Showing papers on "Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this paper, conditions in southern England near London were applied to make predictions for several locations in the U.S. The calculations indicated that a house near London would need a pond area equal to its floor space.
176 citations
Patent•
09 Aug 1977TL;DR: In this article, the solar cells are cooled by circulating a heat exchange fluid through the interior of solar cells and the heat captured by such fluid may be utilized, for example, to provide hot water for a heating system.
Abstract: Tubular solar cells are provided which can be coupled together in series and parallel arrays to form an integrated structure. Solar energy concentrators are combined with the solar cells to maximize their power output. The solar cells may be cooled by circulating a heat exchange fluid through the interior of the solar cells and the heat captured by such fluid may be utilized, for example, to provide hot water for a heating system. The coolant circulating system of the solar cells also may be integrated with a solar thermal device so as to form a two-stage heating system, whereby the coolant is preheated as it cools the solar cells and then is heated further by the solar thermal device.
129 citations
Patent•
25 Apr 1977TL;DR: In this paper, a solar cell panel is fabricated by photoetching a pattern of collector grid systems with appropriate interconnections and bus bar tabs into a glass or plastic sheet, which is then filled with a first, thin conductive metal film followed by a layer of a mixed metal oxide, such as InAsO x or InSnO x.
Abstract: A solar cell panel is fabricated by photoetching a pattern of collector grid systems with appropriate interconnections and bus bar tabs into a glass or plastic sheet. These regions are then filled with a first, thin conductive metal film followed by a layer of a mixed metal oxide, such as InAsO x or InSnO x . The multiplicity of solar cells are bonded between the protective sheet at the sites of the collector grid systems and a back electrode substrate by conductive metal filled epoxy to complete the fabrication of an integrated solar panel.
97 citations
Patent•
15 Nov 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a directionally controlled array of solar power units includes a supporting frame having conduits for flow of hot and cold water to each of the units supported on the frame, and each unit includes a solar cell which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy, the solar energy being concentrated on the cells by lenses.
Abstract: A directionally controlled array of solar power units includes a supporting frame having conduits for flow of hot and cold water to each of the units supported on the frame, and each unit includes a solar cell which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy, the solar energy being concentrated on the cells by lenses. The solar cells are electrically connected for desired use of the electrical energy produced thereby, and the hot and cold water conduits are connected with the cells for flow of cold water in heat exchange relationship with the cells to cool the cells and heat the water and the hot water is available for work. Thermocouples and controls are connected with the units for moving the units to keep them pointed at the sun to thus utilize maximum energy therefrom throughout daylight hours.
92 citations
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a solar air heating system incorporating a flat-plate air heater and packed bed thermal storage is described and a simulation model for the system is developed, which is used to establish the relationship between system performance and the system design and meteorological variables.
62 citations
Patent•
11 Jul 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy thermal collector and process is proposed to provide both concentrating tracking and non-concentrating diffuse absorption functions in a single unit, which can be used in various processes, such as environmental conditioning, to utilize thermal energy of two different temperatures.
Abstract: A solar energy collector providing both concentrating-tracking functions and non-concentrating diffuse absorption functions in a single unit. The solar energy collector and process may provide both a higher temperature heat transfer fluid and a lower temperature heat transfer fluid for utilization in various processes, such as environmental conditioning, which may advantageously utilize thermal energy of two different temperatures. The solar energy thermal collector and process of this invention provides a high temperature thermal output in combination with a simplified tracking capability.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimum outlet temperature for a given solar collector that will maximize the work output for various idealized heat engine cycles was determined. But the effect of radiative and convective heat losses from the collector is demonstrated, and the relative importance of each in different operating ranges is shown.
60 citations
Patent•
04 Apr 1977
TL;DR: A solar energy collector and converter carousel comprising a plurality of elongated reflectors mounted on a platform for arcuate movement and mounted for further movement each around a heating tube arranged in the liner focus of the reflectors, the carousel being linked to a tracking mechanism which causes the reflector to be trained toward the location of the sun so that they receive a maximum amount of solar energy.
Abstract: A solar energy collector and converter carousel comprising a plurality of elongated reflectors mounted on a platform for arcuate movement and mounted for further movement each around a heating tube arranged in the liner focus of the reflectors, the carousel being linked to a tracking mechanism which causes the reflectors to be trained toward the location of the sun so that they receive a maximum amount of solar energy.
Patent•
03 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A solar energy device for collecting solar radiation, converting the radiation to thermal energy and storing the thermal energy, and a process for manufacturing of the same is described in this paper, where the authors present a solar energy system for collecting and converting solar radiation into thermal energy.
Abstract: A solar energy device for collecting solar radiation, converting the radiation to thermal energy and storing the thermal energy, and a process for manufacturing of same.
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the assessment of solar energy systems, solar system components and performance, and applications to heating and cooling is presented, together with thirteen individually abstracted articles dealing with the assessment and evaluation of solar systems.
Abstract: This report contains thirteen individually abstracted articles dealing with the assessment of solar energy systems, solar system components and performance, and applications to heating and cooling.
TL;DR: The OSE Project aims at developing the technology to utilize solar energy for heating, cooling, and hot water supply on the basis of various technology for energy conservation in buildings as discussed by the authors.
Patent•
30 Aug 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a modular assembly of a solar energy concentrator having a photovoltaic energy receiver with passive cooling is provided, where cell means are fixedly coupled to a radiant energy concentrators and tension bias a large area heat sink against the cell thereby allowing the cell to expand or contract with respect to the heat sink due to differential heat expansion.
Abstract: There is provided a modular assembly of a solar energy concentrator having a photovoltaic energy receiver with passive cooling Solar cell means are fixedly coupled to a radiant energy concentrator Tension means bias a large area heat sink against the cell thereby allowing the cell to expand or contract with respect to the heat sink due to differential heat expansion
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed dynamic model of a solar air conditioning system is reported, including the solar collector and cooling tower, in terms of design parameters, including ambient wet and dry bulb temperatures and solar radiation.
Patent•
07 Nov 1977TL;DR: In this paper, a solar collector comprising a focussing reflector rotatable about an axis, an adjusting mechanism for effecting rotation of the reflector about such axis, and a solar tracking arrangement for actuating the adjusting mechanism, the solar-tracking arrangement including a pair of sun-sensor reservoirs each containing a high-pressure working medium that thermally expands when subjected to solar radiation.
Abstract: A solar collector comprising a focussing reflector rotatable about an axis; an adjusting mechanism for effecting rotation of the reflector about such axis; and a solar-tracking arrangement for actuating the adjusting mechanism, the solar-tracking arrangement including a pair of sun-sensor reservoirs each containing a high-pressure working medium that thermally expands when subjected to solar radiation.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical upper limit of efficiency for a photovoltaic solar cell which uses a semiconductor with a single energy gap is obtained. But this limit is not based on a particular material or type of device and may be used with any solar or absorption spectrum.
Abstract: A theoretical upper limit of efficiency is obtained for a photovoltaic solar cell which uses a semiconductor with a single energy gap. This limit is not based on a particular material or type of device and may be used with any solar or absorption spectrum.
Patent•
26 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy conversion system comprises: (a) a solar converter in which liquid absorbs solar radiation, the liquid being solar energy absorptive, first means to circulate said liquid for flow through the converter, and then means to effect removal of liquid from the converter in response to an undesirable operation condition in said system.
Abstract: A solar energy conversion system comprises: (a) a solar converter in which liquid absorbs solar radiation, the liquid being solar energy absorptive, (b) first means to circulate said liquid for flow through the converter, and (c) means to effect removal of liquid from the converter in response to an undesirable operation condition in said system.
Patent•
17 Oct 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus and a method for air-conditioning by which solar heat is collected and utilized in winter heating and in summer cooling and humidity adjustment is presented, where a hygroscopic liquid circulates through a solar heat collector and a reservoir thereof to accumulate sufficient heat to furnish energy for (1) dehumidification, adiabatic cooling of air, and concentrating of the hyglocopic liquid in summertime operation, or alternatively, heating of air in winter time.
Abstract: An apparatus and a method for air-conditioning by which solar heat is collected and utilized in winter heating and in summer cooling and humidity adjustment. A hygroscopic liquid circulates through a solar heat collector and a reservoir thereof to accumulate sufficient heat to furnish energy for (1) dehumidification, adiabatic cooling of air, and concentrating of the hygroscopic liquid in summertime operation, or alternatively, heating of air in winter time.
Patent•
TL;DR: In this article, an active solar energy system comprising an array of solar collectors, a pumping device to circulate fluid therethrough and a storage tank to contain the heated fluid is presented, driven by an electric motor and a solar-electric power transducer system energizes the motor.
Abstract: An active solar energy system comprising an array of solar collectors, a pumping device to circulate fluid therethrough and a storage tank to contain the heated fluid. The pump is driven by an electric motor and a solar-electric power transducer system energizes the motor, whereby the fluid is circulated through the collector system whenever sunlight is available. The heated fluid from the collector array, as well as the unheated fluid from the source are delivered to a mixing vessel from which the mixture fluid is delivered to a storage tank to meet demands.
Patent•
15 Dec 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar photoelectric module is disclosed, wherein the solar energy concentrator also performs the function of a cooling means for the photovoltaic solar energy converter, and the concentrator is made as a hollow hermetically sealed vessel filled with a transparent heat transfer agent.
Abstract: A solar photoelectric module is disclosed, wherein the solar energy concentrator also performs the function of a cooling means for the photovoltaic solar energy converter. With that object in view the concentrator is made as a hollow hermetically sealed vessel filled with a transparent heat transfer agent, while the photovoltaic solar energy converter is placed inside the hollow vessel.
Patent•
20 Apr 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a refrigerant charged solar water heating structure and system is provided for use in heating water, which comprises a solar collector structure operatively connected to a heat exchange structure having means for heating water passing therethrough.
Abstract: A refrigerant charged solar water heating structure and system is provided for use in heating water. The solar heating system comprises a solar collector structure operatively connected to a heat exchange structure having means for heating water passing therethrough. Refrigerant is used in the system. The refrigerant is boiled in the collector and condensed in the heat exchange structure to give off heat.
Patent•
26 Jul 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a flat plate type solar collector constructed of specially prepared ceramic material and designed to give maximum heat exchange with either liquid or gaseous fluids is presented, which is a preferred embodiment of this invention.
Abstract: In abstract a preferred embodiment of this invention is a flat plate type solar collector constructed of specially prepared ceramic material and designed to give maximum heat exchange with either liquid or gaseous fluids.
Patent•
01 Sep 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the primary and secondary freeze protection for a solar water heating system is provided. But the primary protection mode is triggered in response to the collector liquid temperature, T c, dropping to a selected freeze protection trigger level, T f, and involves termination of liquid circulation through and draining of liquid from the collector.
Abstract: Redundant freeze protection having primary and secondary protection modes is provided for a solar heating system, such as a solar water heating system, of the kind whose normal operation involves circulation of a heat transport liquid through a solar collector and a solar energy storage tank to store solar thermal energy in the tank. The primary protection mode is triggered in response to the collector liquid temperature, T c , dropping to a selected freeze protection trigger level, T f , and involves termination of liquid circulation through and draining of liquid from the collector. The secondary or back up freeze protection mode occurs upon failure of the collector drainage means to drain the collector in the primary mode in response to the freeze protection trigger condition T c ≦ T f and involves continued circulation of liquid through the collector and solar energy storage tank to warm the collector.
IBM1
TL;DR: A review of solar cells for terrestrial applications is given in this article, where four major categories of cells are discussed: silicon, cadmium sulfide, devices for sunlight concentration, and thin film cells.
Patent•
28 Apr 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a fixed flat plate solar reflectors and collectors were used to increase the efficiency of a solar reflector during a year-long use, and a novel arrangement of fixed flat-plate reflectors was proposed.
Abstract: The invention relates generally to a novel arrangement of fixed flat plate solar reflectors and collectors whereby an increased efficiency is obtained during year-long use.
Patent•
10 Mar 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy converter employing a stationary mirror which reflects and focuses solar radiation onto a bank of contiguous radiation concentrators through which a liquid is selectively passed as the focussed radiation passes thereacross as the elevation of the sun changes during the day.
Abstract: There is described a solar energy converter employing a stationary mirror which reflects and focuses solar radiation onto a bank of contiguous radiation concentrators through which a liquid is selectively passed as the focussed radiation passes thereacross as the elevation of the sun changes during the day.