Showing papers on "Logotherapy published in 2015"

Meaning therapy: Assessments and interventions.

Abstract: This paper introduces meaning therapy (MT) as a recent extension of Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy with several important new features, such as being integrative, empirical, and positive. With meaning as a holistic, central construct, MT is inherently integrative. With its emphasis on contemporary meaning research, MT has firm empirical support. With respect to its positive orientation, MT distinguishes itself from most existential therapies by virtue of its focus on meaning-seeking and meaningmaking as a positive value for a worthwhile life. This paper also introduces several instruments and meaning-based interventions developed by Wong.

The Effect of Group Logotherapy on Meaning in Life and Depression Levels of Iranian Students

Abstract: This paper identifies the effectiveness of group logotherapy in reducing depression and increasing meaning in life levels of university students in Iran. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a pre- post- and follow-up test design. The instruments used were the Purpose in Life (PIL) test and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were collected from 10 subjects in an experimental group and 10 in a control group. The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of group logotherapy, whilst the control group received no intervention. The mean scores for depression levels was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group and significantly higher in regard to meaning in life. Results suggest that group logotherapy has the potential to reduce depression levels and improve the meaning in life of university students.

A concept analysis of 'Meaning in work' and its implications for nursing.

Abstract: Aim To report an analysis of the concept of ‘meaning in work’. Background Associated with initiatives to improve the quality of working life and the emerging movement of positive organizations, ‘meaning in work’ has been studied as a positive individual-level state. ‘Meaning in work’ has potential benefits that will improve the nursing workforce if this concept is embraced in nursing. However, the concept is not clearly defined because it has been approached from diverse theoretical perspectives and used interchangeably with analogous terms. Design A concept analysis. Data sources Three key terms (using ‘work’, ‘meaning’ or ‘meaningful’, ‘meaning of work’, ‘logotherapy’) were searched in the CINAHL, PsycINFO, Business Source Complete and ABI/INFORM Global online databases from January 1940–March 2015. Among 346 articles retrieved, 28 studies were included for this concept analysis. Methods The procedure of concept analysis developed by Walker and Avant (2011) was used. Results Four critical attributes are identified: (1) experienced positive emotion at work; (2) meaning from work itself; (3) meaningful purpose and goals of work; and (4) work as a part of life that contributes towards meaningful existence. The identified antecedent of ‘meaning in work’ was a cognitive shift and the identified consequences were positive personal experience and positive impact on peers and organizations. Conclusion This article provides a clear definition of ‘meaning in work’. The resulting coherent definition will facilitate the use of ‘meaning in work’ in nursing research.

Meaning and existential givens in the lives of cancer patients: A philosophical perspective on psycho-oncology.

Abstract: Objective Many cancer patients report changes in how they experience meaning in life and being confronted with life's limitations, understanding themselves as being vulnerable, finite, and free beings. Many would like to receive psychotherapeutic help for this. However, psychotherapy for these concerns often either focuses primarily on meaning in life (e.g., meaning-centered/logotherapy) or on existential givens (e.g., supportive-expressive therapy). The relationship between meaning in life and existential givens seems relatively unexplored, and it seems unclear how therapists can integrate them. The present article aims to explore the relationship between meaning and existential givens. Method Martin Heidegger was a founder of existentialism, inspiring both meaning therapies and supportive-expressive therapies. Therefore, we systematically apply his understanding of these phenomena, elucidated by four elements in his central metaphor of "the house." Results (1) Walls: In everyday life, we construct ordinary meanings, like the walls of a house, to protect us from our surroundings, wind, and rain. (2) Surroundings ("existential givens"): Confronted with cancer, the meanings/walls of this house may collapse; people may start seeing their surroundings and understand that they could have built their house at a different location, that is, they understand the broad range of possibilities in life, their responsibility to choose, and the contingency of current meanings. (3) How to design, build, and dwell: People may design, build, and dwell in their house in different ways: they may lock themselves in their house of impermeable "ordinary meanings" and deny the existence of existential surroundings; they may feel overwhelmed by all possibilities and be unable to experience meaning; they may build the house as their true home, use life's possibilities, and listen to their true self by building permeable "existential meanings." (4). Navigator: People may experience inner guidance to navigate in designing, building, and dwelling in this house. Significance of results Meaning in life and existential givens are intertwined. Therefore, we suggest that it is necessary for psycho-oncologists to address both. Further clinical validation is required.

Correlation between Self-esteem, Death Anxiety, and Spiritual Wellbeing in Korean University Students

Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed at understanding the correlation between self-esteem, death anxiety, and spiritual wellbeing in university students. Methods: Cross-sectional method was used 671 students in South Korea. This study used the Self-esteem developed by Rosenberg, the Fear of Death Scale revised by Lester and Abdel-Khalek, and Spiritual wellbeing developed by Paloutzian and Ellison. Results: Relationships between self-esteem, death anxiety, and spiritual wellbeing revealed an inverse correlation between self-esteem and death anxiety, and a direct correlation between self-esteem and spiritual wellbeing. Conclusion: In order for students of establishing identity to lead a healthy life, there is a need for studies aiming at developing, implementing, and evaluating the results of consultation and education programs for maintaining spiritual wellbeing such as psychological counseling and logotherapy at the university or regional community level.

Psychology and the Notion of the Spirit: Implications of Max Scheler’s Anthropological Philosophy in Theory of Psychology

Abstract: After many decades with neglect Max Scheler and his anthropological contributions to the understanding of human existence, have gotten more attention in psychology and other humanities. One factor is the actuality of his main project of revaluating the roles of values in philosophy and science. Yet another is the way individual scholars have applied Scheler’s philosophy and terms on different fields and arenas. Viktor Frankl was one of these, and he brought Scheler’s philosophical anthropology into psychotherapeutic practice, offering theoretical and empirical arguments for considering the notion of the spirit as an interdependent –yet separate- entity in regards to the psyche and the soma. During this commentary on Allyushin (Integrative Psychology Behaviour, 48, 503–523, 2014), we will discuss some general aspects of Scheler’s contribution to phenomenology, but focus specifically on the implication of his notion of the spirit for psychological theory, acknowledging the work that has been done in the field for at least 60 years in logotherapy and existential analysis. With this purpose, we will highlight four other notions interrelated with the motivational quality of the notion of the spirit: resentment, axiology of values; self-detachment and self-transcendence.

The Healing Effects of Belief in Medical Practices and Spirituality.

Abstract: Shamans and other healing practitioners have used placebos from earliest recorded history to treat those who were ill. As modern scientific theories of disease developed, the use of placebos was considered to be an ineffective and deceptive practice. Later, medical researchers used placebos primarily as an inactive treatment standard against which scientifically based ("real") medicines could be evaluated. However, placebos were discovered to have their own self-healing effects. Spirituality including transcendent experiences also promotes healing effects and recently has been shown to involve neural systems (brain networks) comparable (if not identical) to those engaged in placebo responses. Therapists can facilitate both of these self-healing processes in different ways, including finding meaningfulness in physically and mentally painful situations using Viktor Frankl׳s practice of "logotherapy."

Miss B Pursues Death and Miss P Life in the Light of V. E. Frankl's Existential Analysis/Logotherapy:

Abstract: Ms B's in United Kingdom and Ms P's in Finland choices in life when dealing with acute ventilator-assisted tetraplegia were analyzed by means of Viktor E. Frankl's existential analysis/logotherapy. The freedom of will to existential meaning and to worth in one's suffering realizes in the attitudinal change the person chooses or is forced to adopt when subject to severe circumstances. Life becomes existentially meaningful relative to inescapable suffering by the completion of three values: creative, experiential, and attitudinal values. If the search for meaning on these paths is frustrated or obstructed, a person's will to meaning transforms into existential frustration along with an existential vacuum and feelings of despair emerge and harm the person's will to survive. However, a person's frustrated meaning in life, when subject to unavoidable severe conditions, can be averted and redirected by applying the basic tenets in an existential analytic/logotherapeutic approach to the extreme situation.

The effectiveness of group logotherapy on the sense of loneliness of elderly women resident in nursing home

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group logotherapy on the sense of loneliness of elderly women resident in nursing homes. The sample was selected from all elderly women resident in nursing homes in Shahriyar County using convenience sampling and then participants were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. Then the experimental group received 10 sessions of group logotherapy for 5 weeks (a two-hour session, twice a week) while the control group did not receive any intervention. Our data collection instrument was the Revised Loneliness Scale (Russell et al,1980) and a covariance was used for data analysis. The findings of this study showed that group logotherapy significantly decreased the sense of loneliness in experimental group (P < 0/001). Accordingly, we can say that group logotherapy is effective in reducing the sense of loneliness of elderly women and so professionals can apply treatments of this kind to promote mental health of the elderly.

Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy: A Socratic Clinical Practice

Abstract: Research findings have systematically pointed out the importance of addressing meaning in life in several mental health disorders and, therefore, in clinical practice The growing interest in Meaning-centered interventions has allowed for the consolidation of a strong theoretical model of clinical practice suitable to the needs of today’s clinicians This document elaborates on a logotherapeutic model of psychotherapy Meaning-centered therapy and logotherapy (meaning therapy or therapy through meaning) are used interchangeably throughout the paper The article reviews the basic tenets underlying Meaning-centered psychotherapy, summarizes the working model for clinical practice, and expands on the application of the Socratic dialogue technique in individual therapy as well as in group logotherapy Final comments emphasize the importance of research for the advancement of logotherapy

The Effectiveness of Logotherapy on Quality of Life among MS Patients in Shahrekord

Abstract: Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is one of the chronic, non-curable diseases of central nervous system and according to various studies its signs could have a negative impact on quality of life among these patients. Hence, the present study sought to examine the effectiveness of logotherapy on quality of life among MS patients. Matherials & method: This is an experimental research with pretestposttest and control group; the population included all of patients with MS in Shahrekord in 2013. Cluster sampling was used to select the sample. Instruments which were used in this study included MSQOL-54 inventory for quality of life and group logotherapy. Results: Results showed that logotherapy is effective on quality of life in MS patients as the 76% increase in dependent variable in this study is quality of life related to effectiveness of group logotherapy. Discussion & Conclusion: Logotherapy as a technic, with increasing responsibility, transformation of patient's beliefs about life and increasing life expectancy lead to improvement of quality of life in patient with MS in physical and psychological

Development of Taiwan College Students' Sense of Life Meaning Scale

Abstract: The research aims to develop "Sense of Life Meaning Scale" of Taiwan college students. In accordance with the related literature, most Western scholars adopted Frankl's Logotherapy for developing "Sense of Life Meaning Scale", which consists of freedom of will, will to meaning and meaning of life. The research also adopts these three beliefs as research factors; furthermore, with the related literature and measurements, 20-items questionnaire was designed. Owing to the past instrument have already proved the existence of three factors within sense of life meaning, CFA was directly applied for the research. This part is categorized into three models: (1) The initial model: the result reveals that two items' factor loadings are under .55., and need to be delete. (2) The modified model: After deleted two items, the model retested, and reveal firstly, the whole applicableness is acceptable; secondly, item quality test isn't under the situation of offending estimates (it means all output data are in an acceptable range); thirdly, internal construct applicableness analysis consisting of component reliability, average variance extracted; AVE (ρv), competitive model comparison, and sex-group measurement identity test all qualified. (3) Cross-validity model: For the modified model, the research investigate another samples (N =405), and after the re-verification, the outcome present acceptable whole applicableness. Therefore, the three factors 18 item scale of "Sense of Life Meaning" is built.

Maintaining Meaning in Life in Old Age: Personality and Social Factors

Abstract: For many years the problem of meaning in life has been a central part of several scientific disciplines, especially philosophy or theology. Several decades ago, psychology also started to study this phenomenon. It was particularly stimulated by practicing psychologists and psychiatrists who recognized the importance of meaning in the lives of their clients and patients, as they were often dealing with this problem. Several prominent psychotherapists, especially in the area of existential psychology, brought the problem of meaning into the heart of their theories. Frankl (1996, 1997) in his logotherapy and existential analysis approach, emphasized that the need for meaning is a central human motivation, and the inability to fulfil this need could lead to a state he named the “existential vacuum”. If a person remains in this state, it can cause psychological problems such as depression or neurosis. Yalom (1980), known for his original approach to existential psychotherapy, considers meaninglessness as one of the four existential givens (together with death, freedom and isolation) producing existential anxiety. To overcome meaninglessness and related existential anxiety, a person should create his or her own personal meaning in life and fully engage in its realization. Yalom presents two ways of showing how people create and fulfil their meaning: cosmic meaning is related to the meaning scheme beyond the person’s self, such as religion or spirituality; terrestrial meaning represents secular values such as commitments, creativity, generativity, and so on.

Logotherapy - Theoretical Aspects and Field Studies in Israel

Abstract: The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the literature on the interrelationships of the dimensions of human existence based on Logotherapy theory. The review of numerous studies that have tried to clarify the relationship between the meaning of life (the purpose-in-life score), the spiritual dimension, and other human existence dimensions focused on the meaning of life and military service at the IDF (Israel Defense Forces), the meaning of life and moral judgment, and the meaning of life and suicidal tendencies and drug abuse. The research findings regarding the meaning of life referred to different aspects of this variable in terms of Frankl’s (1970) theory. The findings of the different studies were consistent in demonstrating the contribution of this variable to the qualities of moral judgment, strengthening of self-image, low neuroticism, a lower tendency to use drugs, and improved ability to adapt to change, transition, and crisis situations.

Una aproximación al significado de análisis existencial en la logoterapia de Viktor Frankl

Abstract: The present essay is intended to initiate a preliminary exploration of the meaning of “existential analysis” in the Logotherapy of Viktor Frankl, conceptualizing specifically the notions of “analysis” and “existential” as well as the anthropological foundation that this type of therapeutic approach claims. It will be shown that the term “existential analysis” seeks to evoke both the foundation of a psychotherapy as well as the foundation of a human movement that becomes conscious in order to find spiritual meaning in the human concreteness, and that it finally stabilizes in the form of an unconscious habit.

The Effect of Group Counselling with Logotherapeutic Approach on Happiness and Quality of Life of Women Heads of Households

Abstract: Studies show that women are more at risk of poverty and gender discrimination. Women heads of households are at risk of different social and psychological harms because of unfamiliarity with social skills, lack of access to resources and consequently lower quality of life as well as losing social networks and the responsibility of dependent family members. Thus the aim of the present study is to review the effect of group counselling with logotherapeutic approach on happiness and quality of life of women heads of households. This study has been quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. Statistical population of the study included 30 female householders who were selected through convenience sampling; then the participants were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each 15 persons). Participants of experimental group attended 10 sessions of group logotherapy. But the participant of control group waited for the therapy. Instruments of data collection were Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989) and World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaires has been 0.91 and 0.84 through Cronbach’s alpha. Besides, content-related validity has been adopted to measure the validity of the questionnaires and they were approved of by the related experts for this purpose. Analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires was carried out through SPSS software in two descriptive and inferential (analysis of covariance) sections. The results revealed that logotherapy enhances happiness and quality of life in experimental group in posttest stage. The results indicated that group logotherapy can be used as an independent method and/or along with other therapies for the enhancement of happiness and quality of life.

From Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy to Existential Analytic psychotherapy *

Abstract: A b s t r A c t The paper begins with a description of Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Frankl’s intention was to combat psychologism and introduce the spiritual dimension into psychology making use of philosophy in the psychotherapy. The central or key concepts of Logotherapy are presented: the attitude and categories to discover meaning, and Frankl’s therapeutic techniques. In order to address the practical psychotherapeutic application of Logotherapy, a need to develop additional methods became urgent. These first evolutionary steps in development became a revolution within the ranks of Logotherapy when practical phenomenological work revealed that psychopathology has a much broader basis; that the causes of psychological disorders cannot be defined solely as a lack of meaning. This critique led to the development of a new phenomenologically based psychotherapy, called Existential Analysis (EA). EA is structured around a broader understanding of existence that includes a complex four dimensional motivational system to apply specific and genuine therapeutic methods. In addition, EA has a coherent psychopathological and diagnostic framework with corresponding thematic interventions. These theoretical advances bring Existential Analysis closer to Carl Rogers’ approach than to classic Logotherapy. The central aim of Existential Analysis is to help people live with inner consent in all that they do, and to see themselves in dialogical relation with the world and themselves.

Karl T. Jaspers and Viktor E. Frankl: Compared Thoughts of Two Psychiatrist

Abstract: IntroductionThe topic addressed in this article presents both psychological and philosophical concepts. Both Karl Theodor Jaspers and Viktor Emil Frankl have in fact left a legacy of deep thought which can currently also be valid in many respects and some scientific work [1-3] have already compared specific topics which bring them together. Primarily in the case of the writings by Frankl there are diverse similarities with the concepts comprised in the thoughts presented by Jaspers, which accounts for the idea behind our research.Karl. T. Jaspers (1883-1969), was initially a psychiatrist and subsequently a philosophy professor in Heidelberg and in Basel, in his work he claims that man is capable of making decisions about himself. Man is a postulate, but he is able to shape his own life, since, facing the extreme situations with his eyes wide open, he passes continuously from a possible existence to a real existence. A man is in fact much more than he can know about himself.Viktor E. Frankl (1905-1997), a logotherapist and an existential analyst, the founder of the third school of psychotherapy in Vienna, writes on his having found the meaning of life in helping the others to find the meaning of their life. Through his inexhaustible work he is trying to find the way to help man who, yearning for the meaning and pushed by the will to find a meaning, is looking for an answer to fundamental questions in his life to be able to dedicate it to somtehing or someone.We commence by saying that due to the fact that Jaspers and Frankl were mutually aware of each other's opinions, Frankl had been influenced by Jaspers. He confirmed it personally in his first letter to Jaspers. Moreover, he had been influenced also by other philosophers with whom he shares several aspects of his thoughts (most of them being existentialists).We will especially consider the following: explanation of existence and existential analysis, the perception of meaning according to Jaspers and Frankl, the spiritual aspect and the spirit, the limit situations and the tragic triad, the concept of psychotherapy. Towards the end of this article, before presenting the correspondence between Frankl and Jaspers, we will attempt to highlight, in a systematic way, both the common points and the divergences present in the thought of the two authors. Through presentation of their correspondence, we will also present a comment on a letter by Frankl and on a letter by Jaspers, in order to provide a more comprehensive insight into their content, against the backdrop of all the topics addressed in this article.In order to be able to compare Jaspers' thought and Frankl's thought, we primarily focused on the readings of original texts by the two authors and we also considered the secondary sources, especially the book by Anette Suzanne Fintz entitled Die Kunst der Beratung , Jaspers's Philosophie in Sinn-oreintierter Beratung. In some cases the common points and the divergences between Jaspers and Frankl are evident, yet in others a major effort is required to reveal and compare them.Acquaintance Between Viktor E. Frankl and Karl T. JaspersIn addition to the letters by Frankl and Jaspers, the fact that Frankl and his wife visited Jaspers in Basel in spring of 1961 has also been confirmed. Hence, Frankl reminded in a paragraph "When I paid him a visit in Basel, Karl Jaspers stated: "Mr Frankl, I know all your books, yet the one on concentration camps (and he showed it to me in his librar y) is one of the few great books of mankind"[4]. Consequently, Jaspers was acquainted with the books by Frankl which in turn were influenced by Japers' thought, as had been stated by Frankl in his letter.The events that occurred in the life of both Jaspers and Frankl had a huge impact on their thoughts. Both had worked in psychiatric clinics from their youth, where they faced the reality which reached the depths of human experience - pain, guilt, death, etc. …

FromViktorFrankl'sLogotherapytoExistentialAnalytic psychotherapy*

Abstract: a b s t r a C t The paper begins with a description of Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy and Existential Analysis. Frankl’s intention was to combat psychologism and introduce the spiritual dimension into psychology making use of philosophy in the psychotherapy. The central or key concepts of Logotherapy are presented: the attitude and categories to discover meaning, and Frankl’s therapeutic techniques. In order to address the practical psychotherapeutic application of Logotherapy, a need to develop additional methods became urgent. These first evolutionary steps in development became a revolution within the ranks of Logotherapy when practical phenomenological work revealed that psychopathology has a much broader basis; that the causes of psychological disorders cannot be defined solely as a lack of meaning. This critique led to the development of a new phenomenologically based psychotherapy, called Existential Analysis (EA). EA is structured around a broader understanding of existence that includes a complex four dimensional motivational system to apply specific and genuine therapeutic methods. In addition, EA has a coherent psychopathological and diagnostic framework with corresponding thematic interventions. These theoretical advances bring Existential Analysis closer to Carl Rogers’ approach than to classic Logotherapy. The central aim of Existential Analysis is to help people live with inner consent in all that they do, and to see themselves in dialogical relation with the world and themselves.

The Impact of Logotherapy on Marital Burnout in Mothers with Children Suffering from ADHD

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Logotherapy interventions on marital burnout in mothers with children suffering from ADHD. The research design was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest with control group. Statistical population consisted of mothers with hyperactive children referred to Health Homes of municipal district 21 of Tehran. The study group consisted of 26 mothers selected availably and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Scale and Pines Marital Burnout Inventory were used for data collection. Experimental group received eight 90-minute weekly sessions of Logotherapy intervention. The control group did not receive any specific interventions. In the end, both groups were reevaluated (post-test). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that Logotherapy intervention significantly affected marital burnout in mothers with hyperactive children and mothers in the experimental group showed significant reduce in marital burnout (p<0.05).

Espírito e liberdade na obra de Viktor Frankl

Abstract: This paper aims to expose and analyze the first of the three conceptual foundations relating to the logotherapy of Viktor Frankl: the issue of human freedom. The argumentative effort is initiated by the discussion regarding the meaning of the "spirit" category as an anthropological concept and its intrinsic relation to the theme of human freedom. Secondly, it is discussed how this conception of freedom relates to what Frankl conceived as the three basic complexes of determination to which man is subjected under the form of biological, psychological and sociological "destinies". The affirmative argument of spiritual freedom in the context of each of these areas is analyzed.

contRiBUiçõeS de ViktoR fRAnkl Ao moVimento d A SAúde coletiVA Viktor Frankl's Contributions for the Colective Health Movement Contribuciones de Viktor Frankl al Movimiento de la Salud Colectiva

Abstract: Theoretical study presenting Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy, emphasizing its conception about the search and discovery/ meeting of a meaning to life, as well as the existential emptiness and its consequences. The Collective Health Movement is briefly presented. There is a proposal of a reflection about Viktor Frankl's contributions for the Collective Health: it is possible a fruitful dialogue between Collective Health and Logotherapy.

Meaning in life in young Australian adults: the role of volunteerism

Abstract: In 1938 Viktor Frankl introduced his anthropological, psychotherapeutic and philosophical system (Logotherapy and Existential Analysis) that revolves around the search for meaning in life (MIL). SinceViktor Frankl’s system inception, the body of published empirical and philosophical work has been vast. Moreover, recent research on MIL and its role in human psychology has seen unprecedented growth. Despite the positive impact of pro-social activities in modern societies, little is known about the relationship between volunteerism and MIL. The present research sought to answer three main questions by using quantitative and qualitative methodologies, namely, “Can MIL in young adults be elicited by volunteerism?”, “How do young Australian undergraduate university students differ in terms of their search for, and presence, of MIL?”, and “How do undergraduate Australian university students define the following concepts: Meaning in Life, Self-transcendence, Altruism and Volunteerism?” Three studies were designed for the research. In Study One the search and presence of MIL were measured with two internationally accepted empirical tools, the Purpose in Life test (PIL) and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ). A scale to measure active and passive involvement, and motivation in volunteerism was developed. In study Two, the comprehension levels of MIL and related terms were investigated with a short qualitative instrument developed specifically for this purpose. In Study Three, the characteristics of individual MIL were explored in depth with two semi-structured interviews. The relevance of this study was to explore and enrich the scientific development of volunteerism programs to increase the degree of meaningfulness amongst young adults. The results show, firstly, that students who scored high levels of MIL have a notably stronger propensity to participate in volunteerism activities compared with other students with lower scores. Secondly, as measures of the search for and presence of MIL, the Purpose in Life test (PIL) and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), are incapable of seizing the idiosyncratic complexity of the individual’s MIL. Thirdly, a substantial number of young university undergraduate students in Australia are incapable of defining MIL-related terms such as Meaning in Life, Self-transcendence, Altruism and Volunteerism. Fourthly, MIL and happiness appear to be identified by undergraduate students as unequivocal complementary constructs. During semi-structured interviews, participants described the idea “to be happy” as the Holy Grail to be uncovered with the ownership of a house, a job, offspring and spending their lives “working hard” to achieve these goals. Volunteerism, activism and other pro-social activities were scarcely mentioned as short- and long-term purposes and ambitions. As a result of this thesis, research opportunities with practical implications in the area of MIL have been identified. It is proposed that further investigations should examine what is really being measured when empirical tools, like the PIL and the MLQ are used to measure search and presence of MIL. Furthermore it is recommended to develop the short test created during this research to ascertain the comprehension levels of MIL in larger cohorts. Signposts identified during this research may contribute to the development and promotion of volunteerism programs to elicit MIL.

The Role of Therapy Education of Islamic Meaning to Overcome Today’s Global Human Crisis

Abstract: Modern community are exposed to current issues related to the very complex personality. Islam offers a therapeutic meaning to overcome the global human crisis through the holy Qu’ran. This study aims to provide a qualitative analysis of logotherapy alternative to global human who experience critical conditions such as the door of death (sakaratul maut), acute illnesses, HIV Aids, kidney illness, stroke, coma, depression / stress, due to the hazards, and other refractory disease. The study showed that the therapy of Islamic meaning based on the holy Qur’an is broader and more comprehensive than the meaning therapy by Viktor E. Frankl.