Showing papers on "Personality published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, a componential framework for conceptualizing creativity is presented, including domain relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills and task motivation as a set of necessary and sufficient components of creativity.
Abstract: Despite the clear importance of social and environmental' influences on creative performance, a social psychology of creativity is yet to be developed. Theory and research have focused almost exclusively on a personality approach to creativity and, to a lesser extent, a cognitive-abilities approach. Following a consideration of the definition and assessment of creativity, a componential framework for conceptualizing creativity is presented here. Including domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, and task motivation as a set of necessary and sufficient components of creativity, the framework describes the way in which cognitive abilities, personality characteristics, and social factors might contribute to different stages of the creative process. The discussion emphasizes the previously neglected social factors and highlights the contributions that a social psychology of creativity can make to a comprehensive view of creative performance. A striking feature of many phenomenological accounts of creativity is the degree to which outstandingly creative individuals feel influenced by social and environmental factors. In many cases, these factors are quite ordinary, mundane events; it appears that even seemingly insignificant features of the environment can be detrimental or conducive to creativity in some individuals. For example, in a letter to a friend, Tchaikovsky (1906) described the devastating effect that
3,134 citations
TL;DR: The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) as mentioned in this paper is a measure of social support, and four empirical studies employing it are described, three dealing with psychometric properties, its correations with measures of personality and adjustment, and the relationship of the SSQ to positive and negative life changes, and an experimental investigation of the relationship between social support and persistence in working on a complex, frustrating task.
Abstract: : A measure of social support, the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), is described and four empirical studies employing it are described. The SSQ yields scores for (a) number of social supports, and (b) satisfaction with social support that is available. Three of the studies deal with the SSQ's psychometric properties, its correations with measures of personality and adjustment, and the relationship of the SSQ to positive and negative life changes. The fourth study was an experimental investigation of the relationship between social support and persistence in working on a complex, frustrating task. The research reported suggests that the SSQ is a reliable instrument, and that social support is (1) more strongly related to positive than negative life changes, (2) more related in a negative direction to psychological discomfort among women than men, and (3) an asset in enabling a person to persist at a task under frustrating conditions. Research and clinical implications are discussed. (Author)
2,904 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, socialization personality and social development as mentioned in this paper, is the book that many people are waiting for to publish and they are very proper.
Abstract: Now welcome, the most inspiring book today from a very professional writer in the world, socialization personality and social development. This is the book that many people in the world waiting for to publish. After the announced of this book, the book lovers are really curious to see how this book is actually. Are you one of them? That's very proper. You may not be regret now to seek for this book to read.
1,349 citations
Book•
01 Jun 1983
900 citations
TL;DR: A 25-year follow-up of 255 medical students who completed the MMPI while in medical school found high Ho scores were found to be predictive of both clinical coronary disease incidence and total mortality.
Abstract: High levels of hostility as assessed by a MMPI scale (Ho) have been found associated with increased levels of arteriographically documented coronary atherosclerosis. In this study we examined the relationship between hostility and subsequent health status in a 25-year follow-up of 255 medical students who completed the MMPI while in medical school. High Ho scores were found to be predictive of both clinical coronary disease incidence and total mortality.
882 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the personal project is proposed as a new unit of analysis for the study of personality in its social, physical and temporal context, and a sequential model of personal projects is proposed in which th...
Abstract: The personal project is proposed as a new unit of analysis for the study of personality in its social, physical and temporal context. A sequential model of personal projects is proposed in which th...
848 citations
TL;DR: The sex-differentiated socialization emphases of parents and other representatives of societal institutions are considered as they influence the personality development and behavioral orientations of males and females to integrate the empirical findings surrounding gender differences in personality and socialization experience.
Abstract: The sex-differentiated socialization emphases of parents and other representatives of societal institutions are considered as they influence the personality development and behavioral orientations of males and females. Specifically, sex-differentiated socialization emphases, "shaping" behaviors, and teaching styles are evaluated with regard to the nature of the "meta-messages" conveyed to boys and girls during their early, formative years. These messages are assumed to differentially influence the self-concepts evolved, ego structures, personal goals, and the cognitive-adaptational heuristics of boys and of girls. Differences in the socialization environments experienced by the 2 sexes can be seen as related to gender differences in personality characteristics. To integrate the empirical findings surrounding gender differences in personality and socialization experience, some conjectures are offered regarding the different self- and world views our current culture may be creating and fostering in males and in females. The potential and even likely influence of biological factors conjoined with the bidirectional effects of child and parent interaction are recognized as confounded with an interpretation in terms of differential socialization. But also, it is noted that until the effects of differential socialization are specifically evaluated by cultural, subcultural, or individual family changes, the role of biological and bidirectional factors cannot be assessed.
813 citations
TL;DR: The act frequency approach to personality is advanced in this article, where dispositions are viewed as summaries of act frequencies that, in themselves, possess no explanatory status, and a series of studies focusing on indices of act trends and on a comparative analysis of the internal structure of dispositions illustrates this basic formulation.
Abstract: The act frequency approach to personality is advanced in this article. Dispositions are viewed as summaries of act frequencies that, in themselves, possess no explanatory status. As sociocultural emergents, dispositions function as natural cognitive categories with acts as members. Category boundaries are fuzzy, and acts within each category differ in their prototypicality of membership. A series of studies focusing on indices of act trends and on a comparative analysis of the internal structure of dispositions illustrates this basic formulation. The act frequency approach is then placed within a taxonomic framework of the relations among act categories (horizontal dimension) and hierarchic classification (vertical dimension). Theoretical implications of the act frequency approach are examined. Dispositional consistency is distinguished from behavioral consistency and several act frequency indices (e.g., dispositional versatility, situational scope) are defined. Situational analysis and personality coherence are then viewed from the act frequency perspective. Discussion focuses on the possible origins and development of dispositional categories and implications of alternative middle-level constructs for act categorization and personality theory.
732 citations
TL;DR: Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest. Indeed, many of these attributes may reflect state characteristics woven into the postdepressive personality. Current evidence is strongest for introversion as a possible premorbid trait in primary nonbipolar depressions. By contrast, driven, work-oriented obsessoid, extroverted, cyclothymic, and related dysthymic temperaments appear to be the precursors of bipolar disorders. Other personalities, while not necessarily pathogenic in affective disorders, nevertheless may modify the clinical expression of affective disorders and their prognosis.
514 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined personality, social assets, and perceived social support as moderators of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset, finding that those with perceived support from their supervisors had lower illness scores than those without support.
Abstract: This study examined personality, social assets, and perceived social support as moderators of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset. In a group of 170 middle and upper level executives, personality hardiness and stressful life events consistently influenced illness scores, the former serving to lower symptomatology, the latter to increase it. Perceived boss support had its predicted positive effect. Executives under high stress who perceived support from their supervisors had lower illness scores than those without support. Perceived family support, on the other hand, showed a negative effect on health when reported by those low in hardiness. Finally, social assets made no significant impact on health status. These results underscore the value of differentiating between kinds of social resources, and of monitoring the effects of two or more stress-resistance resources in a single study.
TL;DR: The authors examined two groups from the National Institute of Mental Health-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression: Clinical Studies--patients whose symptoms had completely remitted and those who had not recovered.
Abstract: The influence of the clinically depressed state on personality assessment was evaluated by comparing self-report personality inventories of patients while clinically depressed and at follow-up 1 year later. The authors examined two groups from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression: Clinical Studies--patients whose symptoms had completely remitted and those who had not recovered. The clinically depressed state strongly influenced assessment of emotional strength, interpersonal dependency, and extraversion. Assessment of rigidity, level of activity, and dominance did not change after symptomatic recovery.
TL;DR: A self-administered questionnaire that would indicate a person's perception of his or her habitual defensive style was constructed and tested, and showed that such defenses tend to cluster into styles that can be ranked on a developmental continuum.
Abstract: • A self-administered questionnaire that would indicate a person's perception of his or her habitual defensive style was constructed and tested. The hypotheses assessed were that defenses cluster so as to constitute "styles" and that these styles can be ranked as more or less adaptive. The sample comprised 98 psychiatric patients and 111 nonpatients. The tools used were (1) a questionnaire measure of self-appraisal of defensive style, (2) a questionnaire measure of ego adaptation, and (3) a sentence completion measure of ego development. The results, which argued strongly for the validity of a questionnaire measure of perceived defensive style, also showed that such defenses tend to cluster into styles that can be ranked on a developmental continuum, from "maladaptive action patterns," through "image-distorting" defenses, "selfsacrificing" defenses, and "adaptive" defenses.
Book•
28 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate risk taking as it operates within a motivational context, in an attempt to learn about the broad outlines of the psychology of thinking, and propose a risk-taking approach to motivate individuals to take risks.
Abstract: Risk taking, as it operates within a motivational context, is investigated in an attempt to learn about the broad outlines of the psychology of thinking.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses health-related personality Traits, social Psychology of the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern, and environmental Influences.
Abstract: Contents: Part I:Health-Related Personality Traits SC Kobasa, The Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health CS Carver, C Humphries, Social Psychology of the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern KA Wallston, BS Wallston, Who is Responsible for Your Health? The Construct of Health Locus of Control Part II:Medical Information Processing JA Skelton, JW Pennebaker, The Psychology of Physical Symptoms and Sensations GS Sanders, Social Comparison and Perceptions of Health and Illness Part III:Professional/Client Interaction SJ Mentzer, ML Snyder, The Doctor and the Patient: A Psychological Perspective H Leventhal, RS Hirschman, Social Psychology and Prevention C Maslach, SE Jackson, Burnout in Health Professions: A Social Psychological Analysis Part IV:Environmental Influences J Suls, Social Support, Interpersonal Relations, and Health: Benefits and Liabilities A Baum, A Wallace Deckel, RJ Gatchel, Environmental Stress and Health: Is There a Relationship? R Kastenbaum, Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Health Care Provision for the Elderly from a Psychological Perspective
TL;DR: A close relative of 55 severely head injured adults rated the personality of the patient at 3, 6 and 12 months after injury, using a Yes/No judgement, and analogue scales comprising bipolar adjectives.
Abstract: A close relative of 55 severely head injured adults rated the personality of the patient at 3, 6 and 12 months after injury, using a Yes/No judgement, and analogue scales comprising bipolar adjectives. The relative assessed the "current" as well as the "premorbid" personality at each time. Personality change was associated with many negative scores on the analogue scale, and increasing negative scores were associated with high "subjective burden" on the relative. Severity of injury (post-traumatic amnesia) was of no significance in predicting the extent or pattern of personality change.
TL;DR: Men and women classified as problem drinkers while adolescents or college students (1972-1973) tended to be nonproblem drinkers as young adults (1979), although young men tend to be at greater risk than young women to maintain problem drinking.
Abstract: Men and women classified as problem drinkers while adolescents or college students (1972-1973) tended to be nonproblem drinkers as young adults (1979), although young men tend to be at greater risk than young women to maintain problem drinking. Those whose earlier personality, perceived-environment and behavior scores indicated greater theoretical proneness for problem behavior were significantly more likely as young adults to be involved in problem drinking.
TL;DR: A questionnaire measure of emotional control was developed to evaluate the extent to which individuals report controlling anger, anxiety and depressed mood and is envisaged to have wider application to other clinical populations.
TL;DR: This paper argues for a more extensive study of self-knowledge, arguing that self- knowledge cognitively represents desired and undesired states for the self, as well as specific ideas about how to realize or avoid these states.
Abstract: This paper argues for a more extensive study of self-knowledge. From the cognitive perspective, self-knowedge is a critical component of personality. Until quite recently, however, the study of self-knowledge has been narrowly conceived, focusing primarily on how individuals describe their roles and characteristic behaviors. Yet individuals also have knowledge about their preferences and values, their goals and motives, and their rules and strategies for regulating behavior. These dynamic aspects of self-knowledge are significant because they can be importantly revealing of future behavior. The content and organization of self-knowledge is important first because it indicates which domains of behavior are regarded as the most self-relevant. It is in these domains that the strongest links between personality and behavior will be observed. Second, self-knowledge cognitively represents desired and undesired states for the self, as well as specific ideas about how to realize or avoid these states. It thus indicates the likely course of behavior in self-relevant domains. A number of recent research efforts can be intepreted as explorations of self-knowledge. These are briefly reviewed and integrated to provide a general outline for an expanded view of self-knowledge.
TL;DR: Compared with the normal population, both groups of recovered depressives were introverted, submissive, and passive, with increased interpersonal dependency but normal emotional strength, and comparison to never-ill relatives yielded similar results.
Abstract: The Clinical Studies of the National Institute of Mental Health--Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression offer an opportunity to clarify the relationship between personality and depression. Thirty-one female patients with primary nonbipolar major depressive disorder were assessed diagnostically using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and completed a battery of standard self-report personality inventories when they were completely symptom free. Their personality scale scores were compared with those of female relatives who had recovered from the same type of disorder, those of female relatives with no history of psychiatric illness, and published scale norms. Compared with the normal population, both groups of recovered depressives were introverted, submissive, and passive, with increased interpersonal dependency but normal emotional strength. Comparison to never-ill relatives yielded similar results except that the never-ill relatives had scores reflecting extraordinary emotional strength.
TL;DR: In this article, two brief laboratory tasks measuring delay of gratification in different ways were administered to 116 four-year-old children, and the two delay-of-gratification measures were standard scored and composited to generate a more broadly based index of delay, and this index was correlated with the personality ratings available at the four ages.
Abstract: Two brief laboratory tasks measuring delay of gratification in different ways were administered to 116 four-year-old children. Personality data were available on these children separately at ages 3, 4, 7, and 11 years in the form of California Child Q-Set ratings by independent sets of teachers and examiners. The two delayof-gratification measures were standard scored and composited to generate a more broadly based index of delay of gratification, and this index was correlated with the personality ratings available at the four ages. Boys who delayed gratification tended to be independently and consistently described as deliberative, attentive and able to concentrate, reasonable, reserved, cooperative, and generally manifesting an ability to modulate motivational and emotional impulse. Boys who did not delay gratification, by contrast, were irritable, restless and fidgety, aggressive, and generally not self-controlled. Xjirls who delayed gratification were independently and consistently described as intelligent, resourceful, and competent. Girls who did not delay tended to go to pieces under stress, to be victimized by other children, and to be easily offended, sulky, and whiny. These findings were interpreted in terms of the constructs of ego control and ego resiliency and the differential socialization of the sexes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that recent conceptual and technical advances should now make it possible to show joint factors at the second-order level using standard factor techniques, and they provide strong evidence for the validity of the proposed three-domain model of personality.
TL;DR: In this article, five broad categories of psychosocial variables contributing to the risk of traffic accidents are reviewed: demographic characteristics, excessive alcohol use, personality traits, acute states of emotional distress and driving-related attitudes.
Abstract: Literature concerned with five broad categories of psychosocial variables contributing to the risk of traffic accidents is reviewed: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) excessive alcohol use, (3) personality traits, (4) acute states of emotional distress and (5) driving-related attitudes. A theoretical cognitive-behavioral model is presented in an attempt to integrate the results concerning the influence of these different factors.
TL;DR: An overview of the literature documents the demonstration of genetic bases for stability of certain personality dimensions, evidence suggesting that the most influential environmental sources of variation are those not jointly experienced by family members, and continuing controversy regarding the convergence of genetic results for different assessment strategies and different developmental periods.
Abstract: Recent behavior-genetic studies of personality are reviewed. These studies are first organized according to their subjects' age and then interpreted by emphasizing their developmental implications. Although certain discrepancies have arisen from the use of questionnaire versus laboratory assessments and twin studies as opposed to adoption designs, some consensus may be emerging. Research has moved beyond mere demonstration of heritable sources of variation in the great majority of personality measures. This overview of the literature documents (1) the demonstration of genetic bases for stability of certain personality dimensions, (2) evidence suggesting that the most influential environmental sources of variation are those not jointly experienced by family members, and (3) continuing controversy regarding the convergence of genetic results for different assessment strategies and different developmental periods. Clarifying the nature of the interplay between developmental processes and gene action is now a major task for developmental behavioral geneticists who study personality and temperament.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a critical analysis of the most significant, enduring and controversial issues in the areas of personality and clinical psychology, including the meaning of normality, abnormality, and deviance, the units for conceptualizing persons, alternative models of human nature, the nature and role of dispositions, the structure of consistency in personality; the development and maintenance of personality problems; defense and the coping process; self-regulatory processes, willpower, and ego development; continuity and change in development; the nature of the self.
Abstract: In this course, I want to provide a critical analysis of the most significant, enduring and controversial issues in the areas of personality and clinical psychology. Topics include: the meaning of normality, abnormality, and deviance; the units for conceptualizing persons; alternative models of human nature; the nature and role of dispositions; the structure of consistency in personality; the development and maintenance of personality problems; defense and the coping process; self-regulatory processes, willpower, and ego development; continuity and change in development; the nature of the self; clinical inference and evidence; prediction of behavior; the nature of the unconscious and self-knowledge; the rationale underlying alternative treatment strategies; the assessment and therapeutic modification of selected personality problems; the relations between personality psychology as a science and clinical psychology as a profession.