Showing papers on "Newcastle disease published in 1977"
TL;DR: It is postulated that the widespread dissemination of this condition in Western Europe, coupled with its apparent lack of horizontal transmissibility, can best be explained by contamination of a vaccine with 127 virus.
Abstract: Summary A serological investigation was undertaken of flocks with depressed egg production. No obvious correlation was found between antibody to ade‐novirus, infectious bronchitis virus or infectious bursal disease virus and this syndrome. No antibody was detected to Newcastle disease virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum or in most cases to Mycoplasma synoviae. A relationship was found between the development of antibody to a haemagglutinating virus, 127, and depressed egg production. A retrospective survey of fowl sera for antibody to 127 virus indicated the first evidence of its presence in Northern Ireland was in June 1976. If 127 is the aetiological agent of this syndrome, then it appears to have very limited powers of lateral spread and vertical transmission is postulated. It is further postulated that the widespread dissemination of this condition in Western Europe, coupled with its apparent lack of horizontal transmissi‐bility, can best be explained by contamination of a vaccine with 127 virus.
67 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: At 35 days of age, chickens which as 1-day-old chicks were inoculated with the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) had significantly lower antibody titers against Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus than did those never inoculate with IBDV.
Abstract: At 35 days of age, chickens which as 1-day-old chicks were inoculated with the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) had significantly lower antibody titers against Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus than did those never inoculated with IBDV. The IBDV also had a marked effect on the development of air-sac lesions. Birds infected with IBDV that were later inoculated with M synoviae (day 14), Newcastle disease virus (days 14 and 28) experienced an increased incidence and greater seversity of airsacculitis than did chicks which were not exposed to IBDV.
59 citations
TL;DR: Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant widely used in food and feed processing, prevents mortality of chickens exposed to virulent Newcastle disease virus and prevents the serological response of birds exposed to avirulent Newcastle Disease virus.
Abstract: Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene, an antioxidant widely used in food and feed processing, prevents mortality of chickens exposed to virulent Newcastle disease virus and prevents the serological response of chickens exposed to avirulent Newcastle disease virus. This chemoprophylactic effect is evident when chickens are fed diets containing concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene normally used for antioxidant purposes (100 to 200 parts per million of total diet).
58 citations
TL;DR: The leukocyte migration inhibition test was used to demonstrate cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and its relationship to immunoglobulin production, as assessed by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, in chickens vaccinated with various Newcastle disease vaccines.
Abstract: Summary The leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test was used to demonstrate cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) and its relationship to immunoglobulin production, as assessed by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, in chickens vaccinated with various Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. Highest CMI levels were demonstrated in 3 or 7‐week‐old birds which had been vaccinated with live vaccine followed by an oil adjuvant vaccine 6 weeks later. There was no close correlation between LMI values and HI titres, LMI appearing earlier after primary vaccination and failing to give the strong secondary response seen in HI titres after challenge with live virus. There was a secondary CMI response after revaccination with oil adjuvant vaccine but this was not as strong as the humoral response.
48 citations
TL;DR: The respiratory tract of the chicken possesses an antibody mediated secretory immune system analogous to that of mammalian species, particularly in the Harderian gland which contained dense aggregation of plasma cells, many of which were producing IgA.
33 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A mechanism of the pathogenesis of NDV encephalitis is proposed and the disease is discussed relative to other paramyxovirus-induced encephalitic syndromes.
Abstract: All chickens infected by intranasal and conjunctival routes with a neurovirulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) developed pneumonitis by 4 days after infection. This was followed 6 to 12 days later by the appearance of severe encephalitis in a significant number of survivors. Histologically, the encephalitis was characterized by neuronal degeneration and perivascular inflammation. In addition, a proliferative vasculitis in the molecular layer of the cerebellum was noted after 30 days, and this persisted for at least 200 days. Although CNS signs were absent during the pneumonic stage, significant amounts of virus were present in the brains of all birds at this time, and viral antigens were easily demonstrable in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells. However, when the CNS disease became apparent, viral antigens could not be detected in brains and NDV could regularly be recovered only by application of cocultivation techniques. At this time, the agent was selectively present in birds exhibiting neurologic signs. No evidence for immunopathologic processes was obtained, although hemagglutination inhibiting antibody levels to NDV were elevated in birds with CNS disease. Studies of an avirulent strain of NDV that replicated in the CNS but produced no disease provided evidence that the histologic lesions and the neurologic disease were related to virus multiplication in the brain parenchyma. A mechanism of the pathogenesis of NDV encephalitis is proposed and the disease is discussed relative to other paramyxovirus-induced encephalitic syndromes.
32 citations
TL;DR: The intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of correlation between virulence and antigenic type.
Abstract: SUMMARY The intravenous and intracerebral pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of correlation between virulence and anti
27 citations
TL;DR: No precipitation reactions occurred between this antigen and Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, Infectious bronchitis, Pasteurella Multocida and Haemorrhagic enteritis antisera.
Abstract: Summary An antigen for gel precipitation was prepared from chick embryo fibroblast cultures inoculated with the Reticuloendotheliosis virus. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed with reference Reticuloendotheliosis and Spleen necrosis sera. No precipitation reactions occurred between this antigen and Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, Infectious bronchitis, Pasteurella Multo‐cida and Haemorrhagic enteritis antisera.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the mean-death-time and plaque-assay techniques to select 279 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) reisolates for characterization by the embryonated-chicken-egg mean death-time, plaqueassay, hemagglutination-elution, and hemag-glutinin-thermostability techniques.
Abstract: Following in vivo studies in pet birds of 6 species, 279 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) reisolates were selected for characterization by the embryonated-chicken-egg mean-death-time, plaque-assay, hemagglutination-elution, and hemagglutinin-thermostability techniques. Initially, the 279 isolates were screened by the mean-death-time and plaque-assay techniques, and 5 sequential isolates were chosen for each of 3 budgerigars and 2 parrots for characterization by the other 2 in vitro assays to determine whether the Colorado Psittacine Isolate of viscerotropic velogenic (VV) NDV (COPI-VVNDV) had evolved during passage through pet birds. Nineteen isolates were then selected for chicken back-passage studies. Fifteen of the 19 isolates were chosen for potential avirulence for 8-week-old domestic chickens. The 4 remaining isolates produced large red plaques when assayed and were therefore used as virulent virus controls likely to be VVNDV. Subsequent in vitro characterization of selected back-passage chicken NDV isolates demonstrated little change in the 4 parameters originally evaluated for the pet-bird isolates used for the back-passage studies. Although the psittacine isolate slowly evolved to relatively avirulent strains of NDV by passage in pet birds, reversion did not occur during the chicken back-passage studies.
19 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the Ulster strain as primary vaccine followed by booster does of B-1 or LaSota will induce a higher antibody response (i.e., immunity) in susceptible chicken populations with less risk of a post-vaccination reaction.
Abstract: Differences in antibody response to three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains--B-1, LaSota, and Ulster--were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) micro-titer test in chickens hatched from ND-immune and unimmune flocks. When used singly as primary vaccines, the Ulster strain stimulated the lowest antibody response of the three in both immune and unimmune (susceptible) chickens. Subgroups of each of the primary-vaccinated groups were revaccinated with each of the three strains. Ulster-vaccinated chicks, revaccinated with Ulster, gave the poorest booster response. All other revaccination combinations gave a significant titer increase, though some were better than others. It is suggested that the Ulster strain as primary vaccine followed by booster does of B-1 or LaSota will induce a higher antibody response (i.e., immunity) in susceptible chicken populations with less risk of a post-vaccination reaction.
19 citations
TL;DR: Seven-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with V4 and CT strains of Australian lentogenic strains of NDV were immune to intramuscular challenge with Herts 33 and Texas GB strains of virulent NDV.
Abstract: Seven-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with V4 and CT strains of Australian lentogenic strains of NDV were immune to intramuscular challenge with Herts 33 and Texas GB strains of virulent NDV. Vaccination of 1- and 3-week-old chickens with V4 strain by oronasal, conjunctival and drinking water routes using various doses of virus demonstrated that chickens were immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain of virulent NDV except where low doses of vaccine virus were administered. One 6- and 36-week-old chickens vaccinated oronasally with CT strain of virus remained immune to oronasal challenge with Fontana 1083 strain for 9 weeks after vaccination. Immunity was waning at 16 weeks after a single vaccination with CT strain.
TL;DR: Immunodepression due to an infectious bursal agent (IBA) infection depends on the age of the birds, the time of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination and the IBA strain used.
TL;DR: The geographical incidence of Newcastle disease has changed markedly since 1962 and new features have appeared as discussed by the authors, such as the appearance of a virulent and highly diffusible strain of virus.
Abstract: The geographical incidence of Newcastle disease has changed markedly since 1962. New features have appeared. These include the appearance of a virulent and highly diffusible strain of virus. Anothe...
TL;DR: The results suggest that IgA is not essential for the development of immunity in the chicken and that other locally produced immunoglobulins or transuded serum antibody may protect the tracheal mucosa in the absence of IgA.
Abstract: Surgical removal of the bursa of Fabricius from newly hatched chicks resulted in a depletion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from serum and bile of 55 and 67% of the birds, respectively, up to 11 weeks of age. The occurrence of IgG and IgM in serum and IgG in bile was not affected by neonatal bursectomy (Bx). A slight compensatory increase in the occurrence of IgM in bile was noted in Bx birds. When exposed to a lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus by either intramuscular or intratracheal routes, the Bx group produced a level of serum hemagglutinating antibody and tracheal wash neutralizing antibody indistinguishable from that reached in the sham-Bx group. All of the vaccinated Bx birds challenged by intratracheal exposure to a velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus remained healthy. These results suggest that IgA is not essential for the development of immunity in the chicken and that other locally produced immunoglobulins or transuded serum antibody may protect the tracheal mucosa in the absence of IgA.
TL;DR: The data suggest that the Lasota strain possesses a slightly greater spreading potential than the B1 strain of NDV, and is possibly more invasive than the regular B1 and Lasota vaccines.
TL;DR: There was little detectable benefit from vaccination at 1 day old, but antibody response and resistance to challenge were good from vaccination in broiler-type chickens at 10 and 28 days of age.
Abstract: SUMMARY Two different aerosol generators were used for aerosol-vaccination of 128,000 broiler-type chickens having moderate to low maternal antibody titers with the Bl and LaSota strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Efficacy of vaccination was evaluated from resistance to challenge with a velogenic strain (Texas GB) of NDV and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers. Both aerosol generators induced adequate immune response at the aperture settings used. There was little detectable benefit from vaccination at 1 day old, but antibody response and resistance to challenge were good from vaccination at 10 and 28 days of age.
TL;DR: Four spaced injections of Newcastle disease virus were given to laying fowls and a state of hyperimmunity was reached at the 42nd day and was maintained up to the 91st day when haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre started to fall.
TL;DR: Challenge exposure with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), showed that high post-vaccinal serum HI-titres were correlated with complete resistance to clinical disease but not to infection, as indicated by the prevention of virus multiplication in the trachea and also by the post-challenge serumHI-Titres.
Abstract: Broiler chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) by nebulisation of live La Sota vaccine, or by intramuscular administration of inactivated oil emulsion vaccine. Local haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were detected in spray vaccinated chicks but not in those vaccinated intramuscularly. Initially local HI-titres in trachea, tears and saliva behaved in the same way as the serum HI-titre, but after maximum levels were reached approximately 10 days after vaccination, local HI-titres waned to levels that were no longer detectable after 4 weeks. Challenge exposure with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), showed that high post-vaccinal serum HI-titres were correlated with complete resistance to clinical disease but not to infection, as indicated by the prevention of virus multiplication in the trachea and also by the post-challenge serum HI-titres. Resistance to infection was only detected in spray vaccinated chicks. No relation was found between local HI-titres and resistance to experimental infection with velogenic NDV.
TL;DR: Fannia canicularis should be regarded as one agent involved in the spread of VVND because it retained infectivity for at least 6 days before being frozen and in vitro infectivity of even single Hies was demonstrated.
Abstract: Velogenie viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) virus was transmitted by Fannia canicularis (L.) that had been fed either on the virus introduced into the feeding bottles of the flies or on moribund chickens infected with VVND. Fannia caniciilaris fed on a concentrated virus source retained infectivity for at least 6 days before being frozen. In vitro infectivity of even single Hies was demonstrated. Fannia canicularis therefore should be regarded as one agent involved in the spread of VVND.
TL;DR: The adjuvant effect of the natural ds-RNA, BRL 5907, with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines was confirmed using different oil-based formulations and could be given either as single injections or separately at adjacent sites.
TL;DR: Prominent necrosis of the epithelium and lymphatic areas and mild to moderate proliferation of lymphoid cells were seen as characteristic changes in the animals studied.
Abstract: Pathological studies were carried out on laryngotracheal and conjunctivallesions caused by experimental infection with so-called Asian type Newcastle disease virus.In them, strain 2440 of the virus was inoculated into two groups of chickens by the intra-tracheal and intra-ocular route. The same symptoms and gross lesions as those of theacute type in field outbreaks were observed in the birds of both groups during 3 to 6 daysafter inoculation. Prominent necrosis of the epithelium and lymphatic areas and mildto moderate proliferation of lymphoid cells were seen as characteristic changes in theorgans studied. The course of epithelial necrosis was initiated by vacuolation of thecytoplasm, followed by the appearance of eosinophilic inclusions and the formation of anetwork inside the cytoplasm and terminated by the disintegration of epithelial cells intodebris. Necrosis of the lymphoid area was similar to the change of lymphatic organspreviously reported by this author.
TL;DR: In addition to the protection conferred by HIA antibody, other mechanisms of protection apparently played a part and two of the commercial vaccines produced significantly better protection than the allantoic fluid preparations.
01 Apr 1977
TL;DR: It was found that the live virus vaccine used for the second immunization was affected by the antibodies induced by the first vaccination, as shown in previous work utilizing 1-day-old chicks.
Abstract: Chicks with no specific antibodies were initially y vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 21 days old with the live 'La Sota' strain or beta-propiolactone-killed virus emulsified in mineral oils. After a second vaccination 15 or 21 days later with the live "La Sota' strain, the interference produced by the first vaccination on the antibody production induced by the second vaccination was investigated. It was found that the live virus vaccine used for the second immunization was affected by the antibodies induced by the first vaccination, as shown in previous work utilizing 1-day-old chicks.
TL;DR: Although a comparative study of the HI antibody course in both serum and TF showed similarities after primary and secondary vaccinations, morphological studies of the TF-producing organ suggest the development of local immunity.
Abstract: Summary Cocks were immunized with live and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (ND) vaccines by different routes. Haemagglutination‐inhibiting (HI) antibody activity could be detected in transparent fluid of semen (TF) of these birds except after intracloacal application of an inactivated ND vaccine. Although a comparative study of the HI antibody course in both serum and TF showed similarities after primary and secondary vaccinations, morphological studies of the TF‐producing organ suggest the development of local immunity.
Patent•
03 Sep 1977
TL;DR: An improved vaccine against Newcastle disease and administered in the form of an aerosol comprises a pharmaceutical diluent for aerosol administration and an effective dose of an attenuated cold strain obtained from a Newcastle disease virus strain by mutagenesis thereof as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: 1510100 Newcastle disease vaccine RECHERCHE ET INDUSTRIE THERAPEUTIQUES 24 Feb 1977 [1 March 1976] 07850/77 Heading A5B An improved vaccine against Newcastle disease and administrable in the form of an aerosol comprises a pharmaceutical diluent for aerosol administration and an effective dose of an attenuated cold strain obtained from a Newcastle disease virus strain by mutagenesis thereof.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Evidence in support of a role for local immunity in NDV and IBV infections came from studies on tracheal explants derived from variously immunised or untreated chickens, which were found to differ in their ability to support virus growth.
Abstract: Various criteria that could he used for the measurement of local immunity to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were examined Virus isolation and the measurement of antibody concentration in the serum and secretions were selected for use in the subsequent studies Both resistance of the respiratory tract to infection and specific antibody in the upper respiratory tract secretions; could be induced by the administration of live or inactivated lentogenic NDV directly into the respiratory tract Virus-neutralising antibody appeared in tracheal secretions as early as 6 days after inflection and, after an early peak, declined in titre, whereas antibody did not appear in the nasal secretions until 8 days after infection, but then proved to be more persistent Antibody was also detected in lung secretions following the intramuscular inoculation of live virus The direct or indirect exposure of the respiratory tract tissues to antigen was necessary for the development of resistance and the production of local antibody because inactivated virus administered parenterally failed to stimulate either, despite the high concentrations of serum antibody that were usually induced In passively immunised chicks the circulating; antibody response to NDV was markedly suppressed, but no concomitant suppression of local immunity could be demonstrated, indicating that the latter was independent of the former Further evidence in support of a role for local immunity in NDV and IBV infections came from studies on tracheal explants derived from variously immunised or untreated chickens Such explants were found to differ in their ability to support virus growth Respiratory tract secretions contained IgA and IgG and variable amounts of IgM, as well as an additional antigenic component that was present in all secretions examined but was absent from the serum Antibody activity in tracheal secretions appeared to be associated with the IgA fraction
TL;DR: Results suggest that vaccination of chickens against IBD with vaccinal strain 1-65 PV does not damage the bird's lymphoid tissues and consequently its immunological capabilities against other infectious diseases.
Abstract: Summary Vaccination at either 1, 7 or 15 days of age with an attenuated strain (vaccinal strain 1–65 PV) of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus did not suppress the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination. These results suggest that vaccination of chickens against IBD with vaccinal strain 1–65 PV does not damage the bird's lymphoid tissues and consequently its immunological capabilities against other infectious diseases.
TL;DR: An editorial faux pas which appeared on page 508 of the October issue of the Australian Veterinary Journal, where opossum was substituted for possum in the title and throughout the text.
Abstract: We would like to draw your readers’ attention to an editorial faux pas which appeared o n page 508 of the October issue of the Australian Veterinary Journal. We submitted a letter entitled “Isolation of Leptospira interrogans Serotype balcanica from a Brush-tailed Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)”, but in the published article opossum had been substituted for possum in the title and throughout the text. This change is unfortunate and incorrect.