Showing papers on "Internal combustion engine published in 1987"

Catalyst for purifying exhaust gas

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable decomposition of NOx contained in large excess oxygen without using a conventional reducing agent by providing an NOx decomposition catalyst shown in the specified crystalline structural formula in the passage of exhaust gas of an automobile equipped with an internal combustion engine CONSTITUTION:An NOx decomposition catalyst having a crystal structure shown in the formula I (A shows alkaline earth metal such as Ba and Sr, B shows rare earth metal such as Y, Nd and La, C shows metal of copper group such as Cu and Ag, 0<=x<=30, 0<=y<=20, 0<=z<=40, 40<=alpha<=80, 0<=beta<=20) is formed A catalyst for purifying exhaust gas is constituted by providing this NOx decomposition catalyst 3 in the passage of exhaust gas of an automobile equipped with an internal combustion engine 1 By this catalyst constitution, NOx of ppm order contained even in large excess oxygen such as about 10% can be decomposed

Fuel and oil heat management system for a gas turbine engine

Abstract: A heat management system is provided for a gas turbine engine (10) having first and second oil cooling loops (14, 16). The system distributes excess fuel flow from a main fuel pump (44) among a plurality of upstream locations (58, 60, 68) for managing the transfer of heat between the oil loops (14, 16) and the flowing fuel. A diverter valve (62) regulates the distribution of the bypass fuel responsive to engine heat generation, oil temperature, and/or fuel temperature. A passive fuel distribution configuration using one or more fuel flow restrictors (72, 74, 76) is also disclosed.

Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines—The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture

Abstract: The flow field within the cylinder of internal combustion engines is the most important factor controlling the combustion process. Thus it has a major impact on engine operation. This paper reviews those aspects of gas motion into, within, and out of the engine cylinder that govern the combustion characteristics and breathing capabilities of spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition or diesel engines. Necessary background information and reciprocating engine operating cycles, the primary effect of piston motion and the spark-ignition and diesel engine combustion processes is first summarized. Then the characteristics of flow through inlet and exhaust valves in four-stroke cycle engines, and through ports in the cylinder liner in two-stroke cycle engines are reviewed. The essential features of common in-cylinder flows - the large scale rotating flows set up by the conical intake jet, the creation and development of swirl about the cylinder axis, the flows produced during compression due to combustion chamber shape called squish, flow during the combustion process, and two-stroke scavenging flows - are then described. The turbulence characteristics of these flows are then defined and discussed. Finally, flow phenomena which occur near the walls, which are important to heat transfer and hydrocarbon emissions phenomena, are reviewed.

Heat insulation of combustion chamber walls ― a measure to decrease the fuel consumption of I.C. engines?

Abstract: Experimental investigations were made with a single-cylinder direct-injection Diesel engine with heat-insulated piston. The most important result is an inferior economy compared with the not insulated aluminum-piston engine. It was found that this phenomenon is not caused by neither a changed combustion process nor increased blowby nor different friction losses, but rather by a drastic increase of the heat transfer coefficient during the first part of combustion with increasing surface temperature. This is taken into account in a modified equation for the heat transfer coefficient. Cycle-simulations using this modified equation show that there is neither a gain in fuel economy of naturally aspirated nor of turbocharged nor of turbocompound Diesel engines with ''heat insulated'' combustion chamber walls.

Early flame development and burning rates in spark ignition engines and their cyclic variability

Abstract: Experiments by others have been analyzed to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information on early flame development and burning rates in a square piston premixed spark-ignition engine. Flame growth was observed using high speed Schlieren photography and simultaneous pressure records were obtained using piezo-electric transducers. To study the effects of in-cylinder gas motion several combinations of shrouded and unshrouded inlet valves, and flat and stepped pistons were used. Spark position was also varied. The analysis supports the wrinkled laminar flame model of turbulent flame structure in spark-ignition engines. It also suggests that cycle-by-cycle variations in the growth rate and location of the flame kernel at very early times are the major cause of cycle-by-cycle pressure variations in spark-ignition engines.

Two-cycle internal combustion engine

Abstract: A two-cycle internal combustion engine comprises a cylinder head having an intake port and exhaust port opened to a combustion chamber, to which compressed fresh air is introduced via an intake valve. The intake and exhaust valves are operated in response to a crank angle. A pulsation pressure of exhaust gas in the exhaust port is substantially restrained during an idling or light load running condition. The exhaust valve is opened earlier than the intake valve when the speed of the downward movement of the piston is relatively high, such that a part of exhaust gas in the exhaust port flows back to the combustion chamber in that condition. An exhaust gas swirl rotating around a cylinder axis is formed when the exhaust gas flows back and the fresh air is slowly introduced onto the exhaust gas swirl in that condition.

Valve operating apparatus for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling the operation of intake or exhaust valves of an internal combustion engine in which cam-driven rocker arms that operate the valves are selectively connected or disconnected for movement in unision or for independent movement in order to open and close the valves in accordance with the various modes of engine operation. Control of the valves is produced by the cooperative effect of hydraulic pressure and variable spring forces whereby more accurate valve operation over a greater number of engine operating modes is achieved.

Apparatus for recovering thermal energy from an engine

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering thermal energy from an engine (1) of a motor vehicle has a first rotary electric machine (5) coupled to a turbocharger (4) mounted on the engine (1), a second rotary electric machine (7) coupled to an exhaust turbine (6) disposed in an exhaust system (3) of the engine, and a third rotary electric machine (9) mounted on an axle (8) of the motor vehicle. The apparatus also includes respective means for detecting the engine rotational speed (1a), the engine load (1 b) and the engine boost pressure (2a). The first, second, and third rotary electric machines are controlled by a controller (10) on the basis of signals from the means (1 a, 1 b, 2a) for effective utilisation of the energy of an exhaust gas discharged from the engine.

Nonlinear Low Frequency Phenomenological Engine Modeling and Analysis

Abstract: The paper contains a bibliography and discussion of recent activity in nonthermodynamic (low frequency) internal combustion engine model development where spark advance, fuel, throttle, and exhaust gas recirculation are the elected control variables. Modeling considerations are delineated and the modeling relationship to experimental verification is discussed. Examples with explicit methods of parameter determination and dynamic validation are presented.

Generator set and method

Abstract: A generator set including an internal combustion engine which drives an alternator or generator to generate electricity. The engine and the generator are air cooled by air driven by a fan along two parallel air cooling circuits through the generator set. The components of the set are enclosed in a two-piece housing or enclosure having two openings, an air inlet and an air outlet.

Rotary internal combustion engine

Abstract: A rotary internal combustion engine has adjacent circular compression and combustion rotors fixed to a shaft and each having a radial vane sliding on an inner surface of a surrounding eccentric circular chamber, and an arcuate transfer passage communicating between the chambers through an intermediate wall via slots in the rotors adjacent the vanes.

Turbo compound engine

Abstract: A turbo compound engine including driving force transmitting means for connecting the crankshaft of an engine, and a power turbine disposed in an engine exhaust passage achieves adequate engine brake force by applying a resistance force against the crankshaft directly or indirectly during the exhaust brake because the engine brake force of the turbocharged engine suffers a relative decrease due to the increase in the output power.

Internal combustion engine control apparatus

Abstract: A detector for detecting amount of suction air or rotating speed of an internal combustion engine supplies the detection signal to a control circuit, which supplies a drive signal to an air control valve mounted in a suction pipe of the internal combustion engine in accordance with the detection signal from the detector so that an idling rotating speed of the internal combustion engine is increased to a predetermined speed.

A study of velocities and turbulence intensities measured in firing and motored engines

Abstract: Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to make cycle-resolved velocity and turbulence measurements under motoring and firing conditions in a ported homogeneous charge S.I. engine. The engine had a flat pancake chamber with a compression ratio of 7.5. In one study, the effect of the intake velocity on TDC turbulence intensity was measured at 600, 1200, and 1800 rpm with three different intake flow rates at each speed. The TDC swirl ratio ranged from 2 to 6. The TDC turbulence intensities were found to be relatively insensitive to the intake velocity, and tended to scale more strongly with engine speed. For the combustion measurements, the engine was operated at 600, 1200, and 2400 rpm on stoichiometric and lean propane-air mixtures. Velocity measurements were made in swirling and non-swirling flows at several spatial locations on the midplane of the clearance height.

Combustion gas powered tool

Abstract: A housing partially defines a combustion chamber. A movable piston partially defines the combustion chamber. An air and fuel mixture is generated in the combustion chamber. The air and fuel mixture is ignited in the combustion chamber. An obstacle member is fixedly disposed in the combustion chamber. The obstacle member serves to generate turbulence in an unburned portion of the air and fuel mixture after the air and fuel mixture is ignited. Fuel may be injected into at least two points in the combustion chamber.

Method of operating an electromagnetically actuated fuel intake or exhaust valve of an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A method of detecting movement of an electromagnetically actuated valve of the kind useful in internal combustion engines for controlling fuel intake or exhaust emission, by monitoring the increase in energizing current for detecting a brief drop in the rising current characteristic of the armature of the electromagnet engaging the stator. A signal generated in response to the detected current drop, or the absence thereof, may be used to control the further operation of the valve.

Variable geometry turbocharger turbine

Abstract: A variable geometry turbine system for internal combustion engine turbochargers is provided which comprises a turbine wheel and a meridionally divided volute having first and second volute passageways defining first and second turbine inlet openings for the flow of exhaust gas from the passageways into the turbine wheel. The system further includes closure means movable betwen a first position in which both from both volute passageways to flow into the turbine turbine inlet openings are open to permit exhaust gas wheel to provide a mixed-flow turbine during periods of high engine speed; and a second position closing the first turbine inlet opening to permit exhaust gas from only the second volute passageway to flow into the turbine wheel to provide an axial-flow turbine during periods of reduced engine speed. The closure means of the system can further include valve means for diverting during periods of reduced engine speed. The turbine all exhaust gas flow into the second volute passageway system is simple in construction, durable, low in cost and provides efficient engine operation over a full range of engine speeds.

Wide range gaseous fuel combustion system for gas turbine engines

Abstract: Systems capable of supplying either all gaseous fuel, all liquid fuel, or a mixture of the two, at a preselected ratio have been successfully employed in gas turbine engines. The mixing of such fuels has taken place in the combustion chamber and has caused the nozzle design and system controls to complicate the structure and increase costs. The subject system for burning gaseous fuels having a range of calorific values has overcome these problems by providing a simple inexpensive system. The system uses a starting step where only high calorific value gaseous fuel is injected through a first fuel supply passage of an injector and operates the engine to a preestablished engine operating parameter. After the preestablished engine operating parameter has been reached a low calorific value gaseous fuel is mixed in a mixing chamber outside the combustion chamber and injected through the first fuel supply passage until a level of heating value of the mixed fuel or a second engine operating parameter has been reached. The mixing continues and a second fuel supply passage of the injector is opened to increase the mass/volume flow of fuel into the engine. The ratio of low calorific value gaseous fuel increases and the high calorific value gaseous fuel decreases as the engine operating parameters are monitored until the engine operates on only the low calorific value gaseous fuel.

Cooling system for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A liquid cooling system having a combined coolant pump/electric motor assembly detached from a liquid cooled internal combustion engine. Liquid coolant is circulated from a radiator, first through the engine head jacket, then through the engine block jacket and back into the radiator. A two-speed electric pump varies the liquid coolant flow rate in relation to a deviation between actual engine temperature and an optimum temperature. The combined coolant pump/electric motor assembly further combines a magnetic clutch with the electric motor such that a separate magnetic clutch is not required.

Unburned Gas Temperatures in an Internal Combustion Engine. I:Cars Temperature Measurements

Abstract: Broadband,coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements of unburned gas temperatures have been performed in an internal combustion engine.The engine is fueled with n-butane and air and is operated under both knocking and non-knocking conditons.Temperatures are determined by fitting calculated CARS spectra to experimentally obtained,cycle-averaged nitrogen CARS spectra.The accuracy of the fitted temperature depends on a number of factors,including the modeling of collisional narrowing and the response of the intensified diode array detector,the accuracy of nitrogen linewidths and nonresonant susceptibilities used in the CARS fitting code,and the use of the correct laser line shape convolution.The estimated accuracy of the CARS temperatures is 5-9 percent and is presently limited by long-term drift in the broadband dye laser frequency spectrum.The CARS temperatures are compared with the temperature predictions of a heat release model for the engine.The implications of the measurements f...

The Dual Fuel Engine

Abstract: Interest in the efficient utilization of gaseous fuel resources for the production of power using conventional internal combustion engines, has been increasing worldwide in view of the inevitable declining resources of petroleum and projected limitations on the availability of refined liquid fuels, particularly those of the right quality. This is in contrast to statements made that the proven reserves of natural gas are increasing1 and that there are potentially enormous reserves of natural gas2 that can be utilized as fuels in engine applications. Moreover, there is increased perceived availability of other forms of gaseous fuels such as liquid petroleum gases, gas fuel mixtures produced from the processing and upgrading of various fossil fuel resources such as coal, oil sands and shales and from the processing of organic and vegetable wastes in the form of bio-gas.

Fuel injection system

Abstract: A fuel injection system for dosing and atomizing fuel under high pressure into the cylinders of an internal combustion engine has a continuously operating, controllable-flow-rate fuel pump and at least one adjusting drive associated with injection nozzles respectively for each cylinder of the engine. The flow rate of the fuel pump is controlled by the sum of the fuel quantities to be fed per unit time to all of the injection nozzles for controlling the fuel dose injected into each cylinder. The adjusting drive at least opens a fuel path to the injection nozzle for each cylinder at the correct time to control the injection timing. Separating the dose and timing controls in this way simplifies the structure required for both controls.

Three-dimensional computations of flows in a stratified-charge rotary engine

Abstract: The first three-dimensional rotary-engine computations are reported of exhaust, intake (with side and peripheral ports, and with different intake turbulence intensities and length scales), compression, homogeneous-charge combustion, dual liquid fuel injection, and dual liquid fuel injection and combustion The model includes a k-epsilon submodel for turbulence, a stochastic treatment of the fuel drops and a hybrid laminar and mixing-controlled submodel for the conversion of reactant to products The code is an extensively modified version of KIVA The latter was developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory for reciprocating engines The modifications include: dynamic rezoning of the grid in both the x-y and the x-z planes; adoption of a cartesian coordinate system fixed to the housing with analytical grid generation and grid velocities related to the rotor velocity; inclusion of radial and tangential ports for both intake and exhaust

Regulation of engine parameters in response to vapor recovery purge systems

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for controlling hydrocarbon emission from an internal combustion engine having an air/fuel intake coupled to a fuel vapor recovery system. Fuel vapors are periodically purged from the fuel vapor recovery system into the air/fuel intake. The mixture of air fuel vapor and fuel inducted into the air/fuel intake is regulated by a feedback loop responsive to an exhaust gas oxygen sensor to maintain a desired air/fuel ratio. An indication of the fuel vapor concentration in the fuel vapor recovery system is provided to control various engine parameters and thereby reduce hydrocarbon emissions during the response time of the feedback loop. In one aspect of the invention, the flow rate of the purged fuel vapors is controlled to be in inverse relation to the concentration of purged fuel vapors during the response time of the feedback loop. In another aspect of the invention, the engine timing is retarded in relation to the concentration of purged fuel vapors during the response time of the feedback loop.

Intake system for internal combustion engine

Abstract: An improved induction system for a V type engine that is tuned for substantially all running conditions and which is nevertheless compact in construction. The system includes a pair of plenum chambers each disposed adjacent one of the cylinder heads of the engine. Each cylinder head has at least two intake passages serving the respective cylinder bores and a first conduit extends from the adjacent plenum chamber to one of the intake passages and a second conduit extends from the other of the plenum chambers to the other intake passage. The plenum chambers communicate with each other at their opposite ends to improve air flow and a common inlet opening serves each plenum chamber inlet. A throttle valve arrangement is also incorporated so that good performance is achieved under all running conditions.

Fuel injection and combustion phenomena in a high speed DI diesel engine observed by means of endoscopic high speed photography

Abstract: After a short description of the Endoscopic High Speed Combustion Photography Technique used, the results obtained through observation of the following phenomena in a 0.5 litre HSDI Diesel engine are presented: the wall jet development and the role of swirl, the effect of wall temperature (cold and warm engine) on combustion development, and the effect of pilot injection on mixture formation and combustion. To document these phenomena, typical high speed films are presented supplemented by cylinder pressure, injector needle lift, rate of heat release, and light radiation (flame luminosity) intensity data recorded simultaneously by means of a digital acquisition system.

Vaporized fuel control apparatus for internal combustion engines

Abstract: A vaporized fuel control apparatus for an internal combustion engine. Fuel vapor formed in the fuel tank during the refuelling period is adsorbed to a refuelling canister and fuel vapor formed in the fuel tank during the engine running period is adsorbed to a running canister. The canisters are controlled in a manner that the amount of the fuel vapor discharged into the intake system of the engine from the refuelling canister is smaller than that of the running canister.

Dual fuel mobil engine system

Abstract: This is a dual fuel engine, meaning an engine that is operated with straight diesel fuel or with gaseous fuel and pilot injection of diesel fuel, the invention is primarily concerned with dual fuel engines for use in over-the-road vehicles but it has other applications. The invention also contemplates using the heat from the cooling water of the jackets of the engine to vaporize a liquid fuel into a gaseous state which is thereafter injected directly into the cylinders of the engine during operation on the dual fuel cycle.

Deterioration detector system for catalyst in use for emission gas purifier

Abstract: Deterioration detector system for catalyst in use for emission gas purifier, comprising; an emission passageway through which exhaust gas from internal combustion engine, passes by way of catalyst to facilitate the reducing and oxidizing reaction among the toxicant component of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide; a sensor placed at the emission passageway to position downstream of the catalyst against the exhaust gas flow so as to generate an output in direct proportion to air-fuel ratio in the exhaust gas; an annunciator arranged to activate in response to the output of more than the predetermined level generated from the air- fuel ratio sensor.