Showing papers on "Interview published in 1974"
TL;DR: The effect of labels on clinicians' judgments was assessed in a 2 X 2 factorial design and the interviewee was described as fairly well adjusted by the behavioral therapists regardless of the label supplied; this was not the case, however, for the more traditional therapists.
Abstract: The effect of labels on clinicians' judgments was assessed in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Clinicians representing two different schools of thought, behavioral and analytic, viewed a single videotaped interview between a man who had recently applied for a new job and one of the authors. Half of each group was told that the interviewee was a "job applicant," while the remaining half was told that he was a "patient." At the end of the videotape, all clinicians were asked to complete a questionnaire evaluating the interviewee. The interviewee was described as fairly well adjusted by the behavioral therapists regardless of the label supplied. This was not the case, however, for the more traditional therapists. When the interviewee was labeled "patient," he was described as significantly more disturbed than he was when he was labeled "job applicant." The fact that labels create sets that influence subsequent perception has long been established. Researchers have generally studied these effects by providing different labels and observing the reactions they occasion in their subjects. Kelley (1950), extending Asch's (1946) work, has shown that by assigning the label warm/cold to a lecturer, one could significantly affect another's perceptions of that person. A more recent study (Huguenard, Sager, & Ferguson, 1970) demonstrated the same result in simulated employment interviews. Along with varying the interviewer's initial set (warm/cold), they also varied the length of the interview (10, 20, or 30 minutes). While the interviewer's initial set significantly affected his after-interview ratings, the length of the interview did not. Thus, the effect of labels is pervasive and not readily overridden by the additional information that may be provided by a prolonged interaction. In another study of this kind (Rapp, 1965), the researcher had pairs of subjects describe a child's behavior. One member of
258 citations
TL;DR: Results suggested that the facilitating effect of the interviewer's disclosure was best interpreted in terms of social exchange theory rather than in response disinhibition or discriminative cueing terms, and subjects showed no clear preference for a disclosing interviewer.
Abstract: The second author interviewed 16 male and 16 female undergraduates, inviting them to disclose information about themselves on a series of 10 high-intimacy topics presented in an individually randomized order. Subjects were assigned to one of four treatments defined by the possible combinations, over two five-topic blocks, of disclosure or non-disclosure on the part of the interviewer. (Interviewer disclosure on a topic immediately preceded the corresponding disclosure by a subject.) Two judges (one of whom was the second author) independently rated audiotape recordings of interviewees' presentations for disclosure and modelling of content. Interviewee disclosure was strongly facilitated by disclosure on the part of the interviewer, but was sustained at a high level only if the interviewer continued to disclose. Deep disclosures by interviewees showed somewhat greater originality of content than more shallow disclosures. These results suggested that the facilitating effect of the interviewer's disclosure was best interpreted in terms of social exchange theory rather than in response disinhibition or discriminative cueing terms. However, subjects showed no clear preference for a disclosing interviewer. For given levels of interviewer disclosure their interview reactions were less favourable the more they had disclosed, suggesting that the ‘dispensation’ of self-disclosure was costly. Sensitizing subjects were apt to disclose more than repressing subjects and to have less favourable interview reactions.
44 citations
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The authors examined information processing problems associated with decisions made during medical history interviewing, and linked these decisions to the use of questionnaires with fixed-choice responses, and concluded that these two strategies for obtaining information do not deal adequately with the emergent conditions of interview settings.
Abstract: This paper examines information processing problems associated with decisions made during medical history interviewing, and links these decisions to the use of questionnaires with fixed-choice responses. In a medical history interview the physician’s summary statement does not reveal the reasoning employed in posing questions and deciding that appropriate answers have been obtained. The use of self-contained stimulus questions with fixed response choices in sample surveys poses a similar problem. In survey research we need to clarify the reasoning attributed to the respondent, and the researcher’s decision-making, in arriving at acceptable questions, answers and relationships among stipulated variables. These two strategies for obtaining information do not deal adequately with the emergent conditions of interview settings. The emergent conditions include spontaneous variations in the language used, several levels of semantic information processing, shifting definitions of the problem and a problematic use of stimulus questions. These conditions, seen as natural to all interviewing, will be addressed in this paper.
38 citations
30 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the amount or quality of historical psychiatric data collected from informants was not related to the technique used and the information elicited by one method was not significantly different from the information elicit by the other in either quantity or quality.
Abstract: Summary Studied the effects of telephone and face-to-face interviews on the quantity and quality of historical information obtained from informants of psychiatric patients. Whenever possible the closest available relative of 105 consecutive admissions between the ages of 20-34 was interviewed by a social scientist using a semistructured psychiatric interview consisting of 88 questions. A total of 85 informants were interviewed, 50 face-to-face and 35 by telephone. The two groups of informants were similar in all characteristics possibly associated with knowledge of the patient and willingness to provide information. The information elicited by one method was not significantly different from the information elicited by the other in either quantity or quality. Our results indicate that the amount or quality of historical psychiatric data collected from informants was not related to the technique used.
27 citations
24 citations
TL;DR: Lankford as mentioned in this paper conducted interviews with 176 seventh-grade pupils in six states in the US and found that knowledge of a pupil's thinking, as he computes, can be determined by carefully conducted individual interviews.
Abstract: An addition to the written record a pupil makes as he uses pencil and paper to compute, it is often helpful to know the thinking associated with that record. Recent experience in a research study indicates that knowledge of a pupil's thinking, as he computes, can be determined by carefully conducted individual interviews. The study has been reported under the title Some Computational Strategies of Seventh Grade Pupils (Lankford 1972). It was based on interviews with 176 seventh-grade pupils enrolled in schools in Richmond, Virginia; Northumberland County, Virginia; Washington, D. C; Atlanta, Georgia; Detroit, Michigan; and Denver, Colorado. In each school system, all pupils in one intact class in a single school were used. The interviews were conducted in a room where a single pupil and the interviewer could work undisturbed. The pupil was given a set of computational exercises and asked to do them as he usually did, but to "say out loud your thinking as you compute." The exercises involved the four operations with whole numbers and fractions. Each interview lasted a class period about 40 to 50 minutes. The pupil was not hurried; he simply completed as many exercises as he could in the allotted time. A verbatim record of each interview was made on cassette tape for future analysis.
22 citations
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a question-analysis model is proposed to assist the interviewer in selecting and phrasing questions that will elicit the information desired, and offers some practical suggestions for conducting an interview.
Abstract: Interviewing is a most important form of interpersonal communication in most business and industrial settings. The goal of an interview is to secure needed information from an interviewee. This article suggests a strategy and provides a question-analysis model that should assist the interviewer in selecting and phrasing questions that will elicit the information desired, and offers some practical suggestions for conducting an interview.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the reliability and validity of the selection interview in the context of postgraduate students in clinical psychology at the University of Birmingham and reported that the quality of the candidates interviewed did not differ from chance.
Abstract: ferred candidates from the total interviewed did not differ from chance. The results are discussed in terms of the quality of the candidates applying for training and of the reliabiliry and validity of the selection procedure. The literature on reliability and/or validity of the selection interview is extensive. However, the evidence remains mixed and difficult to assess (UIrich & Trumbo, 1965) but the topic continues to be of great importance because it affects the careers of the chosen (and the rejected) and because of the economics of the operation. There is evidence for the effectiveness of interviewing as a means of assessing career motivation (Ridand, 1960) and in selection where personal relationships form an important aspect of ultimate career success (Bomeau, 1957 ) . Since both of these aspects appear relevant in the selection of postgraduate students 04 clinical psychology the selection interview has traditionally been used in most universities offering training in this area. Nevertheless, the interview is clearly so costly a procedure, that it is still necessary from time to time to investigate its effectiveness in terms of reliability and validity. Such an investigation of reliability and validity of selection interviewing is being undertaken in the University of Birmingham Department of Psychology on the basis of applications for the 1972 intake to the 2-yr. MSc. course in Clinical Psychology. Reliability of interviewing is reported here. A report on the validity, involving long-term follow-up of both selected and rejected candidates, will follow later.
TL;DR: In this article, ratings of 17 role-played interviews were made by separate raters on 17 dimensions by 17 Es serving in turn as interviewer, observer with application form, observer without application form and observer alone.
Abstract: Ratings of 17 role-played interviews were made by separate raters on 17 dimensions by 17 Es serving in turn as interviewer, observer with application form, observer without application form, listener to a tape with application form, listener to a tape without an application form, and rater of application form alone. There were differences in means and correlations among the conditions (p < .05) and a differential reliance on the application blank when interviewee was observed or not observed.
TL;DR: This article conducted 194 personal interview surveys of low-income populations returned mail questionnaires about their experience with middle and lower-class interviewers, i.e., those matched to respondents by class and race/ethnicity.
Abstract: Researchers who conducted 194 personal interview surveys of low-income populations returned mail questionnaires about their experience with middle- and lower-class interviewers. Interviewing poor people is not as difficult as expected; receptivity and completion rates are generally good. The second part of the questionnaire focussed on indigenous interviewers, i.e., those matched to respondents by class and race/ethnicity. Compared to black or white middle-class interviewers, indigenous interviewers are rated least adequate on performance of most interviewing tasks, such as asking questions and recording answers. Their main strengths are contacting, locating, and establishing rapport with respondents. Additional education and interviewing experience improve performance ratings but additional training does not. Despite performance problems, researchers who chose to employ indigenous interviewers usually plan to do so in future surveys.
TL;DR: The work of Handwerker et al. as mentioned in this paper was based primarily on 15 months' field research in the Republic of Liberia from September 1968 to September 1970, and the data used in this paper derive from participant observation, informal and intensive interviewing, and surveys of farmers, intermediaries, and consumers in the three principal settlement types in Liberia: urban (Monrovia), concession (the Firestone Plantations Company site at Harbel), and rural (five village locations and associated markets distributed over coastal, central, and interior regions).
Abstract: * This paper is a revised version of one delivered under the same title initially to the Third Annual Conference on Social Science Research in Liberia, June 1971, at the University of Delaware, and later to the Seventieth Annual Meetings of the American Anthropological Association in New York, November 1971. The paper is based primarily on 15 months' field research in the Republic of Liberia from September 1968 to September 1970. Research was supported initially (September-December 1968) by funds from the Ford Foundation, and later (September 1969-September 1970) by a Predoctoral Fellowship (no. 1-FOI-MH44672-01) and Research Grant (no. MH 12095-01) from the National Institute of Mental Health. The data used in this paper derive from participant observation, informal and intensive interviewing, and surveys of farmers, intermediaries, and consumers in the three principal settlement types in Liberia: urban (Monrovia), concession (the Firestone Plantations Company site at Harbel), and rural (five village locations and associated markets distributed over coastal, central, and interior regions). Data on the Liberian market system (including separate sets bearing on production, consumption, market sellers, and marketplaces) are supplemented by data on Bassa household and subsistence organization in Monrovia. Most of the figures cited in the text and tables derive from a sample of 783 market sellers drawn from (1) all the daily markets in Monrovia (N = 595); (2) the Harbel daily market (N = 61); (3) the Town Daily Markets at Ganta, Salayea, Zorzor, and Gbarnga (N = 42); (4) the Village Periodic Markets at Vezela and those in the Totota market circuit (Totota, Yanekwele, Sanoyea, Filela, and Kolela) (N = 13); and (5) palm oil wholesalers working out of Monrovia marketplaces (N = 72). The sample from Monrovia constitutes a 25 percent probability sample of all market sellers; the sample from Harbel constitutes a 20 percent sample of the foodstuff sellers; the sample from Town Daily Markets constitutes a 30 percent sample of all market sellers; the sample from Village Periodic Markets constitutes a 10 percent sample of all market sellers; the sample of palm oil wholesalers is near exhaustive of the dealers in this commodity in Monrovia. Background data (informal, intensive interviewing, and participant observation) for the surveys were collected by the author; most of the interviews in the surveys were conducted by Liberian research assistants. Although with the exception of the survey of Monrovia market sellers there are no objective assurances that the selection of sample units is representative, efforts were made to minimize bias (see W. Penn Handwerker, The Liberian Internal Market System [Ph.D. diss., University of Oregon] [Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1971] for a detailed statement of field procedures used in the study of the market system). As a final note, although the sample of market sellers from Village Periodic Markets is much smaller than was desired, extensive
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of two interviewing procedures, Instructions and Verbal Modeling, on the reporting of health information in a survey interview setting were evaluated, and the theoretical basis for selecting these procedures was derived from a conceptualization of the cognitive requirements for effective reporting.
01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: This is the first report on the prevalence of chronic skin and musculoskeletal conditions based on data collected in health interviews to be published in the series, Vital and Health Statistics, and is one in a series of reports on specific condition groups.
Abstract: During 1969 the prevalence of chronic skin ,and musculoskeletal diseases among members of the civilian noninstitutionalized population was measured in the Health Interview Survey. Prevalence estimates and measures of impact of these conditions on the population covered by the Survey are presented in this report. This is the first report on the prevalence of chronic skin and musculoskeletal conditions based on data collected in health interviews to be published in the series, Vital and Health Statistics, and is one in a series of reports on specific condition groups (Series 10, Nos. 83,84, and 94). Methodological studies have shown that chronic conditions are generally underreported in interview surveys. Respondents in health interviews can report only those conditions of which they are aware and which they are willing to report to the interviewer. Reporting is better for those conditions which have made an impact on the affected individual and his family. Conditions that are severe, costly, or require treatment tend to be better reported than conditions having lesser impact. For instance, a condition which has caused hospitalization, limitation of activity, visits to the doctor, or days in bed is more likely to be reported in the interview than a condition which has little or no impact on the person.
TL;DR: In this paper, a female student attempted to arrange interviews with middle-class housewives and appeared physically normal for half the requests, while for the rest she appeared to have a deformed back.
Abstract: A female student attempted to arrange interviews with middle-class housewives. For half the requests, she appeared physically normal; for the rest she appeared to have a deformed back. Half of the requests were for subsequent interviews with herself; for the other half, she requested subsequent interviews with a different interviewer. As expected, compliance was low when the stigmatized stimulus person attempted to arrange a future interview with herself; but contrary to expectation, compliance was not appreciably higher than in control conditions when the stigmatized person attempted to arrange the interview with a physically normal interviewer. The results were discussed in terms of the “potency ” of different types of physical stigma.
TL;DR: Using the group process for interviewing new staff members pays big dividends to the school and to the applicant, says this writer as discussed by the authors, and he tells how the process has worked for him.
Abstract: Using the group process for interviewing poten tial new staff members pays big dividends to the school and to the applicant, says this writer. He tells how the process has worked for him.
TL;DR: In this paper, various shortcomings of mass surveys resulting from: cultural and socio-political context of research (lack of acculturation, in a society, of the roles of a respondent and an interviewer, anomic research situation), interference of official opinions with personal (private) ones in an interview situation, organizational and financial aspects of a research process, necessity to standardize the questions for country-wide heterogeneous samples.
Abstract: Survey techniques are based on general methological principles modelled after natural sciences. This should not, however, overshadow the humanistic peculiarity of surveys consisting in the fact that the people investigated (respondents) perceive and define socially the research situation and research instruments as well as the investigator. Improvement of mass surveys, especially when the research concerns country-wide and subtle psycho-social phenomena such as group affiliations, class consciousness, etc., requires additional methodological measures taking account of this peculiarity. Reviewed are various shortcomings of mass surveys resulting from: cultural and socio-political context of research (lack of acculturation, in a society, of the roles of a respondent and an interviewer, anomic research situation), interference of official opinions with personal (private) ones in an interview situation, organizational and financial aspects of a research process, necessity to standardize the questions for country-wide heterogeneous samples.
TL;DR: The participant observation technique and interviews provide the methodology for observing the television news interview process as mentioned in this paper, and the author provides a critical analysis of the participant observation techniques and interviews for analyzing the interview process.
Abstract: The participant observation technique and interviews provide the methodology for observing the television news interview process. The author provides a critical analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between selected characteristics and behaviors of applicants for employment and the outcome of their interviews was analyzed, finding that applicants were rated on two dimensions: their behavior during the interview and their credentials.
Abstract: In order to determine the relationship between selected characteristics and behaviors of applicants for employment and the outcome of their interviews, interviewer ratings of 398 registrants of a university placement office were analyzed. Factor analysis suggested that applicants were rated on two dimensions: their behavior during the interview and their credentials. The importance of the candidate's general impression on the interviewer is noted, and the need for applicants to be aware that credentials and interview behavior alone do not ensure employment is stressed.
TL;DR: In this article, interview techniques that get to the heart of whether a teacher will be effective are described, and the author welcomes descriptions of readers' own experiences with interview methods, as well as their own experiences of using interview methods.
Abstract: Interviewing techniques that get to the heart of whether a teacher will be effective are described here. The author welcomes descriptions of readers' own experiences with interview methods.
01 Jan 1974
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study evaluated the effectiveness of official action such as suspension or probation taken against problem drivers and found that official departmental action affects later driving accidents but has little effect on moving violations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of three traffic models based on home interviews and their accuracy with the accuracy of a model based on data collected from traffic counts and home interviews.
Abstract: Traffic models are often used to determine the future car traffic on city streets, and to use them in the forecasting procedure it is necessary to prepare a matrix for the traffic between all zones in the city. This matrix is usually built up on the results from a home interview of a sample of inhabitants, and such a survey can be the most expensive part of the work. Some authors have recently suggested that the matrix be determined from traffic counts. Abstracts of three such models are given, and their accuracy is compared; comparison is also made with the accuracy of a model based on home interviews. /Author/TRRL/
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a female student attempted to arrange interviews with middle-class housewives and appeared physically normal for half the requests; for the rest she appeared to have a deformed back.
Abstract: A female student attempted to arrange interviews with middle-class housewives. For half the requests, she appeared physically normal; for the rest she appeared to have a deformed back. Half of the requests were for subsequent interviews with herself; for the other half, she requested subsequent interviews with a different interviewer. As expected, compliance was low when the stigmatized stimulus person attempted to arrange a future interview with herself; but contrary to expectation, compliance was not appreciably higher than in control conditions when the stigmatized person attempted to arrange the interview with a physically normal interviewer. The results were discussed in terms of the "potency" of different types of physical stigma.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The authors examined information processing problems associated with decisions made during medical history interviewing, and linked these decisions to the use of questionnaires with fixed-choice responses, and concluded that these two strategies for obtaining information do not deal adequately with the emergent conditions of interview settings.
Abstract: This paper examines information processing problems associated with decisions made during medical history interviewing, and links these decisions to the use of questionnaires with fixed-choice responses. In a medical history interview the physician's summary statement does not reveal the reasoning employed in posing questions and deciding that appropriate answers have been obtained. The use of self-contained stimu lus questions with fixed response choices in sample surveys poses a similar problem. In survey research we need to clarify the reasoning attributed to the respondent, and the researcher's decision-making, in arriving at acceptable questions, answers and relationships among stipulated varia bles. These two strategies for obtaining information do not deal adequate ly with the emergent conditions of interview settings. The emergent con ditions include spontaneous variations in the language used, several levels of semantic information processing, shifting definitions of the problem and a problematic use of stimulus questions. These conditions, seen as natural to all interviewing, will be addressed in this paper.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The analyses indicated that revisions to the previously recommended cut-off scores are needed when used with DWI defendants to maximize the discrimination between problem- and non-problem drinkers.
Abstract: The purpose of the project was to obtain information on the operational effectiveness of a questionnaire and interview procedure, previously developed by the University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI), for identifying problem drinkers. In the present study, cooperation was obtained from 12 Alcohol Safety Action Projects in which the HSRI procedures were used. In order to obtain information on the statistical effectiveness of the procedures in discriminating between problem drinking drivers and others, among DWI defendants, responses from 709 drivers, in three ASAPs were analyzed. Scores on the questionnaire and interview protocol were compared against an objective criterion consisting of BAC at time of arrest and number of previous DWI and other alcohol offenses. The procedures were found to have good validity and reliability. The analyses indicated that revisions to the previously recommended cut-off scores are needed when used with DWI defendants to maximize the discrimination between problem- and non-problem drinkers. Users of the procedures were surveyed to obtain their judgments of the usefulness of the questionnaire and interview; the procedures were generally well received. Based on comments received, some questionnaire items were reworded.