Showing papers on "Non-rapid eye movement sleep published in 1975"
TL;DR: Evidence from sleep studies is presented in support of the hypothesis that a disorder of serotonin metabolism serves as a basis for both the EEG sleep disturbance and the symptoms.
Abstract: In sleep studies of (a) patients with the "fibrositis syndrome" and (b) healthy subjects undergoing stage 4 sleep deprivation, we observed in both groups the anomalous presence of alpha-rhythms in the non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep EEG. This phenomenon has been termed alpha-delta sleep. In the healthy subjects stage 4 deprivation was accompanied by the temporary appearance of muscoloskeletal and mood symptoms comparable to the symptoms seen chronically in the patients. It is suggested that the external arousing stimulus, which induced alpha-delta sleep in the subjects, is paralleled in the patients by an internal arousing mechanism. Such a mechanism, acting in competition with the NREM sleep system, would impair the presumed restorative function of NREM sleep and lead to the development of symptoms. It is proposed that the "fibrositis" symptom complex be considered a "non-restorative sleep syndrome". Evidence froms presented in support of the hypothesis that a disorder of serotonin metabolism serves as a basis for both the EEG sleep disturbance and the symptoms.
805 citations
TL;DR: Controlled but unconfirmed work indicates that that endogenous, but not reactive, depressive patients are improved by REM sleep deprivation, a finding consistent with the animal behavioral consequences of the procedure and with the unique REM-depriving properties of efficacious antidepressant drugs.
Abstract: Studies on the behavioral consequences of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation in animals and humans are critically reviewed. In animals, converging evidence—some reasonably well controlled—indicates that REM sleep deprivation probably heightens central neural excitability and increases motivational behavior, but has unclear or inconclusive effects on learning. In humans, evidence indicates that REM sleep deprivation is not dream deprivation and is not harmful to schizophrenic, depressed, or healthy subjects. Controversy continues about whether or not (some) schizophrenic patients respond abnormally to REM sleep deprivation by having no REM rebound. Controlled but unconfirmed work indicates that endogenous, but not reactive, depressive patients are improved by REM sleep deprivation, a finding consistent with the animal behavioral consequences of the procedure and with the unique REM-depriving properties of efficacious antidepressant drugs.
346 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that substantial REM sleep reduction has antidepressant activity, and since imipramine and other drug antidepressants reduceREM sleep much more so than nonantidepressant drugs, that an antidepressant "mechanism" of drugs resides in their capacity to substantially reduce REM sleep.
Abstract: Thirty-four endogenous and 18 reactive, depressed patients (hospitalized and nonschizophrenic) were treated in a double-blind, crossover study of the hypothesis that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep reduction (by awakenings) relieves depression. In the endogenous group-but not in the reactive group-subjects deprived of REM sleep for three weeks improved significantly more than control subjects awakened from non-REM sleep. Therapeutic efficacy of REM sleep reduction appeared similar to reported efficacy of imipramine hydrochloride treatment of depression. Eight of nine endogenous patients, unimproved by REM sleep deprivation, did not improve with imipramine. Results suggested (1) that substantial REM sleep reduction has antidepressant activity, and (2) since imipramine and other drug antidepressants reduce REM sleep much more so than nonantidepressant drugs, that an antidepressant "mechanism" of drugs resides in their capacity to substantially reduce REM sleep.
201 citations
TL;DR: Compared to baseline, REM sleep 24 h was decreased in the normals and increased in the narcoleptic, and time spent in slow wave sleep and stage 2 was also reduced in the normal subjects on the 90-min schedule, and stage 1 sleep time was increased.
169 citations
TL;DR: During sleep, swallowing is episodic, with long swallow-free periods, andallows occur almost exculusively in association with movement arousals which are most frequent during Stages REM, 1 and 2 of sleep.
135 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that living in contemporary society produces a state of chronic sleep deprivation in humans is suggested.
Abstract: The sleep of 16 young adult male subjects was studied for 4 consecutive nights in the laboratory using all night electroencephalography. For the first 3 nights, the subjects retired for sleep at 11:00 p.m. and were aroused in the morning at 7:00 a.m. On the 4th night, the subjects retired at 11:00 p.m. and were allowed to sleep in the morning until they awakened spontaneously. The ad-lib sleep night resulted in 126 min more sleep than was found on the 3rd night of controlled sleep. These results suggest the hypothesis that living in contemporary society produces a state of chronic sleep deprivation in humans.
121 citations
TL;DR: The study of signs showed that association between blinking and persistence of the activity of the chin muscles during paradoxical sleep is never encountered, and the possibility that lesions of the locus coeruleus are responsible for this decrease in paradoxicalSleep is discussed.
115 citations
TL;DR: Five male patients, complaining of daytime sleep attacks, and hav ing a history of automatic behavior, were recorded continously by polygraph for 108 h under two different protocols: (1ents were given specific tests to perform during Phase 1 and six normal males were run as controls during Phase .
82 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that SWS is involved in the recovery process from fatigue is supported, with a progressive increase over the whole-night sleep record found with progressively increasing physical fatigue.
Abstract: The effects of six graded and measured exercise activities on sleep patterns were investigated in two healthy young men. Electrophysiological recording were made continuously throughout the night to distinguish sleep states. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis of a relation between physical activity and slow-wave sleep (SWS: stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep). A progressive increase in SWS over the whole-night sleep record was found with progressively increasing physical fatigue. A fall in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and at higher exercise levels, of stage 2 sleep, was found. The results support the hypothesis that SWS is involved in the recovery process from fatigue.
79 citations
TL;DR: Fifteen patients with a variety of itching skin diseases have been studied in the sleep laboratory, making recordings of all‐night electroencephalogram, electro‐oculogram, submental electromyogram, and muscle potentials from both forearms.
Abstract: Fifteen patients with a variety of itching skin diseases (atopic eczema, dermatitis herpetiformis, lichen planus, urticaria and psoriasis) have been studied in the sleep laboratory. Recordings were made of all-night electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, submental electromyogram, and muscle potentials from both forearms. Bouts of scratching during orthodox (NREM) sleep occurred more frequently in stages 1 and 2 than in stages 3 and 4. The frequency in paradoxial (REM) sleep was close to that in stage 2 sleep. This pattern was similar for all the diseases studied and seems to be related to the physiology of the sleep stages rather than to the skin diseases themselves. The mean duration of the bouts of scratching was not related to the sleep stage in which they started.
74 citations
TL;DR: Selective disorganization of REM sleep was observed, with lack of muscular atonia and disturbances of tonic-phasic relationships, in a case of infliltrating tumour of the pons in which a night sleep recording was performed.
TL;DR: Both a sleep-wakefulness cycle and a basic rest-activity cycle were observed in 20 normal infants left undisturbed for ten hours following birth.
Abstract: Both a sleep-wakefulness cycle and a basic rest-activity cycle were observed in 20 normal infants left undisturbed for ten hours following birth. Behavioral wakefulness occurred immediately following delivery and in between sleep periods despite the lack of feeding and other intervention. Medication given to mothers during labor resulted in decreased amounts of infant wakefulness and increased amounts of quiet (non rapid eye movement) sleep.
TL;DR: Nine schizophrenic patients with active symptomatology were compared with seven patient controls in their response to two nights of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation and showed "normal" increases in total REM and percentage REM time increase on recovery nights compared to base line nights.
Abstract: • Nine schizophrenic patients with active symptomatology were compared with seven patient controls in their response to two nights of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation. The control subjects demonstrate "normal" increases in total REM and percentage REM time increase on recovery nights compared to base line nights. The schizophrenic subjects differ substantially from the control subjects in both these measurements and show no perceptible change from base line nights on recovery nights. The effects of medication, anxiety, sleep loss, ceiling effects, and intensity change were not considered adequate to account for the above results. However, many questions, such as the specificity of this rebound failure to the schizophrenic patients and the possibility of a sleep disturbance factor operating independently of psychiatric diagnosis, remain to be answered.
TL;DR: The primary variables which resulted in less efficient sleep were schedule differences in prior wakefulness, circadian effects on the displacement of sleep onset times, a sleep termination effect, and the frequency of occurrence of the allotted sleep periods.
Abstract: This study was designed to test sleep efficiency while subjects were maintained on non-24-hr regimens of sleep and wakefulness. The regimens studied were 9, 12, 18, 30, and 36-hr sleep-wake cycles. In each regimen the ratio of.sleep to wakefulness was held constant in a 1:2 ratio, i.e. there were 2 hrs of wakefulness for each hour of scheduled sleep.
The amounts of sleep obtained under each experimental regimen were less than those obtained under the baseline days or 24 hrs. The sleep losses resulted both from an increase in the latency of sleep onset and increased wakefulness after sleep unset. The primary variables which resulted in less efficient sleep were schedule differences in prior wakefulness, circadian effects on the displacement of sleep onset times, a sleep termination effect, and the frequency of occurrence of the allotted sleep periods. In the short regimens the awake time after sleep onset was strongly associated with the degree to which prior wakefulness was reduced. In the longer regimens the principal sources of awake time were extended sleep length and a sleep termination effect.
TL;DR: Among the disorders of sleep, insomnia is a far more common problem of medical management than are enuresis, narcolepsy, somnambulism or nightmares.
Abstract: In recent years the effectiveness of hypnotic drugs has had to be assessed in terms of a greatly increased knowledge of the physiology and pathology of sleep. The normal pattern of sleep and wakefulness involves a cyclic alternation between three rather than two basically dissimilar states of the brain and body — alert wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. The pattern of this alternation in individual people results from the interaction of many influences — biological (including genetic, early developmental and later degenerative influences), psychological, social and environmental factors, various physical and psychiatric disorders, and most drugs which affect the central nervous system. The quality of sleep is not related in any simple or constant manner either to its duration or to the proportions of time spent in each stage of sleep. Among the disorders of sleep, insomnia is a far more common problem of medical management than are enuresis, narcolepsy, somnambulism or nightmares.
TL;DR: The increases in sleep length and specifically the increases in stages REM and 2 during the ad lib sleep periods were attributed to a differential sleep “debt” accruing from restricted sleep length.
Abstract: This experiment was designed to test the effects on subsequent sleep of a restriction in sleep length on the previous night. Eight male subjects were studied. After baseline recordings were made, sleep was restricted to either a period between 4-8 am or to a period between 6–8 am. On the night following the restriction of sleep the subjects retired at 11 pm and they were permitted to sleep ad lib in the morning.
The restricted sleep periods resulted in differential sleep deprivation. Stages REM and 2 were markedly reduced whereas stages 3 and 4 showed little or no reduction in amount. There were significant reductions in sleep latencies and in the amount of lime spent in stages 0 and 1. The first 8 hrs of ad lib sleep following the 2 restricted sleep periods did not differ in any significant way from the 8 hrs of baseline sleep. When sleep was permitted to continue until the subjects awakened spontaneously, the sleep after the restriction of sleep to‘i hrs was significantly longer and displayed significantly more of stages REM and 2 when compared with the baseline ad lib sleep condition. The ad lib sleep period following the 4 hr condition showed similar changes although the differences were not statistically significant.
The significant reductions in stages KEM and 2 during the restricted sleep periods were attributed to the effects of reduced steep length per se. The increases in sleep length and specifically the increases in stages REM and 2 during the ad lib sleep periods were attributed to a differential sleep “debt” accruing from restricted sleep length.
TL;DR: A bifurcation of the autonomic nervous system in sleep into two discrete effector limbs: electrodermal and cardiovascular is noted, indicating differential availability of the mechanisms of long- term memory, short-term memory, and stimulus preprocessing in the various stages of sleep.
Abstract: Two studies of information processing in normal human sleep are reported. In Experiment I it was found that subjects responded differentially in stage 2 sleep to “own name,”“other name,” and tone stimuli (decreasing in that order) as reflected in both the finger plethysmograph (FP)and heart rate (HR) and to some extent the EEG K-complex response, and similarly in REM sleep as reflected in the FP measure and to some extent the HR measure, but not in sleep stage 3–4. In Experiment II it was found that conditioned discrimination acquired during wakefulness persisted in sleep stage 4, as reflected in the FP and HR measures, and sleep stage 2, as reflected in the K-complex response, but not in REM sleep. Results are compared to other studies of information processing in sleep. It is concluded that the results appear to indicate differential availability of the mechanisms of long-term memory, short-term memory, and stimulus preprocessing in the various stages of sleep. The authors further noted a bifurcation of the autonomic nervous system in sleep into two discrete effector limbs: electrodermal and cardiovascular.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that stage 4 has priority over REM in terms of recovery from sleep loss is supported, and it is suggested that stages 2, 3, and 4 partially overlap in their recuperative functions.
Abstract: The combined effects of total sleep loss and the deprivation of stage 4 or stage REM were studied in I two separate experiments. Two full nights or sleep loss preceded stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 1 (N=12); 1 full night of sleep loss followed 3 nights or stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 2 (N=I4).
Total sleep loss before sleep stage deprivation significantly increased the number of attempts to enter stage 4, but had little influence on stage REM. A significant REM rebound was found in only one of the REM-deprived groups, but there was a significant stage 4 rebound in all groups on the first full recovery night, supporting the hypothesis from other studies that stage 4 has priority over REM in terms of recovery from sleep loss. The results suggested that stages 2, 3, and 4 partially overlap in their recuperative functions.
TL;DR: The conclusion was reached that strain DBA/2J ages significantly faster than C57BL/6J, and the difference in aging between the two strains emphasizes the need for additional studies dealing with genetic aspects of aging.
Abstract: Electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, as measured by the awake state, slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid-eye movement (REM) patterns and ratio of REM/total sleep, were recordered in aging male mice of DBA/
TL;DR: An alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, thymoxamine in the early night sleep of young adults increased REM sleep duration and also brief awakenings in theEarly night, while slow wave sleep, stage 3+4, was diminished, in the later night, however, stage3+4 sleep was increased.
Abstract: 1 An alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, thymoxamine (150 mg i.v.) in the early night sleep of young adults increased REM sleep duration and also brief awakenings in the early night, while slow wave sleep, stage 3+4, was diminished. In the later night, however, stage 3+4 sleep was increased. Control experiments demonstrated that thymoxamine (i.v.) was without effect on blood pressure. 2 REM sleep duration may be inversely proportional to noradrenaline available at central alpha-adrenoceptors, but the control mechanisms for REM sleep appear interdependent with those for NREM sleep.
TL;DR: The relationship between the subjectively experienced quality of sleep and awakenings and certain objective neurophysiological parameters, including the quantitatively analyzed awake evening EEG, all-night sleep EEG, computer classified sleep stages, REM activity and awake morning EEG, were investigated in a group of 35 normal healthy male volunteers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on 294 patients with presumptive symptoms of epilepsy but no noteworthy, or only suspicious, EEG findings, with recording during sleep after 24-27 h of sleep deprivation.
Abstract: This paper reports on 294 patients with presumptive symptoms of epilepsy but no noteworthy, or only suspicious, EEG findings. With recording during sleep after 24–27 h of sleep deprivation, 138 person
TL;DR: HGH and slow wave sleep were both significantly increased in the two cycles immediately following the period awake compared with the same two cycles during nights of uninterruped sleep, consistent with the belief that extra wakefulness brings additional sleep of high RESTORATIVE properties.
Abstract: A comparison was made of plasma hGH and of sleep stages during one night of undistrubed sleep and one night in which sleep was interupted by an hour of enforced wakefulness folowing the end of the second NREM-REM sleep cycle in 8 normal subjects. Plasma was sampled at 15-min intervals. HGH and slow wave sleep were both significantly increased in the two cycles immediately following the period awake compared with the same two cycles during nights of uninterruped sleep. The difference arose predominantly in the fourth cycle of the night, i.e., in the second cycle after the sleep interuption. The findings are consistent with the belief that extra wakefulness brings additional sleep of high RESTORATIVE properties.
TL;DR: It was found that a reduction in convergence (exophoria) for both near and far vision became increasingly apparent with progressive sleep deprivation, especially with near vision and under high visual load.
TL;DR: The differential responding to the beta movement supports the experimental hypothesis that apparent motion may provide sensitive detectors of the operation during wakefulness of the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle, of which REM and nonREM sleep are opposite phases that carry over into wakefulness.
Abstract: Ten young adults were wakened from REM sleep and from nonREM sleep on two nonconsecutive nights and were tested to determine their upper and lower beta-movement thresholds. The ranges of the illusion were found to be significantly wider after waking from REM sleep than after waking from nonREM sleep or before sleep. The differential responding to the beta movement supports the experimental hypothesis that apparent motion may provide sensitive detectors of the operation during wakefulness of the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle, of which REM and nonREM sleep are opposite phases that carry over into wakefulness.
TL;DR: The results show that only the onset of the first REM sleep phase during any one night may be predicted from the sleep onset time, whereas a systematic phase shift between consecutive nights was observed in the later REM sleep phases.
Abstract: The periodic alternation between REM and NREM sleep was analyzed. Usually, sleep records of consecutive nights of a subject are regarded to be independent events. However, it may be that consecutive nights are realizations of a continuously ongoing rhythm. This was tested in the present study. The temporal patterns of REM and NREM sleep in sequences of about 30 consecutive nights for 3 subjects were analyzed. The results show that only the onset of the first REM sleep phase during any one night may be predicted from the sleep onset time, whereas a systematic phase shift between consecutive nights was observed in the later REM sleep phases. Thus, the onset of later REM sleep phases is better predicted by assuming a rhythm with stable period length which controls the appearance of REM sleep phases in successive nights. Under the experimental conditions the phase shift was between 5 and 10 min per 24 hrs for the 3 subjects. The result is accordance with Kleitman's basic rest activity cycle (BRAC) hypothesis.
TL;DR: The results tend to suggest that dopamine is, at most, of rather minor importance in the physiology of sleep in man.
Abstract: The effect of pimozide, a potent and specific blocker of central dopaminergic transmission, upon the sleep of man was studied in six healthy volunteers Given at doses of 1 and 4 mg, which have clear central effects in humans, pimozide produced only minor changes in the EEG patterns of sleep At these doses a slight and non-significant decrease in phase I sleep was observed, while phases W, II, III, IV and REM were not modified No differences were noted between drug or post-treatment and control nights in total NREM sleep, total REM sleep, number of episodes of REM or total number of eye movements An increase in REM sleep in the first third of the second pimozide night and an increase in the duration of the first REM period in the first drug night were the only statistically significant findings If one accepts that central effects seen in man after pimozide given in conditions similar to those of this study are due to dopaminergic blockade, our results tend to suggest that dopamine is, at most, of rather minor importance in the physiology of sleep in man
TL;DR: Caffeine ‘insomnia’ thus seems characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, and hypnotic withdrawal ’ins insomnia’ by decreased stability of sleep.
Abstract: The stability of sleep was examined in two kinds of induced insomnia, namely after caffeine administration and after hypnotic drug withdrawal. The duration of each episode of any one sleep stage or any episode of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness was determined. After caffeine there was an increase in longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but no significant change in the episode duration of any of the sleep stages. In the case of drug withdrawal there was no change in the episode duration of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but there was a significant shortening of episode duration in sleep stages 2 and 3+4, with a similar trend for REM sleep episodes. Caffeine 'insomnia' thus seems characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, and hypnotic withdrawal 'insomnia' by decreased stability fo sleep. The type of analysis undertaken in this study could increase understanding of other types of insomnia.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the HR acceleration before spontaneous movement in sleep is not a gradual response to vascular congestion but, rather, may be triggered by internal arousal stimuli which, like movements, have sleep-stage-specific rules of occurrence.
Abstract: Spontaneous movements in both stage 2 and REM steep are preceded by similar heart rate increase, beginning approximately 8 sec before onset the movement. It is suggested that the HR acceleration before spontaneous movement in sleep is not a gradual response to vascular congestion but, rather, may be triggered by internal arousal stimuli which, like movements, have sleep-stage-specific rules of occurrence.