Showing papers on "Morality published in 1988"

The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics

Abstract: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: The New Paradigm: Underlying Themes PART I: BEYOND PLEASURE: THE CASE FOR DEONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL SCIENCES Introduction Chapter 2: Pleasure, Altruism, and the Great X Chapter 3: Substantive Differences: Moral Not Equal Pleasure Chapter 4: Some Evidence: People Act Unselfishly Chapter 5: The Irreducibility of Moral Behavior PART II: BEYOND RATIONALISM: THE ROLE OF VALUES AND EMOTIONS Introduction Chapter 6: Normative-Affective Factors Chapter 7: How Inefficient? The Scope of Intra-Cognitive Limitations Chapter 8: What Is Rational? Chapter 9: Instrumental Rationality: Supportive Condition Chapter 10: Thoughtless Rationality (Rules of Thumb) PART III: BEYOND RADICAL INDIVIDUALISM: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY AND POWER Introduction Chapter 11: Collective (Macro) Rationality Chapter 12: Encapsulated Competition Chapter 13: Political Power and Intra-Market Relations Chapter 14: In Conclusion: Policy and Moral Implications Overview and Propositional Inventory Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers

Abstract: Robert Jackall's Moral Mazes offers an eye-opening account of how corporate managers think the world works, and how big organizations shape moral consciousness. Based on extensive interviews with managers at every level of two industrial firms and of a large public relations agency, Moral Mazes takes the reader inside the intricate world of the corporation. Jackall reveals a world where hard work does not necessarily lead to success, but where sharp talk, self-promotion, powerful patrons, and sheer luck might. Cheerfully-bland public faces mask intense competition in this world where people hide their intentions, and accountability often depends on the ability to outrun mistakes. In this topsy-turvy world, managers must bring often unforgiving technology and always difficult people together to make money, an uncompromising task demanding continual compromises with conventional truths. Moral questions become merely practical concerns and issues of public relations. Sooner or later, managers find themselves wondering how to act in such a world and still maintain a sense of personal integrity. This brilliant, sometimes disturbing, often wildly funny study of corporate thinking, decision-making, and morality presents compelling real life stories of the men and women charged with running the businesses of America. It will interest anyone concerned with how big organizations actually function, or with the current moral malaise in our public life.

The theory and practice of autonomy

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Theory: 1. The nature of autonomy 2. The value of autonomy 3. Moral autonomy 4. Autonomy, science, and morality 5. Is more choice better than less? Part II. Practice: 6. Consent, representation, and proxy consent 7. Autonomy and informed consent 8. Paternalism: some second thoughts 9. The serpent beguiled me and I did eat: entrapment and the creation of crime 10. Behaviour control and design Epilogue Bibliography Index.

The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning

Abstract: Preface Prologue: The Problem PART I. BACKGROUND 1. Theory and Practice 2. The Roots of Casuistry in Antiquity 3. Cicero: Philosopher, Orator, Legislator PART II. THE PRECURSORS 4. Christian Origins 5. The Canonists and Confessors 6. The Theologians PART III. HIGH CASUISTRY 7. Sumrnists and Jesuits 8. Texts, Authors, and Methods PART IV. THREE SAMPLES OF CASUISTRY 9. Profit: The Case of Usury 10. Perjury: The Case of Equivocation 11. Pride: The Case of the Insulted Gentleman PART V. THE CRISIS 12. Casuistry Confounded: Pascal's Critique 13. The Achievement of Casuistry PART VI. THE FUTURE OF CASUISTRY 14. After The Provincial Letters 15. Philosophy and the Springs of Morality 16. The Revival of Casuistry 17. Epilogue: Conscience and the Claims of Equity Appendix Notes Name Index Subject Index

An Ethic of Caring and Its Implications for Instructional Arrangements.

Abstract: Education for moral life has, until recently, been a primary aim of American schooling. In this essay, it is argued that the aim itself is appropriate but that our conception of morality needs revision. Caring is suggested both as a moral orientation to teaching and as an aim of moral education. After a brief discussion of ethics of caring, four components of a model for moral education are described: modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation. Use of this model requires that teachers and students spend more time together so that relations of trust may be established. Finally, the perspective of caring is used to make recommendations on research for teaching.

The Emergence of Morality in Young Children

Abstract: ""The Emergence of Morality in Young Children" is one of very few scholarly books concerning the development of moral tendencies in the early years. In its pages, a diverse group of eminent social and behavioral scientists address this fascinating topic and struggle with issues of inquiry that have persistently plagued this field." Nancy Eisenberg, "Harvard Educational Review" "This is a welcome and immensely provocative book. For those of us who favor ethical theorizing done in close proximity to psychology and anthropology, it provides new and illuminating theory and research relevant to perennial debates about the origins of moral sense, its psychological organization, and the objectivity and unity of the moral." Owen Flanagan, "Ethics" The contributors are Augusto Blasi, Lawrence Blum, Judy Dunn, M. Ann Easterbrooks, Carolyn Pope Edwards, Robert Emde, Carol Gilligan, Charles C. Helwig, William F. Johnson, Jerome Kagan, Melanie Killen, Sharon Lamb, Manamohan Mahapatra, Joan G. Miller, Edward Mueller, Richard A. Shweder, Catherine Snow, Elliot Turiel, and Grant Wiggins."

Two Moral Orientations: Gender Differences and Similarities.

Abstract: Recent discussions of sex differences in moral development equate moral stage in Kohlberg's justice framework with moral orientation—the distinction between justice and care perspectives. The present study of real-life dilemmas from 46 men and 34 women, primarily adolescents and young adults, shows that: (a) Concerns about both justice and care are represented in people's thinking about real-life moral dilemmas, but people tend to focus on one set of concerns and minimally represent the other. And (b) There is an association between moral orientation and gender such that men and women use both orientations, but Care Focus dilemmas are most likely to be presented by women and Justice Fo cus dilemmas by men. Consideration of moral orientation transforms the debate over sex differences in moral reasoning into serious questions about moral per spectives that are open to empirical study.

The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction

Abstract: In "The Company We Keep", Wayne C. Booth argues for the relocation of ethics to the center of our engagement with literature. But the questions he asks are not confined to morality. Returning ethics to its root sense, Booth proposes that the ethical critic will be interested in any effect on the ethos, the total character or quality of tellers and listeners. Ethical criticism will risk talking about the quality of this particular encounter with this particular work. Yet it will give up the old hope for definitive judgments of 'good' work and 'bad'. Rather it will be a conversation about many kinds of personal and social goods that fictions can serve or destroy. While not ignoring the consequences for conduct of engaging with powerful stories, it will attend to that more immediate topic, What happens to us as we read? Who am I, during the hours of reading or listening? What is the quality of the life I lead in the company of these would-be friends? Through a wide variety of periods and genres and scores of particular works, Booth pursues various metaphors for such engagements: 'friendship with books', 'the exchange of gifts', 'the colonizing of worlds', 'the constitution of commonwealths'. He concludes with extended explorations of the ethical powers and potential dangers of works by Rabelais, D. H. Lawrence, Jane Austen, and Mark Twain.

Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe

Abstract: Analyzing the history of sexuality in the context of the relationship between nationalism and respectability can help us to realize where we stand, how we got there, and how we might change. In this work, George Mosse strives to show how concepts of sexuality haunted bourgeois society and nationalism, to be acknowledged yet curbed, deflected from the physical onto an ideal stereotype of male and female beauty. Now available in paperback, "Nationalism and Sexuality" is especially suitable for text use in undergraduate and graduate level courses in European history, Jewish history, women's studies, and courses on sexuality in sociology and psychology departments.

Mapping the moral domain : a contribution of women's thinking to psychological theory and education

Abstract: In the fourteen articles collected in this volume, Carol Gilligan and her colleagues expand the theoretical base of In a Different Voice and apply their research methods to a variety of life situations. The contrasting voices of justice and care clarify different ways in which women and men speak about relationships and lend different meanings to connection, dependence, autonomy, responsibility loyalty, peer pressure, and violence. By examining the moral dilemmas and self-descriptions of children, high school students, urban youth, medical students, mothers, lawyers, and others, the authors chart a new terrain: a mapping of the moral domain that includes the voices of women. In this new terrain the authors trace far-reaching implications of the inclusion of women's voices for developmental psychology, for education, for women, and for men.

Morality: Its Nature and Justification

Abstract: For more than thirty years, philosopher Bernard Gert has been developing and refining his distinctive and comprehensive moral theory. His classic work on this subject was first published in 1970 as The Moral Rules, and greatly revised editions appeared in 1975 and 1988 (the latter published by OUP under the title Morality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules). Now, in this final revision, Gert has produced his fullest and most sophisticated statement of this influential theoretical model. Morality, Its Nature and Justification differs from the previous edition in many important respects, and throughout the book, Gert attempts to answer all of the criticisms his work has attracted.

Consequentialism and its critics

Abstract: Introduction. 1. John Rawls: Classical Utilitarianism 2. Bernard Williams: Consequentialism and Integrity 3. Thomas Nagel: War and Massacre 4. T.M. Scanlon: Rights, Goals, and Fairness 5. Peter Railton: Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality 6. Robert Nozick: Side Constraints 7. Thomas Nagel: Autonomy and Deontology 8. Derek Parfit: Is Common-Sense Morality Self-Defeating? 9. Amartya Sen: Rights and Agency 10. Philippa Foot: Utilitarianism and the Virtues 11. Samuel Scheffler: Agent-Centred Restrictions, Rationality, and the Virtues 12. Conrad D. Johnson: The Authority of the Moral Agent.

Ethics and Professionalism

Abstract: John Kultgen explores the ways morality and professional ideals are connected. In assessing the moral impact of professionalism in our society, he examines both the structure and organization of occupations and the ideals and ideology associated with them. Differing from standard treatments of professional ethics, "Ethics and Professionalism recognizes that it is the practices within the professions that determine whether rules and ideals are used as masks for self-interest or for genuinely moral purposes. "This book provides a functional analysis of what it means to be a profession or a professional society."--"Journal of Mass Media Ethics

Moral geographies: social science and the urban environment in mid-nineteenth century England

Abstract: This paper examines a theme in the history of geographical thought: the role played by conceptions of the urban environment in nineteenth-century social science. Nineteenth-century social inquiry was committed to social action and moral improvement, and this commitment was shaped by contemporary attitudes towards the environment. The concept of 'social science' emerged at the confluence of several streams of thought, including sanitary science, moral statistics and medical geography. It is argued in this paper that the relationship between 'environmentalism' and 'moralism' in contemporary social science has often been misinterpreted, a consequence in part of the writing of its history from the perspective of modem sociology. I argue instead that there was no necessary contradiction between environmentalism and moralism, because social science was a science of the morale of the population; it was concerned with the conduct of populations in particular habitats. The environmentalist project of social science was more than a simple reflection of patterns of urbanization; it signalled the emergence of new notions of space and society.

Morality Within the Limits of Reason

Abstract: This provocative, lucidly written reconstruction of utilitarianism focuses on the practical constraints involved in ethical choice: information may be inadequate, and understanding of causes and effects may be limited. Good decision making may be especially constrained if other people are closely involved in determining an outcome. Hardin demonstrates that many of these structural issues can and should be distinguished from the thornier problems of utilitarian value theory, and he is able to show what kinds of moral conclusions we can reach within the limits of reason.

Gilligan and Kohlberg: implications for moral theory

Abstract: Carol Gilligan's body of work in moral development psychology is of the first importance for moral philosophy.' At the same time certain philosophical commitments within contemporary ethics constitute obstacles to appreciating this importance. Some of these commitments are shared by Lawrence Kohlberg, whose work provided the context for Gilligan's early (though not current) work. I will discuss some of the implicit and explicit philosophical differences between Gilligan's and Kohlberg's outlooks and will then defend Gilligan's views against criticisms which, drawing on categories of contemporary ethical theory, a Kohlbergian can and does make of them. Gilligan claims empirical support for the existence of a moral outlook or orientation distinct from one based on impartiality, impersonality, justice, formal rationality, and universal principle. This impartialist conception of morality, as I will call it, 2 in addition to characterizing Kohlberg's view of morality, has been the dominant conception of morality in contemporary Anglo-American moral philosophy, forming the core of both

Lawyers and Justice: An Ethical Study

Abstract: The law, Holmes said, is no brooding omnipresence in the sky. "If that is true," writes David Luban, "it is because we encounter the legal system in the form of flesh-and-blood human beings: the police if we are unlucky, but for the (marginally) luckier majority, the lawyers." For practical purposes, the lawyers are the law. In this comprehensive study of legal ethics, Luban examines the conflict between common morality and the lawyer's "role morality" under the adversary system and how this conflict becomes a social and political problem for a community.Using real examples and drawing extensively on case law, he develops a systematic philosophical treatment of the problem of role morality in legal practice. He then applies the argument to the problem of confidentiality, outlines an affordable system of legal services for the poor, and provides an in-depth philosophical treatment of ethical problems in public interest law.

Liberalism and Communitarianism

Abstract: It is a commonplace amongst communitarians, socialists and feminists alike that liberalism is to be rejected for its excessive ‘individualism’ or ‘atomism,’ for ignoring the manifest ways in which we are ‘embedded’ or ‘situated’ in various social roles and communal relationships. The effect of these theoretical flaws is that liberalism, in a misguided attempt to protect and promote the dignity and autonomy of the individual, has undermined the associations and communities which alone can nurture human flourishing. My plan is to examine the resources available to liberalism to meet these objections. My primary concern is with what liberals can say in response, not with what particular liberals actually have said in the past. Still, as a way of acknowledging intellectual debts, if nothing else, I hope to show how my arguments are related to the political morality of modem liberals from J.S. Mill through to Rawls and Dworkin. The term ‘liberal’ has been applied to many different theories in many different fields, but I’m using it in this fairly restricted sense. First, I’m dealing with a political morality, a set of moral arguments about the justification of political action and political institutions. Second, my concern is with this modem liberalism, not seventeenth-century liberalism, and I want to leave entirely open what the relationship is between the two. It might be that the developments initiated by the ‘new liberals’ are really an abandonment of what was definitive of classical liberalism. G.A. Cohen, for example, says that since they rejected the principle of ‘self-ownership’ which was definitive of classical liberalism (e.g. in Locke), these new liberals should instead be called ‘social democrats.’My concern is to defend their political morality, whatever the proper label.

Morality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules

Abstract: This volume is a revised, enlarged, and broadened version of Gert's classic 1970 book, The Moral Rules. Advocating an approach he terms "morality as impartial rationality," Gert here presents a full discussion of his moral theory, adding a wealth of new illuminating detail to his analysis of the concepts--rationality/irrationality, good/evil, and impartiality--by which he defines morality. He constructs a "moral system" that includes rules prohibiting the kinds of actions that cause evil, procedures for determining when violation of the rules is permitted, and ideals which encourage actions that prevent or relieve suffering. To be valid, Gert argues, any such system must be "a public system that applies to all rational persons." The book concludes with a discussion of medical ethics, demonstrating the link between moral theory and its application to real moral problems.

Free to lose : an introduction to Marxist economic philosophy

Abstract: John Roemer challenges the morality of an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production Unless you start with a certain amount of wealth in such a society, you are only free to lose This book addresses crucial questions of political philosophy and normative economics in terms understandable by readers with a minimal knowledge of economics

Losing Your Concepts

Abstract: It is not part of the nature of things that ethical theories should come in two sorts, deontological and teleological. Our habits of classification of ethical theories and modes of ethical thought, based on false and oversimple notions of the aim of ethics, impede our understanding and distort our perception. No principles of classification are forced on us by the nature of ethics; we shape what ethical discussion is in part by what we choose to bring together, by the patterns of resemblances and differences in ethical thought that we trace and display. This paper explores the consequences of one way of bringing things together in ethics. It starts from what is not quite a resemblance between Stanley Cavell's view of Charles Stevenson and that of Alasdair MacIntyre. Cavell criticizes Stevenson in a chapter of The Claim of Reason which he calls "An Absence of Morality." He suggests that it is as if Stevenson were writing philosophy after having forgotten all he knew of what moral thought and moral discussion were like, as if he had lost the very notion of morality. But it is not that he has lost it so much as that he cannot or will not acknowledge or recognize what he knows. We can, if we turn to Alasdair MacIntyre,' see a different but not altogether different view of Stevenson. On MacIntyre's view, it is not that Stevenson, when he writes philosophy, does it as if he had lost the very notion of morality. He has; we all have. There has been a genuine loss of concepts; we do not just have philosophers like Stevenson writing in a sort of conceptual amnesia.2 So MacIntyre and Cavell are both

Implications of Cultural Diversity for the Universality Claims of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

Abstract: Kohlberg’s claim that his theory of moral reasoning development has universal validity and that the evidence is consistent with a position of ethical nonrelativity is evaluated. The available data ind

Markets, Morals and the Law

Abstract: Part I. Law and Morality: 1. Negative and positive positivism 2. Rethinking the theory of legal rights Part II. Law and Economics: 3. Efficiency, auction and exchange 4. Efficiency, utility and wealth maximisation 5. The foundation of constitutional economics Part III. Torts, Crimes and Settlements: 6. Crimes, kickers and transaction structures 7. The morality of strict tort liability 8. Corrective justice and wrongful gain 9. Justice in settlements Part IV. Markets, Morals and Politics: 10. Market contractarianism 11. Unanimity 12. Democracy and social choice 13. Morality and the theory of rational choice.

Gender differences in moral development

Abstract: Sixty-nine Midwestern middle-class children and adolescents were tested on justice and care orientations when reasoning abstract and interpersonal moral dilemmas. Nona Lyons" ("Two Perspectives on Self, Relationships and Morality," Harvard Educational Review, 1983, 53,125-145) scoring method was used to score subjects" responses. A 2(sex) × 2(age) analysis of variance run on the total justice and care scores, as well as each individual dilemma, supported Carol Gilligan's (In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Cambridge, MA" Harvard University Press, 1982) theory that two distinct ways of thinking about moral problems exist-justice and care-and are differentially related to gender. Girls emphasized the morality of care significantly more than justice. Contrary to Gilligan (1982) and Lyons (1983), however, boys in both age groups emphasized the morality o f justice and care equally. Data from the interpersonal dilemmas using L yons's (1983) coding scheme are consistent with J. Piaget (The Moral Judgement of the Child, New York: Free Press, 1966) and Lawrence Kohlberg ['The Cognitive-Developmental Approach, " in D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969]: older subjects became more justice oriented and younger subjects emphasized the morality of care. Sex differences on Kohlberg's stage theory were not significant and the protagonist's gender in the Heinz dilemma had no effect on moral reasoning.

Rawls and Global Justice

Abstract: This Bible quotation can be understood as a rudimentary conception of personal morality, affirming that the moral assessment of your (anyone’s) life depends, in part, upon your conduct toward your least fortunate neighbors. But a conception of personal morality does not capture all that matters morally about our lives - we must also consider our social institutions. These may be morally flawed; for example, they may define positions of utter dependence (for slaves, serfs, and women, in some historical societies). And such flaws are not natural or necessary. Social institutions are created, perpetuated, and changed by human beings, who may then bear some responsibility for such flaws. Thus morality may demand more than to treat the oppressed with kindness and charity: It may require efforts toward institutional reform. And such a requirement presupposes a further moral conception: for the assessment of social institutions.

Essays in Medical Sociology: Journeys into the Field

Abstract: This outstanding collection of essays by Renee C. Fox encompasses almost thirty years of original, pioneering research in the sociology of medicine. Based on fieldwork in a variety of medical settings in the United States, Belgium, and Zaire, these ethnographic essays examine chronic and terminal illness, medical research, therapeutic innovation, medical education and socialization, and bio-ethics. Within this framework, three empirical "cases" have been singled out for special scrutiny--the process of becoming a physician, the development of the artificial kidney machine and organ transplantation, and the evolution of medical research in Belgium. Without ignoring social structural or psychodynamic factors, Dr. Fox has explored basic cultural phenomena and questions associated with health, illness, and medicine: values, beliefs, symbols, rites, and the nuances of language: ethical and existential dilemmas and dualities; and the complex interrelationships between medicine, science, religion, and magic. She draws systematically and imaginatively upon anthropological, psychological, historical, and biological insights and integrates observations and analyses from her own studies in American, Western European, and Central African societies. This second, augmented edition includes Professor Fox's more recent contributions to the expanding field of the sociology of medicine. They are "The Evolution of Medical Uncertainty; The Human Condition of Health Professionals; Reflections on the Utah Artificial Heart Program; Is Religion Important in Belgium?; Medical Morality is Not Bioethics"--"Medical Ethics in China and the United States; "and "Medicine, Science and Technology. "The work also includes a new introduction, "Endings, Beginnings and Continuities." Now, anthropologists, sociologists, medical educators, scientists, researchers, and students can join her on her "journeys into the field" and share with her the priceless insights to be gained from the physicians, nurses, medical students, patients, and their families, who are working, living, and dying on the edge of what is known, scrutable, and remediable--on the edge of medical science.

Rights and goods : justifying social action

Abstract: Theories of justice, argues Virginia Held, are usually designed for a perfect, hypothetical world. They do not give us guidelines for living in an imperfect world in which the choices and decisions that we must make are seldom clear-cut. Seeking a morality based on actual experience, Held offers a method of inquiry with which to deal with the specific moral problems encountered in daily life. She argues that the division between public and private morality is misleading and shows convincingly that moral judgment should be contextual. She maps out different approaches and positions for various types of issues, including membership in a state, legal decisions, political activities, economic transactions, interpersonal relations, diplomacy, journalism, and determining our obligation to future generations. Issues such as these provide the true test of moral theory, since its success is seen in the willingness of conscientious persons to commit themselves to it by acting on it in their daily lives.

Genius, Method, and Morality: Images of Newton in Britain, 1760–1860

Abstract: Focusing on the celebrations of Newton and his work, this article investigates the use of the concept of genius and its connection with debates on the methodology of science and the morality of great discoverers During the period studied, two areas of tension developed Firstly, eighteenth-century ideas about the relationship between genius and method were challenged by the notion of scientific genius as transcending specifiable rules of method Secondly, assumptions about the nexus between intellectual and moral virtue were threatened by the emerging conception of genius as marked by an extraordinary personality – on the one hand capable of breaking with established methods to achieve great discoveries, on the other, likely to transgress moral and social conventions The assesments of Newton by nineteenth-century scientists such as Brewster, Whewell, and De Morgan were informed by these tensions