Showing papers on "Occupational therapy published in 1987"
TL;DR: The occupational therapist's knowledge of the developmental process, use of activities, skills with activity analysis and adaptation, and concern for the quality of life are supported throughout the text.
Abstract: As stated by the editors, this book is intended as a basic pediatric textbook. Well organized and fu 11 of clinical examples, it effectively covers many important aspects of clinical practice in pediatrics, providing an introduction to the roles and functions of the occupational therapist in pediatric practice. Several chapters deserve special mention. The chapter \"01' in Pediatrics\" clearly describes the human development through occupation as a generic model for pediatric practice; the chapters on play/recreation and sensory integration offer valuable, clearly written background information with applied clinical examples One criterion for evaluating a textbook is the amount of new information presented (i.e., information not included in other standard textbooks such as Willard & Spackman's Occupational Therapy Unfortunately, the editors have included several sections that review development, health care delivery, general medical information and evaluations without expanding on or adding to the available information. Some sections are a mere summary of the literature, charts, and lists; they do not present the authors' clinical perspectives. Fortunately, other chapters include up dated information and reflect the insights of the various authors. Included are many charts, lists, evaluation forms, and clinical examples that entry level therapists (as well as students) will find helpful Chapters are well referenced. The discussion of treatment related to specific diagnostic conditions includes clearly described appropriate intervention Case studies support the authors' views and clarify specific treatment approaches. The occupational therapist's knowledge of the developmental process, use of activities, skills with activity analysis and adaptation, and concern for the quality of life are supported throughout the text. The editors have accomplished their goal of proViding a comprehensive text for basic professional education in occupational therapy for children thereby fulfilling an important need in our profession. Jim Hinojosa
241 citations
TL;DR: Suggested occupational therapy intervention follows the course of treatment and requires close communication with the primary therapist and other team members.
Abstract: Multiple Personali Disorder (MPD), long considered a rarity, is being diagnosex treated, and researched with increasing frequency (Kluft, 1984). This paper will provide an overview of relevant literature, a description of the psychotherapeutic treatment process, and will offer an ap roach which occupational therapists may utilize to facilitate ef F ective milieu treatment of these difficult patients when hospitalized. Suggested occupational therapy intervention follows the course of treatment and requires close communication with the primary therapist and other team members.
194 citations
TL;DR: Criteria are proposed for evaluating the utility of measurement tools used by occupational therapists, which include the instrument's purpose, clinical utility, construction and scaling, standardization, reliability, validity and responsiveness.
Abstract: Measurement Instruments are used by occupational therapists to describe patients, predict recovery and evaluate immediate treatment effect within their clinical practice. An instrument's development and methodological properties are guided by the purpose of the instrument. In this paper, criteria are proposed for evaluating the utility of measurement tools used by occupational therapists. These criteria are discussed within the framework of the intended use of the instrument. The criteria include the instrument's purpose, clinical utility, construction and scaling, standardization, reliability, validity and responsiveness. An algorithm to guide therapists' appraisal of measurement instruments is included.
183 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the subjects of the treated experimental group maintained their functional status after 1 year, demonstrated a significant decrease of bradykinesia, and perceived a significant improvement in their psychological well-being.
Abstract: The medical treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease has improved the quality of life and increased survival of patients with Parkinson's disease. However, as the illness progresses, impairments in daily living activities occur. A clinical trial for a group rehabilitation program was initiated to maintain the functional status of these patients. The research protocol consisted of a pretreatment evaluation, random assignment to experimental or control groups, and posttreatment evaluations after therapy, at 6 months and at 1 year. The results showed that the subjects of the treated experimental group maintained their functional status after 1 year, demonstrated a significant decrease of bradykinesia, and perceived a significant improvement in their psychological well-being. This study confirms the value of an occupational therapy group approach and its benefits to the functional independence, to the improvement of physical and motor symptoms, and to the quality of life of persons with Parkinson's disease.
109 citations
TL;DR: It was imperative that professions reconsider the emphasis on content while increasing the educational focus on the reasoning process, as a yearlong pilot study to examine the chemical reasoning processes that affect the occupational therapist's knowledge and use of theory.
Abstract: The year 1986 heralded the beginning of a significant research study in occupational therapy. The American Occupational Therapy I-'ounuation (AOTF) anu the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Joint]y funded a yearlong pilot study (0 examine the clInical reasoning processes that reneCt the occupational therapist's knowl euge and use of theory in praCtice The impetus for this study came from a presentation to the Commission on Education at the AOTA Annual Conference in Kansas City in 198--1 Donald Schiin, PhD, a facult\\' member in the department of urban planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. presented his work on the renective [lractitioner Schon argued that In the practice of any [lrofession_ theory emerges through transaCtions between client and professional when tough, unique solutions are required in areas where a field's accumulated knowledge has not provided adequate amwers for the immediate dilemma In earlier work with medicine, architecture, and urban planning. Schon and his colleagues had demonstrated that the accumulated knowledge of a field can never be adequate to proviele solutions to all problems presented by clients. Therefore. these scholars argued, it was imperative that professions reconsider the emphasis on content while increasing the educational focus on the reasoning process_ Several members of the audknce were intrigued by this presentation, efforts were made immediately [0 promote a study of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy_ Dr. Schi)n's enthusiasm for such a study has led to the current research by a team of occupational therapists. under his gUidNedra P. Gillette Cheryl Mattingly
108 citations
TL;DR: Discriminant analysis showed that patients in the hospital with a separate stroke unit spent more time in treatment, and a system of prospective payment which did not require specific billed treatment hours might allow more flexibility and efficiency in this type of specialty hospital.
88 citations
TL;DR: A cognitive rehabilitation model adapted for occupational therapy from the fields of neuropsychology and cognitive psychology is presented from an information processing perspective.
Abstract: A theoretical model that provides a foundation for understanding function and dysfunction in cognition and perception is needed as a prerequisite for the development of effective assessment and treatment tools to be used with the brain-injured adult. Such a model and clear definitions are absent in the occupational therapy literature on adult brain function and dysfunction. This paper represents a cognitive rehabilitation model adapted for occupational therapy from the fields of neuropsychology and cognitive psychology. Differentiation of terms, an overview of the model's theory, and evaluation principles are discussed. Cognitive rehabilitation is presented from an information processing perspective. Three other treatment approaches identified in the literature are discussed and compared with cognitive rehabilitation.
75 citations
TL;DR: After 3 months, a greater percentage of the subjects receiving the workbook-based occupational therapy program than those receiving traditional occupational therapy demonstrated an application of the behaviors the intervention was designed to change.
Abstract: This paper presents the design and evaluation of an occupational therapy program developed at the National Institutes of Health for teaching energy conservation and joint protection to adults with rheumatoid arthritis. An existing model for educational diagnosis in health education was used to identify program, behavioral, and educational objectives for the new program. The use of this model resulted in measurable objectives, which were used as outcome measures in the randomized research evaluation of the new program. The dependent variables measured were activity-of-daily-living status, psychosocial adjustment to illness, knowledge, disease activity, pain, and fatigue. None were significantly different after the intervention. The independent variables measured included components of balancing rest and physical activity. After 3 months, a greater percentage of the subjects receiving the workbook-based occupational therapy program than those receiving traditional occupational therapy demonstrated an application of the behaviors the intervention was designed to change.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an instrument measuring attitudes toward the disabled was administered to two successive junior occupational therapy classes, at the beginning and the end of the school year, and positive significant results were discussed in relation to implications for education and practice.
Abstract: The work of health rofessionals is directly influenced by somatopsychological attitudes. Expectations from the disabled person, from health professionals, and from society play an important part in adjustment to disability. Role theory has helped us look at the "sick role" versus the disabled role and we now realize that role confusion often interferes with the adjustment process. It is important that students be made aware of these different theories to help them get in touch with their own feelings about disability and develop an understanding of attitudes which will facilitate the adjustment process. An instrument measuring attitudes toward the disabled was administered to two successive junior occupational therapy classes, at the beginning and the end of the school year. Change in attitudes was analyzed and positive significant results were discussed in relation to implications for education and practice.
53 citations
TL;DR: A positive, significant relationship between life satisfaction and the number of roles performed and the level of involvement in meaningful roles is suggested and lends support to the basic premise of occupational therapy, that occupation can maintain and/or restore health.
Abstract: Through occupational roles, individuals structure their time to meet their personal needs and the demands of society. Due to various factors, older adults frequently experience loss of occupational roles, which may decrease the subjective quality of life. The present study used the model of human occupation as a conceptual framework to examine the relationship between the number and meaningfulness of roles performed and life satisfaction in a sample of 112 non-institutionalized elderly persons. The results suggest a positive, significant relationship between life satisfaction and the number of roles performed and the level of involvement in meaningful roles. These findings lend support to the basic premise of occupational therapy, that occupation can maintain and/or restore health.
52 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that interrupting physical activity with rest periods may result in increased physical activity in patients with RA.
TL;DR: Pre- and posttesting of the performance of 78 students during in-class evaluation sessions showed a significant improvement over a semester in students' abilities to accurately analyze preassessment data and to formulate appropriate treatment plans.
Abstract: One way to help students transfer their academic skills of data gathering and analysis to clinical settings is to teach them the clinical reasoning process outlined by Joan Rogers. This paper describes a format for teaching that process through the use of carefully structured in-class evaluations of physically disabled guest speakers who role-model as clients. Pre- and posttesting of the performance of 78 students during these in-class evaluation sessions showed a significant improvement over a semester in students' abilities to accurately analyze preassessment data and to formulate appropriate treatment plans. Qualitative outcomes are also discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A collaborative relationship between occupational therapists and psychiatrists is needed for the most effective use of reliable and objective assessments of cognitive function levels in patients with psychiatric illness.
Abstract: The disabilities associated with psychiatric illnesses can be separated into six cognitive levels that can be identified by functions the patient is able to perform, by the types of assistance required to compensate for dysfunctions, and by the social dysfunction observed in home and work environments. These cognitive levels can be used to measure the severity of mental disorders; changes in these levels reflect temporal changes in severity that are consequent to treatment and/or natural history of the condition. These cognitive levels can also be used to assess need for hospitalization and/or community placement, readiness for discharge from hospital, and effectiveness of treatment. A collaborative relationship between occupational therapists and psychiatrists is needed for the most effective use of these reliable and objective assessments of cognitive function levels in patients with psychiatric illness.
TL;DR: This paper relates changes in the delivery of mental health services to the systematic study of policy development and careful planning needed to help occupational therapy accomplish the same goals.
Abstract: For at least a decade, concern has been expressed about the status of occupational therapy in mental health. Increases in the number of new jobs and clinicians have not kept pace with growth in other practice areas. Although growing criticism of the practice of deinstitutionalization and an increased focus on cost-effectiveness have recently become major public policy trends in mental health practice, the psychological and nursing professions have responded creatively in order to expand their influence and practice. This paper relates changes in the delivery of mental health services to the systematic study of policy development and careful planning needed to help occupational therapy accomplish the same goals.
TL;DR: In this article, the similarities and differences in the ideas and beliefs of the founders of occupational therapy and the proponents of the arts-and-crafts movement are traced. But they do not discuss the differences between the two modalities.
Abstract: This paper explores why occupational therapists use arts and crafts as therapeutic modalities. Beginning with the turn-of-the-century origins of occupational therapy, the paper traces the similarities and differences in the ideas and beliefs of the founders of occupational therapy and the proponents of the arts-and-crafts movement.
TL;DR: White, black, Asian-American, Puerto Rican and Mexican-American therapists were selected to receive a questionaire involving factors that encourage or discourage cultural sensitivity in the clinical setting.
Abstract: Examination of the occupational therapy literature related to cultural facotrs in treatment inspired investigation into the levels of cultural awareness of currently practicing therapists. White, black, Asian-American, Puerto Rican and Mexican-American therapists were selected to receive a questionaire involving factors that encourage or discourage cultural sensitivity in the clinical setting. Some of the results of the study will be reported and discussed.
TL;DR: Information on the characteristics, health beliefs and practices of Hispanic, Indochinese, Asians (Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos) and Black Americans is provided.
Abstract: Ethnic minority populations are increasing in health care delivery systems. Statistics show that ethnic minorities have a greater need for health care but have not received comparable services as those afforded to the white middle class majority. This paper provides information on the characteristics, health beliefs and practices of Hispanic, Indochinese, Asians (Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos) and Black Americans. Effective treatment planning is contingent upon the recognition of these beliefs and cultural values. Strategies for intercultural communication as a guide to promoting better occupational therapy services to ethnic minorities will be provided.
TL;DR: A philosophical framework to explain the value of using activity as a treatment method is applied to three types of patient populations that pose problems in stating treatment objectives, patients that have a good prognosis but one that is associated with alternative explanations for change.
Abstract: A philosophical framework to explain the value of using activity as a treatment method is the challenge pursued for this lectureship. Primary resources came from Soviet psychology, the only social science discipline using the concept of activity as a focus of study. The focus of study selected for occupational therapy is disability, which is explained within the context of doing an activity. The patient's purpose for doing an activity is described by the degree of sensorimotor thought processed during a functional state. A hierarchy of activity analysis is used to begin the development of typologies for feasible operations, satisfactory results, and desirable activities. The philosophical framework is applied to three types of patient populations that pose problems in stating treatment objectives, patients that have (a) a good prognosis but one that is associated with alternative explanations for change, (b) a poor prognosis associated with a lifelong disability, and (c) a grave prognosis associated with a progressive loss of functional abilities. A refined treatment hypothesis is suggested: Therapeutic activity compensates for disability by using remaining capabilities to accomplish desirable activities with satisfactory results.
TL;DR: Issues related to combining play activities with neurodevelopmental principles are discussed and clinical examples are provided to illustrate the value of integrating play activities within the occupational therapy treatment of the child with cerebral palsy.
Abstract: This article presents one perspective on the integration of play activities within a neurodevelopmental frame of reference. Based on the premise that activities are characteristic of occupational therapy intervention, issues related to combining play activities with neurodevelopmental principles are discussed. Clinical examples are also provided to illustrate the value of integrating play activities within the occupational therapy treatment of the child with cerebral palsy.
TL;DR: A conceptual model of the dynamic process of occupational therapy treatment planning based on the case method of problem solving is presented, providing a basis for academic and clinical educators to effectively instruct and supervise students in treatment planning.
Abstract: The process of treatment planning requires the effective application of complex problem-solving skills. The occupational therapy literature has described components of this process and has identified both the difficulty educators have in teaching and the difficulty clinicians have in articulating the process of clinical problem solving. This paper presents a conceptual model of the dynamic process of occupational therapy treatment planning based on the case method of problem solving. An analysis of the process provides a basis for academic and clinical educators to effectively instruct and supervise students in treatment planning. An analysis of critical concepts related to each stage is followed by (a) common clinical errors committed by students and new therapists and (b) suggestions for supervisory approaches specific to errors at each stage.
TL;DR: Results suggested that the initial evaluation interview process varies in terms of content and format; links exist between interview formats and types of treatment programs; communication of therapist beliefs seems to be an important facet of the interview; and the environment appears to be a more pervasive influence on clinical reasoning than personal beliefs and attitudes.
Abstract: This qualitative study attempted to explore and describe the initial evaluation process in psychosocial occupational therapy. Observation of 19 therapists interviewing patients, detailed transcript...
TL;DR: The following paper provides a theoretical framework for occuaptional therapy with Native Canadians as they have failed to come to terms with cultural issues and to recognize cultural stereotyping.
Abstract: The following paper provides a theoretical framework for occuaptional therapy with Native Canadians. Traditional models of care have not been entirely satisfactory with this population, as they have failed to come to terms with cultural issues and to recognize cultural stereotyping. NAtive culture is first explored, both from a traditional and a transitional standpoint, with a focus on issues which are of particular interest to occupational therapy, such as role performance, role learning, work patterns, and interpersonal patterns. The Model of Human Occupation is then applied to dysfunction in this population, with particular emphasis on psychosocial dysfunction. Several basic principles in occupational therapy are examined with relation to Native culture. Finally, the various subsystems of the model, and their interpretation for this population are discussed.
TL;DR: Current facts regarding AIDS, including its modes of transmission and clinical symptomatology are reviewed, including general precautions and recommended intervention strategies.
Abstract: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is currently considered the nation's number one health problem. More than 30,000 persons have been diagnosed with this disease to date, and 40,000 new cases are anticipated for the next 2 years. This paper reviews the current facts regarding AIDS, including its modes of transmission and clinical symptomatology. Guidelines for occupational therapy assessment and treatment are presented, including general precautions and recommended intervention strategies.
TL;DR: Great economic benefits resulted from physical dysfunction and psychiatric placements than from pediatric placements, and with second and third student experiences as compared with first experiences.
Abstract: This cost-benefit study of Level II (professional-level) fieldwork included 180 student-supervisor pairs from 12 occupational therapy educational programs. Costs and benefits were measured in time (valued at market rates) spent by students in patient treatment and by supervisors in fieldwork-related duties. Various factors were also evaluated to determine their relationship to overall cost or benefit. Results indicated a mean benefit of $4,700 for 12-week placements. Costs generated in the first few weeks of placement were generally recovered by the 6th week, with benefits gradually increasing, then declining slightly through the end of the fieldwork. Greater economic benefits resulted from physical dysfunction and psychiatric placements than from pediatric placements, and with second and third student experiences as compared with first experiences.
TL;DR: Culture is defined and discussed as an important ingredient to treatment planning and examples of how they pertain to treatment are given through a brief case example.
Abstract: Culture is defined and discussed as an important ingredient to treatment planning. Components of culture are identified and examples of how they pertain to treatment are given through a brief case example.
TL;DR: The characteristics of two groups, those scoring high on the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and those scoring low on this measure of job satisfaction, are compared on age, position, educational levels and the value and salience scales of the Life Roles Inventory.
Abstract: From a sample of 1400 occupational therapy respondents, the characteristics of two groups, those scoring high on the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (N = 280) and those scoring low (N = 280) on this measure of job satisfaction, are compared on age, position, educational levels and the value and salience scales of the Life Roles Inventory. The implications of these findings for occupational therapy unit management and supervision are discussed and recommendations for continuing professional education are made.
TL;DR: The unique effects that the sociocultural experiences of patients have on the treatment process in home health care are discussed according to a set of facotrs that influence his compliance with care.
Abstract: Home health is by definition intermittent treatment. The voluntary participation of the patient and family in working toward goal achievement, especially in the absence of the practitioner, greatly affects the effectiveness of the occupational therpist. Improving that participation requires a thoughtful understanding of the value system of the patient and creative, flexible programming. The unique effects that the sociocultural experiences of patients have on the treatment process in home health care are discussed according to a set of facotrs that influence his compliance with care. Research findings and a brief case study shall illustrate some of the factors.