Showing papers on "Legislation published in 1980"

Educational governance and administration

Abstract: Each chapter concludes with "References." Preface. About the Authors. I. The Context for Schooling in the United States. 1. Public Values and School Policy: The Roots of Conflict. Defining the Context. Policy Instruments. Public Values and School Policy. Competing Values and Images of Schooling. A Value-Added Approach to Equity and Excellence. What Does Research Reveal About School Effects? Three Theories of Leadership. The School as a Moral Community. 2. Issues Shaping School Policy and Administration. School Autonomy and Governmental Control. Local Autonomy. Legislated Learning and Bureaucratic Teaching. Balancing Democratic and Professional Authority. Different Theories of Change. Maintaining Public Confidence. Managing Public Confidence. II. Introduction to Educational Administration. 3. Educational Administration: An Overview. Policy and Policy in Use. Administration Defined. Critical Responsibilities of Administrators. Evaluating Administrators. Dimensions and Measures of School Effectiveness. Critical Administrative Processes. Critical Administrative Skills. Educational Administration as Educational Leadership. Managerial, Political, and Educational Roles. Qualitative Aspects of Leadership. The Substance of Leadership in Education. 4. Educational Administration as an Emerging Profession. The Importance of Instructional Leadership. Background. Recent Pressures to Reform. The Dark Side of Professionalism. The Changing Focus. The New Standards for Leadership. Appendix 4.1. 5. The Development of Thought in Educational Administration. Models of Administrative Practice. Setting the Stage: Managers of Virtue. Major Strands of Thought in Administration. Concern for Efficiency. Concern for the Person. Concern for Politics. Concern for Culture. Educational Administration as an Applied Science. A Reflective-Practice Perspective. Educational Administration as a Moral Craft. 6. Administrative Work, Roles, and Tasks. The Work-Activity School. The Nature of Managerial Work: Mintzberg. Variations in Administrators' Work. The Seven Basic Competencies. 7. Women in Administration. Women in the Superintendency. Women and the School Principalship. Women's Presence in Successful Schools. The Woman's View. III. Teachers, Principals, and Superintendents. 8. Students and Teachers Today. The Role of Students. The Role of Teacher. Two Conceptions of the Teacher's Role. Instruction, Management, and Politics. The Workplace for Teachers. The Impact of Teacher Isolation and Uncertainty. The Importance of Collaborative Work. 9. The Principalship Today. History of the Role. Who Principals Are Today. How They See Their Jobs. The Role Today. The Role in the Future. New Definitions of the Principal's Role. 10. The Superintendency Today. The History and Evolution of the Role. Who Superintendents Are Today. The Three Dimensions of the Role. The Myth of Heroic Leadership. The Superintendent as Teacher. Superintendents and Political Conflict. IV. Introduction to Governance in Education. 11. Schools as Political Systems. System Shock. Decisional Power. Politics and School Policy. Politics, Government, and Challenge. A Paradigm of Educational Policy Making. The Apolitical Myth of Schooling. A Look Ahead. 12. The Local System of Policy Making. Individual Access to Decision Making. Referenda and Policy Making. The Pressure Group Context of Local Schools. Superintendents, Pressures, and Outcomes. The School Board Context of Policy. Micropolitics Within Local Schools. The Principal: Pressure and Leadership. 13. The State Level of Policy Making. Growth of the State System. State Differences in School Policy. The Policy-Making Process of States. Pressure Groups. Policy Authorization. Evaluation of State Reform. Political Culture and State Results. 14. The Federal Level of Policy Making. The History of Federal Educational Policy. Sputnik to 1972. The Last Quarter-Century. Federal Education Policies. The Politics of Federal Aid. The Limits of Federal Aid. Courts, Politics, and Policy. Courts in Action: Desegregation. V. Legal and Financial Considerations. 15. The Legal Foundation for Public Education: An Overview. Federal Constitution. State Constitutions. Federal Legislation. State Legislation. Federal Agencies. State Agencies. Local School Boards. Contract Law. Common Law. The Three-Tiered State Judicial System. The Three-Tiered Federal Judicial System. Preventive Law. 16. Leading Public Schools: Legal Considerations. Legal Principles. Promoting Fairness in Government Actions. Safeguarding Individuals From Discrimination. Protecting Individual Liberties. Distinguishing Private Actors from Government Actors. Privacy Rights: Search and Seizure. Sexual Harassment. Students' Free Expression Rights. Religious Activities and Observances in Public Schools. Liability for Negligence. Liability for Impairments of Federally Protected Rights. 17. School Finance. Criteria for Evaluating Taxes. Tax Sources. Nontax Sources of Revenue. Equalization Models. Voucher Systems. Charter Schools. Private Management of Schools. Equity Litigation. Adequacy Litigation. Special Urban and Rural Issues. Adequately Financing Schools in an Era of Accountability. Index.

The Instructional Dimensions Study

Abstract: In 1974, Congress directed the National Institute of Education to perform a general examination of compensatory education. Included in that legislation was the spe­ cific directive to conduct a detailed study of the effectiveness of materials and pro­ cedures for meeting the educational needs of individual children. As a result of that Congressional mandate, NIE requested "proposals for the design of a study to as­ sess the effectiveness of individualize d instruction as it is currently used by com­ pensatory programs in schools" (NIE, 1975, p. 4). In that request for proposals, the NIE

Can Government Regulate Safety? The Coal Mine Example

Abstract: With the 1970 passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), federal regulation reached the American workplace. Given the newness of the legislation, any firm conclusion on its effectiveness seems premature. However, there is ample evidence on federal safety regulation of a specific workplace: the coal mine. The federal government has been directly involved in coal mining safety for over 35 years, operating under three major pieces of legislation, enacted in 1941, 1952, and 1969. Opposing opinions regarding the effect of this legislation can be grouped into three categories: radical, reactionary, and reformer. A multiple interrupted time-series analysis indicates that, in fact, the 1941 and 1969 regulations significantly reduced the fatality rate in coal mining. Certain conditions seem related to the effectiveness of this safety legislation: birth order, provisions, enforcement, target population, and goals. The first two conditions would appear to work for the success of the OSHA, the latter three conditions to work against it.

Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood.

Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is a problem of many dimensions. Young mothers have a greater probability of health problems during pregnancy than women of any other age group except those over age 40. Pregnancy is also the greatest single reason why females drop out of school. Federal legislation provides funds for the establishment of networks of community-based services for adolescents at risk of unintended pregnancies, pregnant adolescents, and adolescent parents. Because of the significant increase in teenage pregnancy, schools have important social and educational responsibilities to young mothers and fathers. The challenge for educators and service poviders is to develop creative ways of maintaining linkages between adolescents and the schools and of encouraging students to meet the responsibilities associated with parenthood. (Author/PLM)

Political Influence: Strategies Employed by Organizations to Impact Legislation in Business and Economic Matters

Abstract: This study examines strategies that business lobbyists, consumer groups, unions, and federal agencies employ to shape federal legislation. Interviews with U. S. senators and congressmen preceded a questionnaire survey of 435 chief legislative policymakers. Results reveal that the three major sectors adopt different strategy sets and these strategy sets have varying impacts on the legislative process.

Guidelines for protected areas legislation

Abstract: The guidelines are intended to provide an outline of major issues which need to be addressed in the process of developing legal instruments for protected areas at national and sub-national level. The Guidelines have been written for legal drafters and other participants in the legislative process who are reviewing, revising, or creating protected areas legislation.

The Economics of Tenure Choice: 1955-79

Abstract: The aggregate homeownership rate in the United States has continued to rise throughout the 1970s despite rising inflation and the rapid growth of young and primary individual households with relatively low homeownership rates. This appears to be a result of a decline in the cost of homeownership relative to renting. The post 1965 decline in the real after-tax interest rate has acted to reduce the costs of both types of housing. However, inflation, and legislation induced increases in taxation of rental housing have largely offset the decline in the net real financing rate. Depreciation is based on historic cost and nominal capital gains are taxed. Moreover, this taxation was increased in 1969 and 1976 with the introduction and expansion of the minimum tax, the increased recapture of accelerated depreciation, and the amortization, rather than expensing, of construction period interest and property taxes. The decline in the cost of owner-occupied housing relative to rental housing is estimated to have sharply increased homeownership. In the absence of this decline 4.5 to 5 million fewer households would have been homeowners at the end of 1978. That is, the homeownership rate would have been 60 percent, rather than 65 percent.

American Bribery Legislation: An Obstacle to International Marketing:

Abstract: The authors discuss some key aspects of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and their implications for American executives engaged in international marketing. American corporations are sufferi...

Evaluation of the costs and benefits of motorcycle helmet laws.

Abstract: Since 1976, 28 states have repealed or significantly amended their motorcycle helmet laws. The change in legislation was not based on an evaluation of the costs and benefits of such laws. This paper attempts such an assessment by comparing the cost of motorcycle helmets with the medical costs averted due to helmet use using data primarily based on motorcycle crashes in Colorado, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Nationwide, at least $61 million could be saved annually if all motorcyclists were to use helmets. Helmet law repeals have been observed to lead to a 40 to 50 per cent point reduction in helmet use. The associated additional medical care costs substantially exceed cost savings produced by reduced helmet use. It is estimated that helmet law repeals may produce annually between $16 and 18 million of unnecessary medical care expenditures. Several alternatives to increase motorcycle helmet use are briefly discussed. It is concluded that helmet laws are effective in encouraging helmet use among motorcyclists and will prevent unnecessary medical expenditures as well as unnecessary pain and suffering among injured motorcyclists.

Crime and Justice in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England

Abstract: Recent historical studies concerned with the period of the English industrial revolution illuminate many relationships between crime and the criminal law, and social and economic change. The creation and abolition of the capital code and the invention of the penitentiary and the police suggest the importance of threats to political authority in deciding policy. Other studies emphasize the place of crime in popular culture, while quantitative work shows the importance of economic fluctuations, moral panics, war and the new police in explaining the level of prosecutions. Most suggestive for further work is the upper class assault on popular mores, poor men's property, and old economic orthodoxies. New legislation and new levels of enforcement, as well as less premeditated changes in English capitalism, created crimes where none had existed, and probably caused a crisis of legitimacy for the English criminal law. What emerged may have been not only a modern system of criminal law and enforcement, but a moder...

Representing Consumer Interests: Imbalanced Markets, Health Planning, and the HSAs

Abstract: The passage of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974, PL93-641, set in motion the establishment of 205 health systems agencies (HSAs) across the country. The aims of the legislation were ambitious—to produce planning “with teeth,” to cut the costs of medical care, to rationalize access, and to do so with more attention to consumer interests than was the case under earlier health planning. Many commentators expected these efforts to produce little change. Yet in some state and local areas the tasks of health planning have been taken up with fervor. Our interest is the connection between consumer representation and these health planning institutions. Our focus is on the conceptual, legal, and administrative questions raised by efforts to create HSA boards dominated by actors “broadly representative” of the constituents of each local HSA. Our aim is to untangle some of the theoretical and political difficulties that have bedeviled PL93-641's efforts to improve consumer representation. We first set a broad theoretical background, and show why concentrated interests (such as medical-care providers) dominate the politics of most industries. Representing consumers is cast as an important attempt to break this recurring pattern in decision-making about public choices. In the core of the paper we analyze the concept of representation and such associated notions as accountability and participation. Understanding these concepts is important in explaining why the law's clumsy efforts at representing consumers have fostered legal challenges and will almost certainly continue to fail. We describe a number of these failures and prescribe in brief outline a remedy that seems conceptually more defensible and legally more practical. It would be naive, nonetheless, to expect the Health Planning Act to achieve a major reorientation in American medicine, even if consumer representation were successfully instituted. We suggest reasons why this should be so, emphasizing the wildly inflated expectations characterizing PL93-641 and its rhetorical promises about planning's high technology and regulatory “teeth.” Our effort throughout is to describe, illuminate, and appraise one widely discussed policy strategy for controlling contemporary medical care: local planning agencies dominated by consumer representatives. While we discuss consumer representation, its potential and limits, current pitfalls and proposed adjustments, we are keenly aware that the health planning law is in flux, that we are appraising, so to speak, a moving target. But, if our analysis is correct, the movements toward controlling medicine through planning and consumer control are crippled by flaws in both the statute and the regulations. Explaining why that is so constitutes this paper's aim.

Will fenced pools save lives? A 10-year study from Mulgrave Shire, Queensland.

Abstract: No community has measured baseline child-drowning rates, introduced protective safety legislation, and then assessed its effectiveness. One unique community in Northern Australia, Mulgrave Shire, has implemented rigidly-policed pool safety legislation since 1960; a study of the child drowning profiles therein is reported here to given an estimate of the efficacy of safety legislation. No child has drowned in a fenced pool either in Cairns or in Mulgrave Shires over the 10-year period of the survey. For Mulgrave Shire, no child has drowned during 9200 pool-years. Comparative studies of two neighbouring Shires, with different safety legislation policies (both in absolute safety regulations, and the spirit with which they are prosecuted), indicate that fatal and near-fatal pool accidents can be cut by at least half if safety legislation is effective. Special dangers apply to pools in caravan parks and multiunit dwellings.

Evaluation of automobile safety regulations - the case of compulsory seat belt legislation in Australia

Abstract: A basic tenet of the “new conservatism” in political economy is that government policies frequently lead to unintended consequences which may offset the benefits of the policy. Auto safety legislation may be a case in point. As the first country to make the wearing of seat belts compulsory, Australia is highly suitable as a case study. Traffic accident casualties were regressed on six independent variables for the pre-seat belt period 1949–71. The equations were then used to predict casualties for the period 1972–77, using the actual values of the independent variables. In the aggregate, predicted occupant casualties were higher than the actual rates, whereas non-occupant casualties were underpredicted by the equations. An additional test, using a dummy variable to predict the effect of seat belts, supported these conclusions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that drivers respond to a reduction in risk by increasing driving intensity, shifting some of the welfare cost of auto safety legislation on to non-occupants, whose casualty rates are higher than they would have been in the absence of seat belt legislation.

The Law-Making Process

Abstract: 1. Legislation - the Whitehall stage 2. Legislation - the Westminster stage 3. Statutory interpretation 4. Binding precedent - the doctrine of stare decisis 5. Law reporting 6. How precedent works 7. The nature of the judicial role in law-making 8. Other sources of law 9. The process of law reform.

Remediation and Legislation in Everyday Talk: How Communicators Achieve Consensus.

Abstract: Communicators achieve increased rule consensus as they use talk to overcome problems. Two kinds of talk seem especially useful to increasing consensus: remedial talk, which uses rules to correct past problems; and legislative talk, which uses rules to propose guides for future conduct.

A legal guide for lesbian and gay couples

Abstract: Laws affecting LGBT couples are changing rapidly, and while it's an exciting time for all gay and lesbian partners, keeping up with the myriad ways the shifting legal landscape touches your family life can be daunting. Now more than ever, it's important that you take the proper legal steps to define and protect your relationship in the eyes of the law. If you don't, you run the risk of being shut out of each other's lives -- and the lives of children you co-parent -- in times of medical, financial or personal crisis. Fortunately, this practical guide is updated with the latest legal information and legislation that will help you and your same-sex partner protect and exercise your rights, and make sound decisions as a couple. A Legal Guide for Lesbian & Gay Couples covers these important subjects, and many more: . making practical decisions about living together . planning for medical emergencies -- making medical decisions for one another and taking care of each other's finances when one partner is incapacitated . domestic partner benefits and how to obtain them . buying property together . providing for each other upon death . practical and legal aspects of having and raising children . marriage laws for all 50 states The updated edition of A Legal Guide for Lesbian & Gay Couples is updated to provide the latest information on same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships in the U.S., Canada and around the world, as well as all the recent developments in same-sex partnership law. Plus, create essential legal documents using the step-by-step instructions included.

South Africa: The Politics of Police Control

Abstract: A curious anomaly in the study of South Africa is the absence of research dealing systematically with the instruments of white domination--despite universal criticism of the country's authoritarian political features.' There is, in particular, virtually nothing on the political role of the local police, even though it is the police rather than the military who have direct responsibility for containing black resistance. The extant literature on this topic normally begins and ends with a catalogue of brutalities perpetrated on the subject populations, and no real attempts have been made to exploit the conceptually rich literature on policy politics in other authoritarian or racially stratified societies as a means of extending and diversifying our knowledge of the South African situation.2 These gaps in the literature are partially attributable to the general lack of interest in police and politics topics among students of political development,3 yet they also mirror specific problems attached to analyzing the police in the South African context. Research on the police is always inhibited by access problems reflecting the characteristic solidarity of police organizations,4 and South African police officials are no exception in their reluctance to expose their business to intrusive civilian investigation. In South Africa, in addition, because of the "closed" nature of the system, an exceptionally wide range of police activities are considered beyond the threshold of legitimate public concern and, as the annual parliamentary debates on the police vote indicate, the line between criticizing the police and subverting the "national interest" is a very thin one indeed. Outside of parliament, psychologies of this nature are backed by a mass of legislation designed specifically to shield police institutions from either academic or nonacademic surveillance. Naturally enough, the barriers to investigation rise proportionately to research approaching such

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 public law 96-480

Abstract: The Stevenson Technology Innovation Act of 1980 has passed Congress and has been signed by the President. The legislation accomplishes two main functions. The first part establishes an Office of Industrial Technology in the Department of Commerce which will oversee the establishment of a wide variety of university-affiliated centers. The Centers will: 1) Perform research supportive of technological and industrial innovation including cooperative industry-university basic and applied research; 2) provide assistance to individuals and small businesses in the generation, evaluation and development of technological ideas supportive of industrial innovation and new business ventures; 3) provide technical assistance and advisory services to industry, particularly small businesses; and 4) provide curriculum development, training, and instruction in invention, entrepreneurship, and industrial innovation. The second part of the Act is concerned with the utilization of Federal Technology. Some of the provisions are: 1) Each Federal Laboratory shall establish an Office of Research and Technology Applications; 2) each Federal laboratory having a total annual budget exceeding $20,000,000 shall provide at least one professional individual full-time as staff for its Office of Research and Technology Application; and 3) after September 30, 1981 each Federal agency shall make available not less than 0.5 percent of the agency's research and development budget to support the technology transfer function of the Office of Research and Technology Applications. The legislation also establishes a Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology in the Department of Commerce to serve as a central clearinghouse for the collection, dissemination, and transfer of information on Federally owned or originated technology having potential application to State and local government and to private industry.

The Bilingual Education Act: A Legislative Analysis.

Abstract: This analysis explicates the federal legislation which is the foundation for many bilingual education-efforts in the United States today. The first section sets forth the political background. that led to the passage of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968.. This background information considers the experiences of the Hispanic population in the _southwest, the American Indian, and-the European. isuigrant. The. history of restriction and-tolerance of .non-Englith-speakers is set forth. The-second section is.an examination of the existing bilingual education legislation set forth .analytically, but with some attention to the evolution from 1968 to 1974,and then 1978. Breadth of Coverageipurposes, program design, the allocation process, the application process for program grants, and program administration are discussed. The concluding section addresses the questions raised by Congress and recent reports which suggest future direOtions and issues for bilingual education. (JB) ******i!**************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the" original document. *********************************************************************** illri"IllillaiqllIll "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS I NOMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

Industrial Violence in Colonial India

Abstract: Discussion of the social aspects of industrialization in India has proceeded almost exclusively in terms of labor recruitment, factory conditions, and the development of trade unions. Although strikes have received detailed consideration, the industrial violence which formed a common and persistent feature of labor relations in colonial India has been largely ignored. Official reports of the period tended to play down the incidence of violence, not wishing to publicize the failings of government labor policies.' Or, where violence was acknowledged to have occurred, it was taken to indicate the immaturity and irresponsibility of Indian workers. Post-independence studies, drawing heavily on published official sources, have too readily equated labor history with a narrative of strikes, with union membership figures and labor legislation. A lingering Gandhian tradition has further influenced many Indian labor studies. Violence is regarded as too morally reprehensible and politically deviant to warrant serious analysis. Where admitted, it is attributed to communist politicians or other outside elements rather than to factors inherent within the labor situation.

Our new research society: some warnings for social scientists

Abstract: Fieldwork has radically changed in the past two decades with the introduction of massive amounts of federally-related funding. Scientific curiosity, once the driving force of independent scholars, has been replaced with a "need-to-know" on the part of major institutions in American society, particularly federal agencies which are charged with the administration of large programs with target populations on a national scale. Establishing relationships with these funding sources and performing tasks consonant with the assigned missions they represent is now a major task of research oriented scholars. The idea that knowledge can be gained for its own sake, if it was ever an objective goal of social scientists, has long since been replaced with another agenda. Since the infusion of large amounts of federal funding beginning with the War on Poverty, an unarticulated procedure has arisen whereby both scholars and government officials seeking research information go to elaborate lengths to disguise the manner in which research is conceived, funded and understood. The reason that few critics of this system have emerged is that if one began to sketch out the factors inherent in this new system of authorizing and funding research, it would call into question the actual relationship between the studies produced and the goals and purposes of enabling legislation which demanded additional information, and this would indicate that the research is less than scientific. That is to say, a considerable amount of research today has little to do with the social realities it purports to describe. It could better be characterized as the political rearrangement of facts, figures and slogans to justify continued funding, administration and concern with topical issues. The first important fact of life in our new research society is the recognition that most decisions affecting human beings are made by officials who are dreadfully ignorant of the actual conditions under which people live. Each Congress seems less capable of dealing with social issues than its predecessor, and the major pieces of legislation that are given consideration by Congresses are not grounded in a confrontation with contemporary conditions with an eye to their solution or reconstitution. Substantial portions of contemporary legislation are merely amendments to existing laws to provide for the inclusion of groups, subjects and regions formerly omitted from the operations of ongoing programs. The best example of this tendency is the perpetual amendment of educational laws to include more groups in the federal funding process. Federal involvement with the educational system began with the Morrill Acts to provide land grants to states for agricultural colleges, but has since expanded to include almost every conceivable group and subject which education could be said to touch. Housing, economic development, and even the problem of crime have all experienced the contemporary process of perpetual amendment of laws conceived theoretically and programmatically to resolve problem areas of a different kind of world. The executive branch has expanded so rapidly in the postwar period as to preclude any single group from understanding the scope of its activities. Bureaucrats charged with administering a program have developed extensive survival techniques which allow them simultaneously to claim jurisdiction and disclaim responsibility for their immediate areas and for peripheral areas of traceable relevance. No agency understands the limits of its responsibilities, and no agency seems capable of identifying the specific instances in which it has sole responsibility and is expected to assume a leadership role in resolving problems. The single profile that can be said to characterize public agencies today is the ability to escape liability for any action which might be assigned.

Policy Effects of U. S. House Reform: Decentralization and the Capacity to Resolve Energy Issues

Abstract: This study examines the effects of internal reforms of the 1970s on the capacity of the U.S. House of Representatives to make policy. House efforts to write major energy legislation in the 94th and 95th Congresses provide the vehicle for this analysis. Receiving particular attention is how decentralization of decision-making processes in the House has had markedly different effects on its capacity for policy mobilization than was found by Price (1972) in his Senate study. Through the use of participant observation and elite interviewing as well as an examination of the public record, the author describes the impact of reforms on the efforts of the House to resolve the key energy issues, analyzes the efforts of the House party leadership to cope with the consequences of reform, and finds that the reforms of the 1970s have created new avenues for legislative obstruction that differ in kind from those of the 1950s and 1960s but have much the same effect.

Policy effects of special education funding formulas

Abstract: education has recently become an issue of national concern and prominence. The passage of The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, P.L. 94-142, in 1975 culminated over a decade of intensive legal and political activities to establish the educational rights of physically, mentally, and emotionally handicapped children. P.L. 94-142 and similar legislation in almost every state now require all handicapped children to be provided a free appropriate education. To accomplish this objective, estimates indicate that large scale growth in the available funds for special education will be necessary. As the funding provided for special education increases, it becomes even more important for federal, state, and local educational policy makers to understand the effects and motivations caused by the magnitude and distribution patterns of these monies.

The Origins of the Disabled Persons Employment Quota and its Symbolic Significance

Abstract: This article explores why some of the arrangements for the employment of disabled people are so resistant to change despite their evident shortcomings. From historical data it is argued that the negotiations which shaped the Disabled Persons Employment Act 1944 were motivated by sectional concerns which were detrimental to the interests of disabled people but that the legislation subsequently became symbolic of deeply felt and widely shared values. The implications of this for current policy options are discussed. An attempt is made to show how an analysis of the relationships between motives, actions and values in the policy-formation process can help to explain why some policies are both more ineffective and more persistent than others.