Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 2000"
TL;DR: This article found that students are equally segregated by school in metropolitan areas with greater and lesser degrees of tiebout choice among districts, and showed that the effect of Tiebout Choice works through its effect on household sorting.
Abstract: Tiebout choice among districts is the most powerful market force in American public education. Naive estimates of its effects are biased by endogenous district formation. I derive instruments from the natural boundaries in a metropolitan area. My results suggest that metropolitan areas with greater Tiebout choice have more productive public schools and less private schooling. Little of the effect of Tiebout choice works through its effect on household sorting. This finding may be explained by another finding: students are equally segregated by school in metropolitan areas with greater and lesser degrees of Tiebout choice among districts.
817 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated whether this trend can be explained by increasing urbanization of the college educated or the growth of dual career households and the resulting severity of the colocation problem and argued that the latter explanation is the primary one.
Abstract: College educated couples are increasingly located in large metropolitan areas. These areas were home to 32 percent of all college educated couples in 1940, 39 percent in 1970, and 50 percent in 1990. We investigate whether this trend can be explained by increasing urbanization of the college educated or the growth of dual career households and the resulting severity of the colocation problem. We argue that the latter explanation is the primary one. Smaller cities may therefore experience reduced inflows of human capital relative to the past and thus become poorer.
534 citations
TL;DR: Canada seems to counter the increasingly noted association at the societal level between income inequality and mortality, and may indicate that the effects of income inequality on health are not automatic and may be blunted by the different ways in which social and economic resources are distributed.
Abstract: Objective: To compare the relation between mortality and income inequality in Canada with that in the United States. Design: The degree of income inequality, defined as the percentage of total household income received by the less well off 50% of households, was calculated and these measures were examined in relation to all cause mortality, grouped by and adjusted for age. Setting: The 10 Canadian provinces, the 50 US states, and 53 Canadian and 282 US metropolitan areas. Results: Canadian provinces and metropolitan areas generally had both lower income inequality and lower mortality than US states and metropolitan areas. In age grouped regression models that combined Canadian and US metropolitan areas, income inequality was a significant explanatory variable for all age groupings except for elderly people. The effect was largest for working age populations, in which a hypothetical 1% increase in the share of income to the poorer half of households would reduce mortality by 21 deaths per 100 000. Within Canada, however, income inequality was not significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Canada seems to counter the increasingly noted association at the societal level between income inequality and mortality. The lack of a significant association between income inequality and mortality in Canada may indicate that the effects of income inequality on health are not automatic and may be blunted by the different ways in which social and economic resources are distributed in Canada and in the United States.
474 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Washington D.C. area as a case study to relate satellite-derived estimates of urban growth to these economic and demographic drivers, and created a three epoch timeseries for urban growth for the period 1973-1996.
Abstract: Like other human-induced landcover changes, urbanization represents a response to specific economic, demographic, or environmental conditions. We use the Washington D.C. area as a case study to relate satellite-derived estimates of urban growth to these economic and demographic drivers. Using the Landsat data archive we have created a three epoch timeseries for urban growth for the period 1973-1996. This map is based on a NDVI-differencing approach for establishing urban change filtered with a landcover classification to minimize confusion with agriculture. Results show that the built-up area surrounding Washington DC has expanded at a rate of ∼22km2 per year during this period, with notably higher growth during the late-1980s. Comparisons with census data indicate that the physical growth of the urban plan, observable from space, can be reasonably correlated with regional and national economic patterns.
404 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored the effects of city size on participation in four local civic activities using 1990 data and found that people in larger cities are much less likely to contact officials, attend community or organizational meetings, or vote in local elections.
Abstract: Given the coincidence between America's recent migration to smaller, suburban cities and declines in civic participation, Dahl's speculations on the ideal-sized democratic polity have gained more pertinence. I explore the effects of city size on participation in four local civic activities using 1990 data. Controlling for both individual- and city-level characteristics, I find people in larger cities are much less likely to contact officials, attend community or organizational meetings, or vote in local elections. Lower civic participation is attributable partly to differences in social relations and psychological orientation between residents of larger and smaller places. People in big cities are less likely to be recruited for political activity by neighbors and are less interested in local affairs. These differences occur irrespective of the size of the surrounding metropolitan area and demonstrate the importance of municipal institutions for fostering civil society. The implications for studies of participation, suburbanization, and democratic political theory are discussed.
367 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined suburbanization in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian and found that the urban core registered net population loss from 1982 to 1990 because of decentralization while the inner suburbs gained population.
Abstract: As in other countries, suburbanization in China occurred after the cities had experienced a period of sustained industrial and population growth. This study examines suburbanization in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dalian. As a result of economic restructuring, the urban core registered net population loss from 1982 to 1990 because of decentralization while the inner suburbs gained population. Among the forces driving suburbanization were marketization of urban land, the shift of industrial land to tertiary use, transportation improvement, the availability of foreign and domestic capital, housing rehabilitation in the city, and new housing construction in the suburbs. There were certain similarities but major differences between American and Chinese suburbanization. Unlike the current metropolitan landscape in the United States where suburban growth has given rise to a polycentric spatial structure, suburbanization in China is still at the incipient stage of development with suburbs dominated by centra...
251 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical study aimed at filling in some gaps in the understanding of commuting patterns in large metropolitan areas of the United States is presented, and the main findings are: (1) commute time tends to be longer for low-income minorities than for other residents of the central city; (2) the urban spatial structure is highly significant and important in explaining variations in commute time; and (3) a considerable number of other factors also influence commute duration.
Abstract: This article presents an empirical study aimed at filling in some gaps in the understanding of commuting patterns in large metropolitan areas of the United States. It addresses two questions. First, does commute time vary substantially and systematically among neighborhoods located in the central city? Second, what are the main factors that can explain variations in commute time? Thematic maps for the 20 largest U.S. metropolitan areas and regression models for the Boston case reveal important spatial and social dimensions of commuting. The main findings are: (1) commute time tends to be longer for low-income minorities than for other residents of the central city; (2) the urban spatial structure is highly significant and important in explaining variations in commute time; and (3) a considerable number of other factors also influence commute duration. Implications of these findings are discussed.
223 citations
TL;DR: The authors used national survey data to determine whether the digital divide between metropolitan and non-metropolitan populations was widening, and found that one's income, age, and education level correlated with the distance between the two groups.
Abstract: This study used national survey data to determine whether the “digital divide” between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations was widening. The findings showed that one's income, age, and edu...
208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the origins of the sustainability concept and its meanings when applied to urban development, surveying historical approaches to planning the urban region, and analyzing ways in which a context can be created for regional sustainability planning.
Abstract: This article establishes a framework for thinking about sustainable development in the metropolitan context by investigating the origins of the sustainability concept and its meanings when applied to urban development, surveying historical approaches to planning the urban region, and analyzing ways in which a context can be created for regional sustainability planning. Sustainability is seen as requiring a holistic, long-term planning approach, as well as certain general policy directions such as compact urban form, reductions in automobile use, protection of ecosystems, and improved equity. Based on the experience of three sample regions, the article suggests a long-term strategic approach in which vision statements, coalition building, institutional development, intergovernmental incentive frameworks, indicators, public involvement, and social learning help create a regional context in which sustainable development is increasingly possible.
195 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Land of Discontent as discussed by the authors examines the recent changes to the economic, social and cultural landscapes of regional and rural Australia, including the delivery of government services and the closure of bank branches in rural areas and the restructuring of rural industries.
Abstract: The last few years have seen the bush come to town. - It has been a long time since rural issues received such extensive coverage in Australia's metropolitan media. - The attention of the nation has been drawn to the severe impacts many political and business decisions have made on the social and economic fabric of regional and rural Australia. - Responses in the bush have seen traditional rural political allegiances being cast aside, as evidenced by the emergence of groups such as One Nation and strong local independents, and the demise of the Kennett Government in Victoria. - This political revolt has struck a chord in urban Australia and has possibly created a watershed within Australian public policy, with the mainstream political parties now seeking to distance themselves from the values of economic rationalism. - Land of Discontent examines the recent changes to the economic, social and cultural landscapes of regional and rural Australia. - Issues it considers include the delivery of government services and the closure of bank branches in rural areas and the restructuring of rural industries - and as a result, the communities those industries support.
189 citations
TL;DR: This simulation oftions networks illustrates the need for a more sophisticated understanding of the interaction between societies and technological innovations.
Abstract: tions networks illustrates the need for a more sophisticated understanding of the interaction between societies and technological innovations.
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of Duke Street/Bold Street (the Rope Walks Partnership): a mixed use area adjoining the city centre is presented, where it is argued that all urban regeneration contributes to sustainable development through the recycling of derelict land and buildings, reducing demand for peripheral development and facilitating the development of more compact cities.
TL;DR: The growing demand for better coordination of metropolitan land use and transportation planning has led to the need for new analytical tools to examine the potential impacts of land-use and transpo....
Abstract: The growing demand for better coordination of metropolitan land use and transportation planning has led to the need for new analytical tools to examine the potential impacts of land-use and transpo...
TL;DR: In this paper, an airport and airline choice model, based on a nested multinomial logit model, is developed to investigate both airport competition and airline competition in a metropolitan area with multiple departure airports.
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extracted the best evidence to date on how highway investments distribute growth and economic activity across metropolitan areas and also offered ideas on how transportation financing and policies can better respond to the various costs and benefits of highway projects in a region.
Abstract: Growing concerns about traffic congestion and rapid suburban expansion (also known as sprawl) have reignited interest in the ways in which highway spending affects metropolitan growth patterns This discussion paper extracts the best evidence to date on how highway investments distribute growth and economic activity across metropolitan areas The paper also offers ideas on how transportation financing and policies can better respond to the various costs and benefits of highway projects in a region
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use U.S. county-level data to explore potential explanations for the observed regional variation in the rates of poverty, including economic growth, industry restructuring and labor market skills mismatches.
Abstract: The persistence of poverty in the modern American economy, with rates of poverty in some areas approaching those of less advanced economies, remains a central concern among policy makers. Therefore, in this study we use U.S. county-level data to explore potential explanations for the observed regional variation in the rates of poverty. The use of counties allows examination of both nonmetropolitan area and metropolitan area poverty. Factors considered include those that relate to both area economic performance and area demographic composition. Specific county economic factors examined include economic growth, industry restructuring, and labor market skills mismatches.
Book•
01 Mar 2000
TL;DR: This paper examined conditions and trends in cities and suburbs since 1960, arguing that, beginning in the 1980s, the United States entered a "post-suburban" era of declining suburbs accompanied by large-scale deterioration of communities.
Abstract: Sprawling commercial and residential development in the suburbs can mask severe socioeconomic problems more usually associated with inner cities, such as income decline, crime increase and tax base erosion. This is an examination of conditions and trends in cities and suburbs since 1960, arguing that, beginning in the 1980s, the United States entered a "post-suburban" era of declining suburbs accompanied by large-scale deterioration of communities. The authors explore: why suburban decline has become so widespread; why planning decisions fail to take account of residents' preferences; how strategic planning can help assess dangers; and how some suburbs have stabilized or revived. The authors insist that a high-quality natural and built environment is key to achieving economic stability, and they set out a series of policy recommendations that can help contribute to this goal.
TL;DR: This article examined and compared the spatial distributions of new jobs and people across sub-metropolitan areas for Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, finding that less-educated people, public assistance recipients, and especially poor females with children mostly reside in areas heavily populated by minorities where the availability of less-skilled jobs is quite low.
Abstract: This article examines and compares the spatial distributions of new jobs and people across sub-metropolitan areas for Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles. The jobs data come from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and the data on people come from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The results indicate that less-educated people, public assistance recipients, and especially poor females with children mostly reside in areas heavily populated by minorities where the availability of less-skilled jobs is quite low, while the availability of these jobs relative to less-educated people in suburban areas heavily populated by whites is high. Large fractions of the less-skilled jobs in these metropolitan areas are not accessible by public transit. Furthermore, there is significant variation within both central cities and suburbs in the ethnic composition of residents and in less-skilled job availability. The ability of various minority groups to gain employment in each area depends heavily on the ethnic composition of the particular area. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Brown et al. as discussed by the authors used a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze and critique the emerging crisis resulting from urban sprawl in the ten-county Atlanta metropolitan region, and outlined policy recommendations and an action agenda for coping with sprawlrelated problems, both in Atlanta and around the country.
Abstract: A serious but often overlooked impact of the random, unplanned growth commonly known as sprawl is its effect on economic and racial polarization. Sprawl-fueled growth pushes people further apart geographically, politically, economically, and socially. Atlanta, Georgia, one of the fastest-growing areas in the country, offers a striking example of sprawl-induced stratification."Sprawl City" uses a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze and critique the emerging crisis resulting from urban sprawl in the ten-county Atlanta metropolitan region. Local experts including sociologists, lawyers, urban planners, economists, educators, and health care professionals consider sprawl-related concerns as core environmental justice and civil rights issues.Contributors focus on institutional constraints that are embedded in urban sprawl, considering how government housing, education, and transportation policies have aided and in some cases subsidized separate but unequal economic development and segregated neighborhoods. They offer analysis of the causes and consequences of urban sprawl, and outline policy recommendations and an action agenda for coping with sprawl-related problems, both in Atlanta and around the country.Contributors are Natalie Brown, Robert D. Bullard, William W. Buzbee, James Chapman, Dennis Creech, Russell W. Irvine, Charles Jaret, Chad G. Johnson, Glenn S. Johnson, Kurt Phillips, Elizabeth P. Ruddiman, and Angel O. Torres.The book illuminates the rising class and racial divisions underlying uneven growth and development, and provides a timely source of information for anyone concerned with those issues, including the growing environmental justice movement as well as planners, policyanalysts, public officials, community leaders, and students of public policy, geography, or planning.
TL;DR: The recent movement called New Regionalism is a mixed bag of old prescriptions and new remedies to address problems both real and imaginary as discussed by the authors. But it is the long-abiding faith in metropolitan consolidation and central city expansion applied to the latest generation of metropolitan problems.
Abstract: LIKE MOST NEW intellectual or political movements, the recent movement called New Regionalism is a mixed bag of old prescriptions and new remedies to address problems both new and longstanding, not to mention both real and imaginary. Part of New Regionalism is hardly new at all. Instead, it is the long-abiding faith in metropolitan consolidation and central city expansion (see Rusk 1995) applied to the latest generation of metropolitan problems. Part of the movement responds to growing problems that occur on a more regional scale and that seem to require some sort of regional solution—in particular, transportation and infrastructure problems that derive, at least in part, from sprawling patterns of development. New Regionalism also represents progress in conceptualizing the general problem of metropolitan governance, reflected in the very choice of the term “governance” (and the associated complexities it implies) rather than “government” (Altshuler et al. 1999). Yet, some of those who now embrace institutional solutions other than metro government do so mainly because of the political infeasibility of massive jurisdictional consolidation (see Downs 1994), not out of an intellectual conversion to alternative approaches. Regionalism, Localism, and Metropolitan Governance: Suggestions from the Research Program on Local Public Economies
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors specify and estimate a model of minority group entrepreneurship that incorporates individual, household, and metropolitan-level factors to measure the effect of segregation on the likelihood of entrepreneurship among different racial/ethnic groups in U.S. metropolitan areas.
Abstract: In this paper, we specify and estimate a model of minority group entrepreneurship that incorporates individual, household, and metropolitan-level factors. Among the metropolitan factors we consider is residential segregation, which might be thought to enhance business opportunities by concentrating demand and creating protected market niches. Whereas some degree of geographic concentration may be beneficial for certain types of entrepreneurship, higher levels of residential segregation are likely to be detrimental to entrepreneurial endeavors because of the tendency for segregation to interact with skewed minority income distributions to concentrate poverty geographically. Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census, we estimate a model to measure the effect of segregation on the likelihood of entrepreneurship among different racial/ethnic groups in U.S. metropolitan areas. We find that beyond very moderate levels, segregation actually works to lower the odds of entrepreneurship.
Book•
31 Dec 2000
TL;DR: The Sex of Cities: A Tale of Two Towns: Kissimmee versus Celebration and the New Urbanism as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the field of urban ecology and urban planning.
Abstract: Introduction: The Sex of Cities Chapter 1: A Tale of Two Towns: Kissimmee versus Celebration and the New Urbanism Chapter 2: The End of Place Chapter 3: The Deconstructed City: The Silicon Valley Chapter 4: Trading Places: The City and the Suburb Chapter 5: Jackson Heights: An Anachronism Finds Its Way Chapter 6: The Master Hand: The Role of Government in Building Cities Chapter 7: Portland and Oregon: Taming the Forces That Create the Modern Metropolitan Area Chapter 8: No Place Called Home: Community at the Millennium Chapter 9: Conclusion. Getting There: Building Healthy Cities Acknowledgments Notes Selected References Index
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, Hamnett and Freestone discuss the development of metropolitan planning in nineteenth-century Australia, from theory to practice: the interwar yearsAlan Hutchings, Renate Howe, and Margo Huxley, and the late 1990s: competitive versus sustainable cities.
Abstract: FiguresTablesContributorsIntroduction - Stephen Hamnett and Robert Freestone1 Founding cities in nineteenth-century AustraliaHelen Proudfoot2 From city improvement to the city beautifulRobert Freestone3 Towards metropolitan organisation: town planning and the garden city ideaChristine Garnaut4 From theory to practice: the inter-war yearsAlan Hutchings5 A new paradigm: planning and reconstruction in the 1940sRenate Howe6 The post-war cityIan Alexander7 The corridor city: planning for growth in the 1960sIan Morison8 Administrative coordination, urban management and strategic planning in the 1970sMargo Huxley9 The revival of metropolitan planningMichael Lennon10 The late 1990s: competitive versus sustainable citiesStephen HamnettNotesIndex
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper examined whether there is a significant relationship between economic growth and the degree of urban concentration, as measured by primacy, or the share of the largest metro area in national urban population.
Abstract: The paper examines whether there is a significant relationship between economic growth and the degree of urban concentration, as measured by primacy, or the share of the largest metro area in national urban population. Is there reason to believe many countries have excessive primacy and how costly is excessive (or insufficient) primacy? Using GMM methods, the paper estimates growth effects, using a panel of 80-100 countries from 1960 to 1995. It also looks at the determinants of primacy and policy instruments that might be effective in reducing excessive primacy. The paper finds that there is a best degree of national urban primacy, which increases sharply up to a per capita income of about $5000 (PPP 1987 income), before declining modestly. The best degree of primacy declines with country scale. Error bands about estimated best degrees of primacy are generally tight. Growth losses from significantly non-optimal concentration are large and rise with income. Results are very robust. In a group of 72 countries in 1990, it appears that at least 24 have satisfactory primacy; at least 24 have significantly excessive primacy; and at least 5 countries have too little. What determines urban concentration? Econometric models show that urban concentration initially rises with income and then peaks around an income of $2400, before declining. Openness, or trade effects are modest. Similarly, the effects of a greater degree of political decentralization while significantly reducing urban concentration are quite modest. The key policy type variable affecting concentration is investment in inter-regional transport infrastructure. In particular, increases in the density of road networks significantly reduce primacy, with the effect rising with income. As a policy consideration, this takes heightened importance because growth losses from excessive primacy tend to rise with income. The effect on growth rates of investment in roads, through its effect on primacy, is highest in middle income countries.
TL;DR: The 1997 economic crisis in Indonesia has a close relationship with the effects of globalisation as characterised by inflows of industrial and financial capital, originating from the global shift since the 1980s.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the interplay between the relocation process and the structure of metropolitan housing markets and found that more than three-quarters of the turnover is generated by renters and most of this by households under 35 years of age.
Abstract: Previous research on variations in mobility rates across metropolitan areas, documented the link between immigration and local mobility, and the way in which local mobility creates 'hot' and 'cold' housing markets. The research in this paper confirms and extends those analyses by examining the interplay between the relocation process and the structure of metropolitan housing markets. The results show that more than three-quarters of the turnover is generated by renters and most of this by households under 35 years of age. It also shows that variations in mobility rates can be predicted by variations in new construction, though it is clear that ultimately it is the underlying population growth which is the critical variable. House prices also vary across metropolitan areas and are influenced by city size, but the major determinants of variation in house prices are household income (a measure of upward pressure on prices) and the tenure structure of the local market. The results show that turnover per se is...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the real importance of research institutes supporting innovative activities in businesses based on the representative European Regional Innovation Survey and find that the actual significance of research institutions in the support of firms' innovation processes is smaller than revealed in the concepts of the innovative networks, innovative milieu or learning region.
Abstract: The recent discussion on economics and regional economics has increasingly stressed the importance of knowledge and information. Research institutes, in particular, are seen as crucial for assisting local firms in their innovation activities. The aim of this paper is to explore the real importance of research institutes supporting innovative activities in businesses. Based on the representative European Regional Innovation Survey the results show that the actual significance of research institutions in the support of firms' innovation processes is smaller than revealed in the concepts of the innovative networks, innovative milieu or learning region.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the vulnerability of urban settlements to hazard (landslide) risk through a case study of Niteroi city, which forms part of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, and tried to provide a better understanding of the causative factors of landslides and of their impact.
Book•
01 Jan 2000TL;DR: More than half the world's population lives in areas that are classified as urban as discussed by the authors and a substantial and growing proportion lives in or around metropolitan areas and large cities, including the zone termed the "periurban interface", where their livelihoods depend to some extent on natural resources such as land for food, water and fuel, and space for living.
Abstract: More than half the world's population lives in areas that are classified as urban. In developing countries, a substantial and growing proportion lives in or around metropolitan areas and large cities, including the zone termed the 'periurban interface', where their livelihoods depend to some extent on natural resources such as land for food, water and fuel, and space for living.