Showing papers on "Mineral absorption published in 2015"

Effect of a combination GOS/FOS® prebiotic mixture and interaction with calcium intake on mineral absorption and bone parameters in growing rats.

Abstract: Increasing calcium intake is the most effective strategy for avoiding Ca deficit. However, if intake remains inadequate, improving Ca absorption becomes an important tool to optimize Ca homeostasis and bone health. The effect of a mixture of GOS/FOS® 9:1 added to a normal- or low-Ca diets on Ca absorption and bone mineralization, density and structure was investigated, in a model of growing rats. Several colonic parameters to help support the findings were also evaluated. Weanling Wistar rats received one of the four experimental AIN-93G diets: C5: 0.5 % Ca; C3: 0.3 % Ca; P5: 0.5 % Ca + 5.3 % GOS/FOS®; P3: 0.3 % Ca + 5.3 % GOS/FOS® until 50 days (T = 50). At T = 50, lactobacillus and cecum weights were higher, whereas cecum pH was lower in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.001). At T = 50, fecal Ca, Mg and P were lower and their absorptions (mg/dL) were higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3, respectively (p < 0.05). Ca, Mg and P absorption % was higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.001). Femur Ca and P content, bone mineral content, trabecular bone mineral density, tibia length, bone volume, osteoblast surface, stiffness and elastic modulus were higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.05). Despite the lower Ca content, P3 group reached similar values than C5 in all these latter parameters. Supplementing diets with the GOS/FOS® mixture increased bone mineralization, density and structure due to an increase in Ca, P and Mg absorptions. Thus, this prebiotic mixture may help to improve bone development in a period of high calcium requirements.

Effects of exogenous NO on the growth, mineral nutrient content, antioxidant system, and ATPase activities of Trifolium repens L. plants under cadmium stress

Abstract: This work investigated the effects of SNP (sodium nitroprusside; an NO donor) on 100 µM cadmium (Cd) toxicity in 2-week-old Trifolium repens L. plants. Cd accumulated to a greater degree in roots than in shoots and resulted in oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde. In addition, Cd exposure markedly hindered root and shoot elongation and biomass production, reduced the activities of H+-ATPase in the plasma membranes (PMs) and tonoplasts (V), and inhibited the absorption of mineral nutrition. However, the addition of various SNP doses alleviated the inhibitory effects on plant growth caused by Cd, elevated the activity of the PM H+-ATPase in both shoots and roots, enhanced the activity of V-H+-ATPase in roots, and partially enhanced the uptake of minerals (shoots: Mg and Cu; roots: Ca, Mg, and Fe) in Cd-treated plants. Shoot and root Cd accumulation significantly diminished when plants were subjected to Cd plus SNP treatments, though the level of root Cd accumulation was not dependent on the SNP dosage level. Moreover, the addition of SNP considerably upregulated ascorbate peroxidases (APX), catalases and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots under Cd stress, but downregulated APX and SOD activity in roots. The addition of SNP did not influence glutathione reductase (GR) activity in roots, but markedly increased its activity in shoots. Similar to root GR levels, shoot ascorbate content experienced no significant change between Cd plus SNP treatment and Cd treatment alone; however, root ascorbate and glutathione levels decreased in plant tissues in the treatments with Cd and SNP. The results obtained in this work indicate that SNP applied exogenously, particularly at lower doses, can effectively deplete the detrimental effects on white clover growth, likely by reducing oxidative damage, modulating mineral absorption, and re-establishing the levels of ATPases.

Prospects of using citric acid as fish feed supplement.

Abstract: Fishes usually have low levels of acid secretion in the gut as compared to mammals. Inclusion of organic acids in their diet reduces the pH in the gut. This lowering of pH increases the phytate hydrolysis, kills the pathogens, decreases the rate of gastric emptying and improves mineralization and nutrient absorption. Among the organic acids, citric acid (CA) has been used extensively for diet acidification due to its unique flavor and high buffering capacity. It has great potential to replace fish meal (up to 70%) with plant based protein sources. Being a strong chelator of calcium and phosphorus, CA enhances the phytate hydrolysis. It improves the bioavailability of minerals by solubilizing the bones and competing with other chelators. It also increases the endogenous as well as exogenous phytases efficiency by providing an optimum pH in gut. Besides, it acts as antimicrobial agent and stimulates feeding in fish. Purpose of this review is to appraise the applications of citric acid supplementations in fish feed and to highlight its role in improving the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, minerals availability and phytase efficacy. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers

The Mediterranean diet and mineral composition

Abstract: The traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) is considered one of the best dietary models for human health, and its benefits have been demonstrated in numerous studies. It is rich in minerals derived from vegetables, fruits, whole-meal cereals, and fish. Therefore, close adherence to Mediterranean dietary patterns (MDP) makes the risk of deficient mineral intake quite improbable. In addition to the level of mineral intake, however, the special characteristics and composition of the MD that may affect mineral absorption and bioavailability should be considered. This chapter focuses on the mineral composition of the MD and its adequacy with respect to both the intake and bioavailability of minerals. It is concluded that a varied, balanced diet based on MDP contributes sufficient minerals; furthermore, the typical composition of the MD improves mineral bioavailability.

Effect of different feed treatment strategies on apparent mineral digestibility and retention in broilers and layers and egg quality in laying hens

Abstract: s in proceedings & participation in conferences 98 Acknowledgements 100 Declaration 101

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIETARY MINERAL AND PHYTASE ON BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCES OF JAPANESE FLOUNDER, Paralichthys olivaceus. PART II. MINERAL DIGESTIBILITY AND VERTEBRAL MINERAL CONTENT

Abstract: Interactive effects between dietary inorganic phosphorus (IP) and phytase (P) on mineral digestibility and vertebral mineral content were investigated in a 30 days feeding trial followed by three weeks digestibility trial with Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus . Eight experimental diets were formulated based on two levels of dietary Ca at 0% and 0.2% combined with either 0% or 0.25% of dietary IP and either with 0 and 2,000 fytase unit (FTU)/kg of phytase in diet, respectively. Result indicated that digestibility of total phosphorus significantly increased by three dietary compounds where the highest was observed in fish fed diet contained 0.25% IP and 2,000 FTU phytase/kg and dietary Ca also included in diet. Significant interaction was only detected between dietary IP and P on this parameter. Supplementation of IP and Ca not phytase significantly improved Ca digestibility. Ca digestibility was very poor when dietary IP and Ca were not supplemented in diet even with when phytase supplemented in diet. There was significant interaction between dietary IP and Ca on Ca digestibility. Vertebral total phosphorus, Ca, and Mg content as well as Ca:P ratio were significantly enhanced by dietary IP and phytase. Dietary Ca has significant effect only on vertebral total phosphorus. Interaction between dietary IP and Ca was significantly found on vertebral Ca content and Ca:P ratio. No significant second-order interaction was observed among the three dietary mineral on overall parameters. Based on total phosphorus and Ca digestibility as well vertebral phosphorus content found in this study, dietary IP, Ca, and phytase at rate of 0.25%, 0.2%, and 2,000 FTU phytase/kg diet, respectively are needed to supplement in diet for a better mineral absorption and bone mineralization.

Interactions of Milk Proteins With Minerals

Abstract: The interactions between milk proteins and minerals are critical to milk functionality and the nutritional benefits that milk provides. The binding of minerals to proteins stabilizes protein conformation and facilitates catalysis by enzymes. Protein and mineral interactions in milk aid in maximizing mineral absorption due to the stabilization of ionization states, and increased mineral solubility. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect the association between milk proteins and minerals. For example, composition of milk from different species can affect the native protein and mineral interactions. Further processing by thermal, concentration, and/or fermentation can also alter protein structure and the subsequent interactions with mineral. While, the analysis of individual protein and or peptide fractions is possible, accurate quantification of mineral and protein associations is difficult within the native milk matrix. Understanding the relationships between protein and minerals in milk, and how they are affected by processing is important to maximize the nutritional benefits of dairy products for the consumer.

Effects of exogenous NO on the growth, mineral nutrient content, antioxidant system, and ATPase activities of Trifolium repens L. plants under cadmium stress

Abstract: This work investigated the effects of SNP (sodium nitroprusside; an NO donor) on 100 lM cadmium (Cd) toxicity in 2-week-old Trifolium repens L plants Cd accumulated to a greater degree in roots than in shoots and resulted in oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialde- hyde In addition, Cd exposure markedly hindered root and shoot elongation and biomass production, reduced the activities of H ? -ATPase in the plasma membranes (PMs) and tonoplasts (V), and inhibited the absorption of mineral nutrition However, the addition of various SNP doses alleviated the inhibitory effects on plant growth caused by Cd, elevated the activity of the PM H ? -ATPase in both shoots and roots, enhanced the activity of V-H ? -ATPase in roots, and partially enhanced the uptake of minerals (shoots: Mg and Cu; roots: Ca, Mg, and Fe) in Cd-treated plants Shoot and root Cd accumulation significantly diminished when plants were subjected to Cd plus SNP treatments, though the level of root Cd accumulation was not dependent on the SNP dosage level Moreover, the addition of SNP considerably upregulated ascorbate per- oxidases (APX), catalases and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots under Cd stress, but downregu- lated APX and SOD activity in roots The addition of SNP did not influence glutathione reductase (GR) activity in roots, but markedly increased its activity in shoots Sim- ilar to root GR levels, shoot ascorbate content experienced no significant change between Cd plus SNP treatment and Cd treatment alone; however, root ascorbate and gluta- thione levels decreased in plant tissues in the treatments with Cd and SNP The results obtained in this work indicate that SNP applied exogenously, particularly at lower doses, can effectively deplete the detrimental effects on white clover growth, likely by reducing oxidative damage, modulating mineral absorption, and re-establish- ing the levels of ATPases