Showing papers on "Phosphorus utilization published in 2006"

Effect of graded doses and a high dose of microbial phytase on the digestibility of various minerals in weaner pigs

Abstract: An experiment with 224 weaner pigs (initial BW of 7.8 kg) was conducted to determine the effect of dose of dietary phytase supplementation on apparent fecal digestibility of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Cu) and on performance. Four blocks, each with 8 pens of 7 pigs, were formed. Eight dietary treatments were applied to each block in the 43-d experiment: supplementation of 0 (basal diet), 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,500, or 15,000 phytase units (FTU) or of 1.5 g of digestible P (dP; monocalcium phosphate; positive control) per kilogram of feed. The basal diet, with corn, barley, soybean meal, and sunflower seed meal as the main components, contained 1.2 g of dP per kilogram of feed. Fresh fecal grab samples were collected in wk 4 and 5 of the experiment. Average daily feed intake, ADG, G:F, and digestibility of all of the minerals increased (P < 0.001) with increasing phytase dose. Digestibility of P increased from 34% in the basal diet to a maximum of 84% in the diet supplemented with 15,000 FTU, generating 1.76 g of dP per kilogram of feed. At this level, 85% of the phytate phosphorus was digested, compared with 15% in the basal diet. Compared with the basal diet, digestibility of the monovalent minerals increased maximally at 15,000 FTU, from 81 to 92% (Na) and from 76 to 86% (K). In conclusion, phytase supplementation up to a level of 15,000 FTU/kg of a dP-deficient diet improved performance of weaner pigs and digestibility of minerals, including monovalent minerals. Up to 85% of the phytate-P was digested. Thus, dietary phytase supplementation beyond present day standards (500 FTU/kg) could further improve mineral use and consequently reduce mineral output to the environment.

Nutrient Digestion and Utilization in Farm Animals: Modelling Approaches

Abstract: Introduction: History and Future Focus, J France, University of Guelph, Canada The Nordic Dairy Cow Model Karoline - Development of Volatile Fatty Acid Sub-Model, J Sveinbjornsson, Icelandic Agricultural Research Institute (RALA), Iceland, P Huhtanen, MTT Afrifood Research Institute, Finland and P Uden, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Sweden A Three-Compartment Model of Transmembrane Fluxes of Valine across the Tissues of the Hindquarters of Growing Lambs Infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis N C Roy AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand, E N Bermingham and W C McNabb Using Rumen Degradation Model to Evaluate Microbial Protein Yield and Intestinal Digestion of Grains in Cattle P Paengkoum, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand Simulation of Rumen Particle Dynamics using a Non-Steady State Model of Rumen Digestion and Nutrient Availability in Dairy Cows Fed Sugarcane, E A Collao-Saenz, A Bannink, Wageningen University, Netherlands, E Kebreab, University of Guelph, Canada, J France and J Dijkstra, Wageningen University Netherlands Modelling Fluxes of Volatile Fatty Acids from Rumen to Portal Blood, P Noziere, INRA, France and T Hoch The Role of Rumen Fill in Terminating Grazing Bouts of Dairy Cows under Continuous Stocking, H Z Toweel, Wageningen University, Netherlands, B M Tas, S Tamminga and J Dijkstra Functions for Microbial Growth, S Lopez, Universidad de Leon, Spain, M Prieto, J Dijkstra, E Kebreab, M S Dhanoa, Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research (IGER), Wales, UK and J France Obtaining Information on Gastric Emptying Patterns in Horses from Appearance of an Oral Acetaminophen Dose in Blood Plasma, J P Cant, University of Guelph, Canada, V N Walsh and R J Geor A Model to Evaluate Beef Cow Efficiency, L O Tedeschi, Cornell University, USA, D G Fox, M J Baker and K L Long Prediction of Energy Requirement for Growing Sheep with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System, A Cannas, Universita of Sassari, Italy, L O Tedeschi, A S Atzori and D G Fox Prediction of Body Weight and Composition from Body Dimension Measurements in Lactating Dairy Cows, T Yan, Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough, Ireland, R E Agnew, C S Mayne and D C Patterson Relationships between Body Composition and Ultrasonic Measurements in Lactating Dairy Cows, R E Agnew, T Yan, D C Patterson and C S Mayne Empirical Model of Dairy Cow Body Composition, O Martin, INRA, UMR Physiology de la Nutrition et Alimentation, France and D Sauvant, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, France Simulating Chemical and Tissue Composition of the Growing Beef Cattle From the Model to the Tool, T Hoch, Ph Pradel, P Champclaux and J Agabriel, INRA, France Representation of Fat and Protein Gain at Low Levels of Growth and Improved Prediction of Variable Maintenance Requirement In a Ruminant Growth and Composition Model, J W Oltjen, R D Sainz, University of California, USA, A B Pleasants, T K Soboleva and V H Oddy, Meat and Livestock Australia, Australia Growth Patterns of Nellore vs British Beef Cattle Breeds Assessed using a Dynamic, Mechanistic Model of Cattle Growth and Composition, R D Sainz, L G Barioni, Embrapa Cerrados, Brazil, P V Paulino, S C Valadares Filho and J W Oltjen A Kinetic Model of Phosphorus Metabolism in Growing Sheep, R Souza Dias, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Brazil, A P Roque, V F Nascimento Filho, D M S S Vitti and I C S Bueno Dynamic Simulation of Phosphorus Utilization in Salmonid Fish, K Hua, University of Guelph, Canada, J P Cant and D P Bureau Development of a Dynamic Model of Ca and P Flows in Layers, J Dijkstra, E Kebreab, R P Kwakkel and J France Estimating the Risk of Hypomagnesaemic Tetany in Dairy Herds, S T Bell, A E McKinnon, Lincoln University, New Zealand and A R Sykes Modelling the Effects of Environmental Stressors on The Performance of Growing Pigs: From Individuals to Populations, I J Wellock, Scottish Agricultural College, UK, G C Emmans and I Kyriazakis Empirical Modelling Through Meta Analysis Vs Mechanistic Modelling, D Sauvant and O Martin Iterative Development, Evaluation and Optimal Parameter Estimation of a Dynamic Simulation Model: A Case Study, L G Barioni, J W Oltjen and R D Sainz Segmented, Constrained, Nonlinear, Multi-objective, Dynamic Optimization Methodology Applied to the Dairy Cow Ration Formulation Problem, R C Boston, University of Pennsylvania, USA and M D Hanigan, Land O Lakes, Missouri, USA A Model to Simulate the Effects of Different Dietary Strategies on the Sustainability of a Dairy Farm System, A del Prado, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), UK, D Scholefield and L Brown Advantages of a Dynamical Approach to Rumen Function to Help Resolve Environmental Issues, A Bannink, J Dijkstra, E Kebreab and J France Evaluation of Models to Predict Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation in North American Dairy Cattle, E Kebreab, J France, B W McBride, N Odongo, A Bannink, J A N Mills and J Dijkstra Investigating Daily Changes in Food Intake by Ruminants, G McL Dryden An Ingredient-Based Input Scheme for Molly, M D Hanigan, H G Bateman, J G Fadel, University of California, USA, J P McNamara and N E Smith Metabolic Control: Improvement of a Dynamic Model of Lactational Metabolism in Early Lactation, J McNamara Rostock Feed Evaluation System - An Example of the Transformation of Energy and Nutrient Utilization Models to Practical Application, A Chudy, FBN / Degussa, Germany The Nordic Dairy Cow Model Karoline - Model Description, A Danfaer, P Huhtanen, P Uden, J Sveinbjornsson and H Volden, Agricultural University of Norway, Norway The Nordic Dairy Cow Model KAROLINE - Model Evaluation, A Danfaer, P Huhtanen, P Uden, J Sveinbjornsson and H Volden A composite model of growth, pregnancy and lactation, K Vetharaniam, AgResearch Limited, New Zealand

Phosphorus utilization by six brassica cultivars (Brassica juncea L.) from tri-calcium phosphate; a relatively insoluble P compounds

Abstract: Phosphorus deficiency is a serious concern for agriculture productivity around the globe. It readily forms insoluble compounds by reacting with calcium after addition to calcareous soils. We evaluated six Brassica cultivars for P utilization from mono-ammonium phosphate (a soluble source) and a relatively insoluble P compound (Tri-calcium phosphate). Plants were germinated in sand and transplanted in a P-free Johnson’s nutrient solution contained in two iron tubs. Phosphorus (@ 0.2 mM P) was applied in each tub using both sources. Cultivars differed significantly for their biomass grown with either source of P. Biomass was significantly (p<0.05) lower in plants grown with TCP than those grown with MAP. Relative shoot dry matter of plants grown with TCP compared to those grown with MAP varied from 45% in BARD-1 to 96% in 19H. However 19-H exhibited lowest dry matter with both P sources indicating its inefficiency. Root:shoot ratio differed significantly among cultivars, however it was not much affected by P source. Cultivars RL-18, Raya Anmol, and KS-74 produced maximum shoot dry matter grown with TCP, however in plants grown with MAP, Poorbi Raya produced maximum dry matter indicating its high responsiveness but lower P solublization. Phosphorus uptake in both shoots and roots of plants grown with MAP was significantly more than those in TCP. Total P uptake in plants grown with TCP varied between 8.56 mg/plant in 19-H to 22.86 mg/plant in Poorbi Raya. However, relative P uptake was highest in 19-H indicating that its poor performance in MAP treatment was not because of lower P availability in growth medium but it was due to its lower P utilization efficiency. Phosphorus utilization efficiency was maximum in Poorbi Raya, RL-18 and BARD-1 when grown with MAP, while in plants grown with TCP, Raya Anmol and RL-18 exhibited maximum P use efficiency. However, P efficiency mechanisms of these cultivars must be studied in further physiological and morphological studies.

Method of preparing nitrogen phosphorus potassium complex fertilizer using potash feldspar

Abstract: This invention relates to a preparation method of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound (NPK) fertilizer. First mix phosphorus rock powder and potassium feldspar powder by 0.5 to 1.2 of quality, under 150 ~ 250 deg use 20 ~ 50% inorganic acid to immerse for 3 hours, then use the ammonia or carbon ammonium directly neutralize to PH 6 ~ 7, or acid leaching reaction products by dilution, separation and subsequent through ammoniation to PH 6 ~ 7; at last carry out enrichment, granulation and drying to obtain NPK fertilizer that total nutrient not less than 15% or 45%. The preparation method makes acid hydrolysis and calcium, potassium ion exchange be completed simultaneously, in the relatively mild conditions using insoluble, low-grade potassium feldspar to prepare potassium fertilizer. The phosphorus utilization of phosphorus rock powder is not less than 90%, potassium utilization of potassium feldspar not less than 80%.

Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency in D(R) substitution lines of hexaploid triticale

Abstract: Two sets of disomic substitution lines, derived from the cultivars ‘Presto’ and ‘Rhino’ of triticale, with rye chromosome pairs replaced by their wheat D-genome homoeologues, were tested in hydroponic culture for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency. The effect of a substitution on the amount of absorbed nutrients was predominantly negative and proportional to the effect on plant dry matter. Significant decreases were found for the substitutions 5D(5R), 6D(6R) of both cultivars, 2D(2R), 4D(4R) of ‘Presto’ and 3D(3R) of ‘Rhino’. On the other hand, the nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly increased in all substitution lines, with the exception of the 1D(1R) ones. The differences in phosphorus utilization were generally positive, but less pronounced, and significant only in the lines 2D(2R) and 6D(6R). The data suggest that presence of both rye and D-genome chromosomes is conducive for the best effect of the applied N and P fertilizers.

Genetics evaluation of phosphorus utilization in tropical cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)

Abstract: Genetics evaluation of phosphorus utilization in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) was studied in a cross involving a tropically adapted genotype (IT90K-277-2) with a reported positive response to rock phosphate (RP) and a second genotype (IT89KD-288) that responds negatively to RP, using generation mean analysis of the parents, their F1, F2 and the two backcross generations. Highly significant differences among the six generations with respect to seed phosphorus (P) concentration and grain yield per plant were observed. The F1 progenies produced seeds with higher seed P concentration (0.31 mg/g) than the mid-parent value (0.27mg/g). Mean yield per plant in the F1 (48.03g) that was significantly greater than the mid-parent value (28.85g) was also observed suggesting positive heterosis for the two traits. Backcrossing to both parents showed good convergence of genes on the recurrent parents. Possibility of transgressive segregation for seed P concentration and grain yield per plant in the F2 generation was also observed. Absence of significant reciprocal differences among individuals in the F1 and F2 populations suggested lack of maternal and cytoplasmic effects. Non-additive gene action (dominance and epistasis) made significant contributions to total genetic variations in both traits within the cross. Whereas seed P concentration was observed to be under polygenic control, number of genes for seed yield per plant was biased downward by epistasis. Observed narrow-sense heritability estimate (HN)) for seed P concentration of 50.51% and very low (0.040) expected genetic gain in the F3 over the F2 means suggested that although expected progress from selection could be lowered by non-additive gene effects, this trait could be transmitted to the offsprings of hybridization program with huge success, through backcrossing. Although, available soil P (6.03 - 8.09mg/kg) was observed to be below the critical level, phosphorus uptake in the F1 and the segregating generations was observed to be higher than what obtained in the parents to suggest that the progenies of a P-efficient x P-inefficient cross would be efficient in P utilization.

Adaptations of tropical plants to acid soils

Abstract: It is known that the tropical pastures or grasses; Arachis pintoi, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum, Panicum repensi, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Stylosanthes hamata, and the tropical trees; Acacia mangium, Anacardium occidentale, Hevea brasiliensis, and Melaleuca cajuputi adapt well to acid soils which have low phosphorus (P) and high aluminum (Al). In this study, top and sub soils were collected from highly weathered soils in peninsular Thailand for chemical analysis and phosphorus fractionation, and the adaptive mechanisms of these plants were examined from the aspect of phosphorus utilization efficiency and root exudation of organic acids and acid phosphatase by culturing plant seedling in complete, phosphorus deficient (-P), high Aluminum (+Al), and P deficient / high Al (-P/+Al) solutions. Results showed that both available P and total P in soils were low, and organic P was the main fraction. Fe-P and Al-P were the dominant inorganic P sources in these soils. The secretion of acid phosphatase increased distinctly in -P treatment from roots of Stylosanthes hamata only. Tropical trees that adapt well to these soils were able to secrete oxalic and citric acids to acquire P by solubilizing of Fe-P and Al-P, whereas tropical pastures or grasses showed high P utilization efficiency and high root-shoot ratio by P deficiency.

Methods of producing and growing plants having improved phosphorus utilization

Abstract: Plants transgenic for an exogenous glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and which have improved phosphorus utilization are disclosed, as well as methods of producing the plants and methods of growing the plants on soils having a reduced phosphorus content The transgenic plants have raised levels of glycerol-3-phosphate in comparison to wild type, leading to increased stress tolerance, altered fatty acid content in glycerolipids and tolerance to phosphorus deficient soils

Effect of Phosphorus Rate Applied on Yield,Quality and Phosphorus Utilization Ratio in Winter Wheat under Different Fertility Soil

Abstract: The experiment was carried out in two fields where available phosphorus level in 0～20 cm soil layer were 1594 mg/kg and 3044 mg/kgThe results showed as followsFor field M-P,the kernel yield significantly increased with phosphorus applied,but phosphorus applied had not significant effect on the kernel yield in field H-PFor utilization ratio of phosphorus fertilizer,the treatments P_2 were both highest in both experimental fields,and it was better in field M-P than that of field H-PAlso the content of grain protein,wet gluten and dough stability time and valorimenter value of processing quality had increased with phosphorus applied in field M-PTreatment P_2 had the best kernel nutrient and processing qualityBut there was no significant difference of grain quality under treatment P_1 and P_2 in field H-P,if phosphorus rate beyond 75 kg/hm~2(treatment P_3 and P_4),the grain processing quality would get worse

Correlation analysis of isozyme polymorphism, growing traits and phosphorus utilization in Cobb 500 cross broiler chicks

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine whether there are any relations among the genotype, phosphorus digestibility and body weight in broiler chicks of Cobb 500 cross. The diet of the experimental group was supplemented with 150 g/t of the enzyme phytase. Body weight was measured once a week from 14 to 49 days of age. The genetic uniformity of the control and experimental groups was determined by protein polymorphism analysis. The ANOVA linear models showed a significant linkage between the G6PD-4 locus phenotype and phosphorus utilization (p < 0.01). In the experimental group, broiler chicks with AA or BB phenotypes utilized by about 5–8% more of phosphorus as compared with the mean value of the control group. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between chickens with a different MDH-2 phenotype and BW in all stages of measuring after phytase had been added to their diet. Homozygous AA and heterozygous AB individuals in the experimental group showed the highest BW and P digestibility.

Factors influencing phytate phosphorus utilization by broiler chicks

Abstract: FACTORS INFLUENCING PHYTATE PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION BY BROILER CHICKS by ANASTASSIA LIEM (Under the Direction of Hardy M. Edwards, Jr.) ABSTRACT Phytase, 1-alpha hydroxycholecalciferol, Ca level, and organic acids have been shown to influence phytate P utilization by broiler chick. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the interactions between the phytase, 1-alpha hydroxycholecalciferol, and Ca level. Two other experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various organic acids on phytate P utilization. Phytase improved phytate P utilization in broiler chicks, but the magnitude of the effect was influenced by the level of 1-alpha hydrohycholecalciferol and Ca. The effect of 1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol was influenced by Ca level in the diet. Its effect was more prominent when the levels of phytase in the diet were low and there was little hydrolysis of phytate due to phytase. Increasing Ca level decreased phytate P utilization by broiler chicks. Some of the organic acids studied, citric, malic, and 2-hydroxy-4methylthio butanoic acid increased phytate P utilization, while fumaric and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) did not.

Effects of Peniophora lycii phytase on calcium and phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens fed diets with different amounts of rapeseed.

Abstract: It is well documented that microbial phytase could be a solution to avoid a negative influence of phytate on the digestibility of phosphorus and other minerals. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of Pheniophora lycii phytase (6-phytase) on phosphorus and calcium utilization in broiler chickens fed diets with different amounts of local rapeseed. The chemical composition of rapeseed showed its to have a high level of phytate phosphorus (5.08 mg/g DM) comprising 65.47% DM of the total phosphorus. Glucosinolates analyses in the rapeseed showed total glucosinolate to be only 7.96 μmol/g. Erucic acid comprised only 0.14%. In the rapeseed oleic, linolic and linolenic fatty acids dominated: 59.79, 22.30 and 8.72% respectively. In the metabolic experiment forty eight 21 day old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were assigned to 6 dietary treatments. Each treatment consisted of 8 replications of 48 cages (one bird per cage). Six diets are as follows: T1, wheat-soybean control I diet [2.5% of rapeseed (RS)]; T2, control I diet + 6-phytase preparation (750 FTU/kg diet); T3 control II diet [5% of RS]; T4, control II diet + 6-phytase preparation (750 FTU/kg diet); T5 control III diet [7.5% of RS]; T6, control III diet + 6-phytase preparation (750 FTU/kg diet). Diets composition (230 g/kg crude protein and 12.69 MJ ME/kg) was adjusted to the appropriate requirements of the NRC. The content of nutrients in the diets had been determined before the trial. The results of conducted trial revealed the 6-phytase to increase utilization of phosphorus and calcium in T2 by 4.95% and 3.73%, respectively (P<0.05) comparing to T1. In T4 with 5% of RS enzyme preparation increased calcium and phosphorus utilization by 4.86 % and 7.35% (P<0.05) respectively comparing to T3. Increasing inclusion of rapeseeds in the diet decreased utilization of calcium and phosphorus in broiler chickens. However, the group that received 7.5% RS with 6-phytase (T6) exhibited significantly higher improvement of phosphorus utilization (14.19%). Calcium utilization in T6 was 4.08% (P<0.05) higher comparing to T5 group. Conclusion: the best inclusion level of rapeseed in broiler chickens diets is up to 5%.