Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 2002"

Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism

Abstract: Conventional wisdom suggests that citizens in many countries have become disengaged from the traditional channels of political participation. Commentators highlight warning signs including sagging electoral turnout, rising anti-party sentiment, and the decay of civic organizations. But are these concerns justified? This book, first published in 2002, compares systematic evidence for electoral turnout, party membership, and civic activism in countries around the world and suggests good reasons to question assumptions of decline. Not only is the obituary for older forms of political activism premature, but new forms of civic engagement may have emerged in modern societies to supplement traditional modes. The process of societal modernization and rising levels of human capital are primarily responsible, although participation is also explained by the structure of the state, the role of agencies, and social inequalities.

Imagining solidarity: cosmopolitanism, constitutional patriotism, and the public sphere

Abstract: Globalization and the coming of postnational and transnational society are often presented as matters of necessity. Globalization appears as an inexorable force—perhaps of progress, perhaps simply of a capitalist juggernaut, but in any case irresistible. European integration, for example, is often sold to voters as a necessary response to the global integration of capital. In Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, a similar economistic imaginary is deployed to suggest that globalization moves of itself, and governments and citizens have only the option of adapting. Even where the globalist imaginary is not overwhelmingly economistic, it commonly shares in the image of a progressive and imperative modernization. Many accounts of the impact and implications of information technology exemplify this. Alternatives to globalization, on the other hand, are generally presented in terms of inherited identities and solidarities in need of defense. Usually this means nations and cultural identities imagined on the model of nations; sometimes it means religions, civilizations, or other structures of identity presented by their advocates as received rather than created. The social imaginary of inherited cultural tradition and social identity is prominent in ideologies like Hindutva and

Gender Equality and Democracy

Abstract: Although democratic institutions existed long before gender equality, at this point in history, growing emphasis on gender equality is a central component of the process of democratization. Support for gender equality is not just a consequence of democratization. It is part of a broad cultural change that is transforming industrialized societies and bringing growing mass demands for increasingly democratic institutions. This article analyzes the role of changing mass attitudes in the spread of democratic institutions, using survey evidence from 70 societies containing 80 percent of the world's population. The evidence supports the conclusion that the process of modernization drives cultural change that encourage both the rise of women in public life, and the development of democratic institutions.

The Idea of a Second Demographic Transition in Industrialized Countries

Abstract: 1. The basic idea At the end of the 19 th century several French scholars noted that a remarkable change was taking place in the population of their country. The number of children per family declined, clearly as the result of deliberate efforts to reduce fertility within marriage. It was soon understood that the voluntary limitation of marital fertility was a revolutionary novelty and the term 'demographic revolution' was, in fact, the original term used to describe it. Efforts to explain what was happening began almost immediately. Interestingly enough these first explanations assumed the phenomenon reflected what people wanted out of life. Dumont (1890:130) argued that the desire to be upwardly mobile was the root cause. When climbing the social ladder having a large family would be, no doubt, a hindrance. Dumont concluded that, as a result, the birth rate would decline as social mobility increased. Other French authors, such as Leroy-Beaulieu (1896) and Landry (1909) attributed it to changes in the moral order. Towards the end of the Second World War, and also after it, American scholars took de lead in the discussions about the demographic changes that were taking place. As a result the explanations preferred became more economic in nature and the term 'transition' replaced the term revolution. The changes in demographic behaviour were considered to be mainly a function of progress in society (Kirk, 1944:28). Notestein (1945), who played a crucial part in the formulation of the demographic transition theory, stressed the overriding importance of mortality decline and the impact of the modernization process in people's lives and in society as a whole. He concluded that the demographic transition was likely to be a universal phenomenon; all countries were bound to pass through it once they had achieved the level of development required. It was understood by all knowledgeable people that the decline in fertility was an adjustment made necessary by the decline in mortality. The latter had resulted in unsustainably high levels of natural population growth. The long-term demographic balance had been upset; consequently a new balance had to be established at low levels of both mortality and fertility. The very appealing assumption was that we would move from one long-term quasi- equilibrium to another. As Bongaarts recently stated in a paper (2001:260): 'If fertility in contemporary post-transitional societies had indeed levelled off at or near the replacement level, there would have been limited interest in the subject because this would have been expected.' He then continues as follows: 'However, fertility has dropped below the replacement level -sometimes by a substantial margin- in virtually every population that has moved through the demographic transition. If future fertility remains at these low levels, population will decline in size and age rapidly.' The basic idea behind the concept of the Second Demographic Transition as launched in 1986 is that industrialized countries have indeed reached a new stage in their demographic

The Second Generation Problematic: Rethinking Democracy and Civil-Military Relations

Abstract: This article argues that a decade after the collapse of communism in central and eastern Europe, the establishment of democratic civil-military relations has moved on from first generation issues of institutional restructuring to second generation challenges relating to the democratic consolidation of these relationships. In practice, these have more to do with issues of state capacity-building and bureaucratic modernization with the traditional concerns of the civil-military relations literature. In most cases, the problem is not the establishment of civilian control over the armed forces or the separation of the military from politics, but rather that of the effective execution of democratic governance of the defense and security sector-particularly in relation to defense policy-making, legislative oversight and the effective engagement of civil-society in a framework of democratic legitimacy and accountability.

Origins of the Modern Chinese State

Abstract: What is "Chinese" about China's modern state? This book proposes that the state we see today has developed over the past two centuries largely as a response to internal challenges emerging from the late empire. Well before the Opium War, Chinese confronted such constitutional questions as: How does the scope of political participation affect state power? How is the state to secure a share of society's wealth? In response to the changing demands of the age, this agenda has been expressed in changing language. Yet, because the underlying pattern remains recognizable, the modernization of the state in response to foreign aggression can be studied in longer perspective. The author offers three concrete studies to illustrate the constitutional agenda in action: how the early nineteenth-century scholar-activist Wei Yuan confronted the relation between broadened political participation and authoritarian state power; how the reformist proposals of the influential scholar Feng Guifen were received by mainstream bureaucrats during the 1898 reform movement; and how fiscal problems of the late empire formed a backdrop to agricultural collectivization in the 1950s. In each case, the author presents the "modern" constitutional solution as only the most recent answer to old Chinese questions. The book concludes by describing the transformation of the constitutional agenda over the course of the modern period.

Financial systems and economic modernization

Abstract: The most successful economies of modern, and perhaps earlier, economic history appear to have had “financial revolutions” that created innovative financial systems before they became leading economies. This suggests that good financial systems may have played a causal role in economic modernization. I identify the key institutional components of such financial systems. Using the United States and Japan as examples, I discuss how two financial revolutions occurred. Effective leadership on the part of strong-willed individuals was crucial in each case.

Whose Knowledge?: Epistemological Collisions in Solomon Islands Community Development

Abstract: We show in this article how modernization, disguised as "community development," continues to fail rural villages in Solomon Islands despite the supposed movement toward a more people-centered, bottom-up philosophy in development education and practice. We focus on the case study of a Kwara'ae (Malaita island) rural, locally owned and operated project aimed at giving unemployed male youth a stake in the community and preventing their off-island migration. Successful for a decade, the project was destroyed by the intervention of a retired government official who, because of his education, training, and work with outside development agencies, imposed a modernization framework, including centralization of leadership and the valuing of Anglo-European knowledge over indigenous knowledge. While agreeing with the theoretical argument for indigenous knowledge in development, we argue that it is equally important that development be guided by people's indigenous epistemology/ies and indigenous critical praxis for (re)constructing and applying knowledge.

Wired for change: the links between ICTs and development discourses

Abstract: The ICT revolution's promises and threats for developing countries can be brought into clearer perspective if we pay attention to the underlying discourses on development and knowledge employed in this debate. This paper suggests that those who enthusiastically embrace ICTs tend to operate within a modernization discourse, while sceptics are influenced by dependency and post-colonial discourses of development. Both perspectives operate with a liberal notion of knowledge as separate from power. The paper argues that a more fruitful approach is to analyse the role ICTs play in the power–knowledge nexus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia

Abstract: This is an ethnographic study of a community of Mongolian herders who have been undergoing dramatic environmental and social transformations since 1980. It provides a rare window of observation into a fascinating and important, though remote and relatively understudied, region of modern China, and documents some of the unintended harmful consequences of decollectivization and economic development.Initially, the book presents a case study of land degradation and shows how competing social and cultural forces at the local, national, and international level actively shape that process. More broadly, it focuses on local experiences of modernization and the ways that marginalized people creatively appropriate alien technologies to serve their own ethnic identity and cultural renewal.The book aims to deepen our understanding of environmental change as a social process by exploring significant tensions between such symbolic dichotomies as Chinese/Mongol, farmer/herder, private/collective, development/conservation, Western/Asian, and scientific/indigenous. It argues that the reconstruction of local landscape cannot be separated from the social context of economic insecurity and political fear, nor from the cultural context of group identity and environmental symbolism. Ideologically informed perceptions of the land prove to be highly relevant in both shaping and contesting international development agendas, national grassland policies, and the daily practices of local production.In presenting the full range of material and symbolic stakes now in play on the Chinese grasslands, the book demonstrates that human-land interactions involve social dimensions on a global scale of widely underestimated complexity. Throughout, the author draws from his extensive fieldwork to enrich his study with poignant (and sometimes humorous) anecdotes and biographical sketches.

Lords of Things: The Fashioning of the Siamese Monarchy's Modern Image

Abstract: Lords of Things offers a fascinating interpretation of modernity in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Siam by focusing on the novel material possessions and social practices adopted by the royal elite to refashion its self and public image in the early stages of globalization. It examines the westernized modes of consumption and self-presentation, the residential and representational architecture, and the public spectacles appropriated by the Bangkok court not as byproducts of institutional reformation initiated by modernizing sovereigns, but as practices and objects constitutive of the very identity of the royalty as a civilized and civilizing class. Bringing a wealth of new source material into a theoretically informed discussion, Lords of Things will be required reading for historians of Thailand and Southeast Asia scholars generally. It represents a welcome change from previous studies of Siamese modernization that are almost exclusively concerned with the institutional and economic dimensions of the process or with foreign relations, and will appeal greatly to those interested in transnational cultural flows, the culture of colonialism, the invention of tradition, and the relationship between consumption and identity formation in the modern era.

State-led modernization and the new middle class in Malaysia

Abstract: List of Tables Dedication Preface Acknowledgements Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms Class Formation and the New Malay Middle Class A Critical Review of Malaysian Middle Class Industrialization and Middle Class Formation in Malaysia The Making of the New Malay Middle Class The New Malay Middle Class Family New Malay Middle Class Lifestyles and Culture The New Malay Middle Class and Community Malay Middle Class Politics, Democracy and Civil Society The New Malay Middle Class and Melayu Baru Concluding Remarks: The New Malay Middle Class and Social Transformation Bibliography Index

Italy's Social Revolution: Charity and Welfare from Liberalism to Fascism

Abstract: Abbreviations Preface PART I: THE SOCIAL MISSION OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY LIBERALISM Introduction: The Old Charitable Order and Promise of Good Government Reform and the Risorgimento State and Society in Liberal Italy, 1862-1890 PART II: STATE WELFARE UIN THE AGE OF THE MASSES The Rise of Giolitti's Insurer State Fascism's New Deal: Social Insurance under a Totalitarian State Racial Regeneration through Welfare: The National Organization for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy PART III: THE PROBLEM OF CHILD ABANDONMENT FROM LIBERALISM TO FASCISM Introduction: Charity, the State, and Compassion: The Modernization of Social Values Outcast Infants and the Liberal State Religion, Science, and Beneficence The Illegitimacy Campaign under Fascism From Public Beneficence to Public Welfare: The Roman Experiment, 1927-1938 An Italian Social Revolution? Bibliography Index

The entry of Wal‐Mart in Brazil and the competitive responses of multinational and domestic firms

Abstract: Investigates the entry of Wal‐Mart in Brazil, and subsequent moves of established retailers and new entrants with data taken from secondary sources and interviews with executives. First, internationalization of Wal‐Mart and its entry are discussed, which caused an impact on Brazilian retailing by accelerating the concentration, automation and modernization of the industry. Competitive reactions were classified in four categories: neutralizing competitors actions, establishing competitive advantage, redefining markets, and changing ownership. It is argued that Wal‐Mart’s experience in Brazil could be an interesting source of learning for foreign retailers desirous of entering the Brazilian market as well as for local companies that need to remain competitive to survive.

Modernity as history: Post-revolutionary China, globalization and the question of modernity

Abstract: Processes associated with globalization have provoked important changes in our conceptions of modernity, as well as the discourse of modernization. While the end of socialism has encouraged a 'renaissance' of modernization discourse, this discourse is significantly different than in the past in its willingness to make room in modernity for civilizations other than the EuroAmerican. At the same time, post-colonial criticism has played a significant part in the downgrading of EuroAmerican modernity by pointing to its origins in colonialism, which encourages calls for recognition of alternative modernities, or alternative claims to modernity. Intentionally or not, the combination has resulted in a renewed reification of cultural and civilizational traditions. This article juxtaposes two sets of literature to examine these developments critically. The two sets are a general, mostly sociological, literature on modernity and modernization, and literature on Chinese modernity which has proliferated in recent yea...

Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century

Abstract: Bahru Zewde. Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press/Oxford: James Currey, 2002. xii + 228 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth. Between the end of the nineteenth century, when Ethiopia affirmed its independent statehood in the face of European imperialism, and the outbreak of World War II, when Italy colonized it, a good number of Ethiopians received secular education in various fields and in different parts of the world. Through their education and exposure to industrial societies they became painfully aware of the technical backwardness of their own society. Like their counterparts in other preindustrial countries, some of the new intellectuals passionately sought a new understanding of the domestic and external forces that facilitated or hindered Ethiopia's entry into the modern age. As advocates of "modernization," they wrote extensively, thoughtfully, and often incisively in the hope that they would persuade a reactionary and xenophobic traditional polity that political independence without social, economic, and technological progress was no guarantor of freedom and state viability in a dynamic and fast-changing world. Their impact was apparently quite limited, and the creative and vibrant intellectual life they set in motion was cut short when, in a state of frenzy, the fascist government decimated the intelligentsia in 1937. Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia is the fascinating story of the lives, ideas, and legacies of these extraordinary men of purpose and vitality. By drawing on a vast range of documentary sources and direct interviews, Bahru Zwede has written a slender but substantial book with admirable concision, clarity, and even-handedness. Bahru divides the "pioneers" into first and second generations mainly on the basis of their formative periods. The first group was educated at home and abroad during the reign of Emperor Menilek II (1889-1913). A few of them owed their schooling to foreign guardians or benefactors following their fortuitous migration to such far-flung places as Austria and India; others were sponsored by the emperor and his cousin, Ras Makonnen. The majority, however, were self-taught, often with the help of Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Nearly all the notable "reformist intellectuals," including Warqenah Eshate, Gabru Dasta, Gabra-Heywat Baykedan, Afawarq Gabra-Iyyasus, Takla-Hawaryat Takla-Maryam, Heruy Walda-Sellasse, Atsme-Giorgis Gabra-Masih, Gabra-Egziabher Gila-Maryam, and Deressa Amante, belonged to this generation. The members of the second generation, educated abroad (mostly in France) through state and/or royal patronage in the 1920s and 1930s, were of lesser stature; they wrote precious little and their reformist vision was much less visible. This group occupies just about half the space allotted to the first in the book and does not seem to be worthy of even that much attention. Overall, though, the narrative of the pioneers' lives, with all their vicissitudes, is compelling. The individual portraits, which vary from one to seven pages, are full of evocative detail and illuminating anecdotes. The intellectual stalwarts of the early twentieth century were writers of great merit, although it is not certain that they were all reformist. Still, the author's judgment that "the intellectuals as a group had an output that puts subsequent generations to shame" (188) is probably accurate. They wrote with erudition, foresight, and eloquence on nearly all aspects of Ethiopian society, ranging from ethnography and historiography to slavery and political economy, and they called for reforms in the social, economic, cultural, educational, and administrative spheres. For example, GabraHeywat's and Afawarq's depressing portrayals of the peasantry and the militia's predatory activities in the countryside could not have been more vivid and captivating. Takla-Hawaryat's anecdotal remarks on a variety of issues were revealing and stimulating, just as Atsma-Giorgia's perspective on the history of the Oromo was refreshingly innovative. …

Franco‐African Relations: No Longer So Exceptional?

Abstract: Key developments in Franco-African relations since 1994 are reviewed. Reservations are expressed about the widely held view that these relations have undergone a process of normalization in recent years and that France is disengaging from its traditional pre carre (sphere of influence) in Black Africa. Instead, it is argued that, under pressure from a rapidly evolving international environment and a changing domestic policy context, a partial modernization of French African policy has taken place. This new global environment has put constraints on French African policy but has also presented France with new opportunities to pursue its national interests in Africa, in the context of globalization and international liberalism. However, certain features of the special relationship remain, such as the role played in Franco-African relations by the reseaux(personal networks). It is therefore concluded that, while a process of adaptation has indeed taken place, Franco-African relations are at present in a period of transition.

Architectural Encounters with Essence and Form in Modern China

Abstract: Built around snatches of discussion overheard in a Beijing design studio, this book explores attitudes toward architecture in China since the opening of the Treaty Ports in the 1840s. Central to the discussion are the concepts of ti and yong, or "essence" and "form," Chinese characters that are used to define the proper arrangement of what should be considered modern and essentially Chinese. Ti and yong have gone through various transformations - for example, from "Chinese learning for essential principles and Western learning for practical application" to "socialist essence and cultural form" and an almost complete reversal to "modern essence and Chinese form." The book considers such subjects as cultural developments in China in response to the forced opening to the West in the mid-nineteenth century, the return of overseas-educated Chinese architects, foreign influences on Chinese architecture, the controversy over the use of "big roofs" and other sinicizing aspects of Chinese architecture in the 1950s, the hard economic conditions of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution - when architecture was almost abandoned - and the beginning of reform and opening up to the outside world in the late 1970s and 1980s. Finally, it looks at the present socialist market economy and Chinese architecture during the still incomplete process of modernisation.

Local government modernisation: UK and comparative analysis from an organizational perspective

Abstract: This article analyses three strands of local government modernization. The first takes an overview of the development of 'modernization' and 'improvement' of local government in the UK under the Labour government since 1997 and the overall programme of reform. We discuss both the shifts and the continuities with the previous decade and a half of the 'new public management' of Conservative administrations. We examine the implicit assumptions about how to achieve organizational and cultural change, arguing that much modernization is premised on a mechanistic metaphor of organizational change. The second section of the article examines other metaphors and theories of organizational change, arguing for the need to consider institutional and organizational perspectives in analysing local government modernization. The third section of the article then applies some organizational concepts to the comparative analysis of local government modernization.

Public‐sector Employment Relations Reform under Labour: Muddling Through on Modernization?

Abstract: The year 2001 in the UK was dominated by the difficulties the Labour government confronted in developing a coherent programme of public-sector modernization. This review examines recent developments in the public sector, focusing on government attempts to involve the private sector and its continuing reforms of pay determination arrangements. It highlights the tensions that this programme of reform aroused as the government struggled to respond to recruitment and retention problems and widespread perceptions of public-sector ‘crisis’.

Ecological Modernization or Subversion?: The Effect of Europeanization on Eastern Europe

Abstract: The pan-European conference at Czechoslovakia's Dobris Castle in 1991 was the beginning of an unusual era of Europeanization of environmental policy. Two contrasting hypotheses have been advocated regarding the effect of Europeanization on ecological modernization in Central and Eastern Europe. On one hand, proponents of the caterpillar hypothesis expect the transition process to have led toward ecological modernization. On the other hand, proponents of the capacity-building hypothesis posit an interdependence between ecological and political modernization. Even cursory analysis of environmental performance indicates that there has been much less ecological modernization in Eastern Europe than was expected 10 years ago. In fact, what might be termed ecological subversion, involving the dismantling of environmental institutions and entailing increased pollution per unit of gross domestic product, is the pattern in several countries, hence falsifying the caterpillar hypothesis. The subtle interplay between ...

Ageing and the Changing Role of the Family and the Community: An African Perspective

Abstract: Global ageing, the major social issue of the twenty-first century, will have greater social repercussions for developing countries. The fastest increase of older persons in terms of ratio in relation to younger people is happening in developing countries, and in Africa segregation of older people in rural areas will become manifest. While beneficial changes for women have accompanied modernization in many of the developing countries, the situation of older women appears to be particularly precarious. Social changes brought about by modernization are also profoundly affecting the traditional systems of care for older people. Even though most older people requiring care are still looked after within the informal structures of the family, this can no longer be taken for granted as we move into the new century. This paper critically reviews social protection systems and the resource constraints which characterize developing countries and warns against blind development of social security systems based on those of the industrialized countries. The paper argues for the design of intergenerational support back into mainstream social relations so that older persons are not marginalized and put at risk through social protection programmes which reinforce physical vulnerability stereotypes and stress welfare needs over and above older people's social and economic contributions to society.

Public-sector Employment Relations Reform under Labour: Muddling Through on Modernization?

Abstract: The year 2001 in the UK was dominated by the difficulties the Labour government confronted in developing a coherent programme of public-sector modernization. This review examines recent developments in the public sector, focusing on government attempts to involve the private sector and its continuing reforms of pay determination arrangements. It highlights the tensions that this programme of reform aroused as the government struggled to respond to recruitment and retention problems and widespread perceptions of public-sector "crisis".

Will the government ‘serve the people’? The development of Chinese e-government

Abstract: In the wake of globalization, the idea of electronic government (e-government) has become an integral part of modernization efforts undertaken by countries with a variety of political systems. This article will examine how it is being pursued in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), in order to contribute to our understanding of how e-government works in a non-liberal democratic polity. The analysis will start by focusing on the issues of how the Chinese understand the concept of e-government, continue by looking at what is actually being done by the state for the purpose of establishing it, and finish with a discussion of the methods that can best be used to assess the achievements and problems that are being met.

In the Name of Social Democracy: The Great Transformation, 1945 to the Present

Abstract: The focal point for this study is the emergent 'new social democracy' of the twenty-first century. The right appears wildly disorientated by the dramatic modernisation of a political tradition dating back to the 'Second International' and the nineteenth century. The author examines the transformations of recent years, which have affected every aspect of the social democratic phenomenon, from programmes and policies to organisation and membership.

The postwar conservation boom in British colonial Africa.

Abstract: As World War II came to a close, there was neither any national park legislation nor any national parks department in British East and Central Africa (comprising the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland). Not all of the colonial territories in the region even had a "game" department. The existing departments were minute in relation to the size of their territories and none possessed any sort of research agenda or scientifically trained staff member. Fifteen years later, the situation had shifted 18o degrees. Colonial development funds poured into the improvement of new national parks across the region, airplanes crisscrossed the skies overhead to count wildlife herds, and scores of biologists and ecologists moved over the landscape to analyze the habits and histories of the parks" faunal residents. The shift represented a veritable conservation boom and dozens of new parks appeared as bright green patches on previously monochrome maps. What had happened in the immediate postwar years to change the status of national parks and wildlife conservation so dramatically? Some historians have traced the origins of twentieth-century wildlife conservation to the psychological and emotional importance of the African environment for European colonizers. Accordingly the roots of British colonial national park and wildlife laws have been traced to culturally constructed "western" ideas of nature in Africa. Historians have offered concepts such as the "the Eden complex" or "the cult of the Hunt"' to explain European, particularly British, fascination with African wildlife and anxieties over its disappearance. The core of their argument is that the idea of Africa as symbolic Eden has stimulated western interests in African conservation through the colonial period and into the present. Without dismissing their importance in shaping British attitudes toward nature in Africa, elite European cultural values do not fully explain the explosion in conservation initiatives in the final years of colonialism. There had been many proposals for national parks in the first half of the century and an international wildlife treaty as early as 1900, but territorial governments in Africa largely ignored these until the 1940s.

Social Movements and Ecological Modernization: The Transformation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturing

Abstract: Ecological modernization theory posits that social movements play a central role in the environmental transformation of contemporary society. How they do so has received limited scholarly attention. This article seeks to reduce this thesis to a number of propositions which are then examined in light of the experience of the pulp and paper industry in the 1980s and 1990s. Drawing on field research and interviews in Southeast Asia, Australia and the United States, as well as available data, the study finds that social movements were instrumental in the environmental transformation of the pulp industry, with important differences between North and South. It concludes with a call for more nuanced studies of the influence of social movements on different sectors and countries, especially in newly industrializing countries where more tenuous and dependent forms of ecological modernization may be emerging.

The modern does not cater for natives : Travel ethnography and the conventions of form

Abstract: As a response to editors Adrian Franklin and Mike Crang’s outline of ‘the trouble with tourism and travel theory’, this article sketches some further troubles. It is argued that researchers have ad ...