importance of remittances from emigrants to the economies of Pacific island states. The author considers two basic questions: "Are there enough island-born or island-linked people in the labor forces of industrialized countries to generate a given level of remittances to the island states?...[and] Will those who are able to sustain the flow be willing to? In this paper I examine the case of remittance flows between New Zealand and Western Samoa." (EXCERPT)

Occupational Structure, Wages, and Migration in Late Nineteenth-Century England and Wales

Abstract: The relationships among occupational structure wages and internal migration in England and Wales in the second half of the nineteenth century are analyzed. The author concludes that socioeconomic inequalities among districts provide the major explanation for migration. (ANNOTATION)

International migration and the rural context in Sylhet

Abstract: This article uses material from a village in Sylhet to discuss some of the effects of overseas migration on the area. Studies of ‘sending areas’ such as Sylhet are important not only for understanding the migratory process, but also for a more balanced view of Sylhetis in Britain. Arguing that migration has not led to economic development in the area, I suggest that instead it has prompted ‘migration mama’ — a situation where foreign countries are invested in and glorified to the detriment of the homelands. This has far‐reaching social and economic effects, and is related to the hegemony of the international labour market as much as to the internal conditions of Bangladesh.

The Politics of Migration in the Contemporary World

Abstract: The impact of political factors on international migration trends is discussed with a focus on migration to Western Europe. Consideration is given to political and economic pressures to migrate and to responses to migration pressures by governments and the international community. Some future trends in international migration are projected. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)

International migrations in Europe: Polish perspectives for the 1990s.

Abstract: This article presents estimates of the size of emigration from Poland during the 1980s as well as projections concerning the migration patterns in the 1990s. The author anticipates a contraction of the volume of population outflow by some 50 percent: from about 100000 to about 50000 per year on the average. These projections are based upon the examination of the role of a number of incentives and barriers to migration including economic demographic and political factors. In the final section prospects concerning immigration to Poland are briefly discussed. (EXCERPT)

Down and Out in Warsaw and Budapest: Eastern Europe and East-West Migration

Abstract: The author examines the implications and policy dilemmas posed by potential migrations from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The article "is divided into five parts. The first section examines the pattern and possible dimensions of migration from the former Soviet Union. The second section discusses the problem posed for Eastern Europe by increased migration from the former Soviet Union and the efforts undertaken by these countries to cope with this increased migration. The third section focuses on the problem of migration within Eastern Europe itself....The fourth section examines the impact of migration from the East to the Federal Republic of Germany...and the policy dilemmas that this migration poses. A final section focuses on the future policy agenda and the ways in which East and West might cooperate to control and manage the population outflows." (EXCERPT)

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON MIGRATION WITHIN AND FROM THE FORMER USSR IN THE 1990s

Abstract: Patterns of population distribution revealed from 1989 census data are used to assess how future population movements could be affected by current political, social, and economic changes. Much migr...

Migration and Development: A Global Agenda for the Future

Abstract: The author examines "the key parameters which any agenda on future migration and development must address: current and likely future demographic and economic trends in the so-called North and South regions of the world. I will also suggest appropriate policies designed to reduce emigration pressures that are demonstrably building in many parts of the world as a result of demographic and economic differentials." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

Changing labour processes and internal migration

Abstract: Since 1980 there has been a massive surge of interest in migration throughout the developed world, not least in Britain. This is due to several factors: the reversal of migration flows to metropolitan areas and the revival of rural population growth (counter-urbanization); the lessening influence of traditional economic constraints on migration patterns; expected changes in the development of society regarding housing, employment and the nature of households; and finally an overall reduction in the rate of natural population increase. This major two-volume research publication explores all of these issues. Volume 1 outlines the latest methodology for analysing the extent and impact of population movement, while this volume provides a detailed survey of population movement in the UK during the 1980s.

Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America

Abstract: A Paradigm Shift in Migration Explanation Cyclical and Polygonal Migration in a Western Context Community Attachment and Migration Decision Making in Nonmetropolitan Settings The Motivational Salience of Structural Change in Nonmetropolitan Migration Interstate Migration and Public Welfare - The Migration Decision of a Low Income Population Sustenance Specialisation and Dominance in International and National Ecosystems - Implications for Post 1980 Migration in Counties in the United States Sustenance Organisation and Population Redistribution in New York State - A Human Ecological Analysis Individual and Corporate Migration Decisions Changes in Employment Location and Income Direction of Migration Growth and Dispersal of an Intentional Utopia.

The future of international migration within Asia.

Abstract: Data on flows from Asia to the Middle East and developing countries as well as on flows within Asia are presented, followed by a discussion of the growing importance of intraregional labor migratio...