Showing papers on "Pinus radiata published in 1981"
TL;DR: The essentials of the biology, impact and control of the European tree-killing wood wasp Sirex noctilio, which was found established in exotic Pinus radiata plantations in Australia about 1950–51, are examined.
Abstract: Summary This paper examines the essentials of the biology, impact and control of the European tree-killing wood wasp Sirex noctilio, which was found established in exotic Pinus radiata plantations in Australia about 1950–51. The wasp, with its pathogenic symbiont Amylostereum areolatum, has severely damaged some unthinned pine stands of intermediate-age, and valuable shelterbelts on farmland in Tasmania and Victoria. One-year life cycles are predominant, but three-month cycles and two or three-year cycles are also known. Emergence of adults, followed by attack on pine, occurs mostly between mid and late summer, when soil moisture levels, growth rates and tolerance of pine to pests and diseases are low. Various volatile substances produced by phloem/cambium tissues of stems and large branches, are important in the attraction of the pest. Susceptible trees are normally physiologically stressed, and attack on them is associated with a reinforcement of stress due to mucus injection, and a subsequent insect-pa...
99 citations
TL;DR: The histological events associated with shoot primordium formation in cultured excised cotyledons from germinated seed of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were examined and meristematic tissue was formed along the entire length of the cOTyledon during the first 3 wk in culture.
Abstract: The histological events associated with shoot primordium formation in cultured excised cotyledons from germinated seed of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were examined. Cytological changes in the explants were observed by day 1 in culture. Mitotic activity, initially random, became restricted to the epidermal and subepidermal cell layers closest to the medium. This led to the formation of meristematic tissue along the entire length of the cotyledon during the first 3 wk in culture. Within this meristematic zone, meristemoids, shoot primordia, and finally shoots with well-developed apical meristems, needles, and needle primordia were formed.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the movement of precipitation in a forest, as throughfall, stemflow, canopy interception, forest floor interception, and forest floor leachate was estimated from measurements made in two eucalypt forest types and a Pinus radiata plantation in the Maroondah catchment.
Abstract: Summary The movement of precipitation in a forest, as throughfall, stemflow, canopy interception, forest floor interception, and forest floor leachate was estimated from measurements made in two eucalypt forest types (Eucalyptus regnans and E. obliqua) and a Pinus radiata plantation in the Maroondah catchment, which lies on the southerly slopes of the Great Dividing Range approximately 60 km northeast of Melbourne. The amount of water immobilized by the growing trees in all three forests and that transpired by the trees in the two eucalypt forests were estimated from available data. The greater stream flow from the E. regnans forests, compared to the E. obliqua forests is due partly to the greater precipitation falling on the E. regnans forests and may also be partly due to their small transpiration losses. Less water reached the mineral soil beneath the P. radiata plantation than beneath the adjacent E. obliqua forest. This together with other studies suggest that replacement of dry sclerophyll eucalypt ...
56 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Disease/volume-loss relationships were analysed by multiple regression, and it was shown that volume growth was reduced in proportion to increase in disease level.
Abstract: Various infection levels of Dothistroma pini Hulbary were induced by artificial inoculation of Pinus radiata D. Don trees 1 year after establishment in 1972 in a plantation in Kaingaroa State Forest, and disease levels were recorded quarterly for 8 years. Tree growth between the second and eighth years of the study was examined by stem analysis of a sample of 120 trees from the second thinning and by sectional measurement of the remaining final-crop trees for volume. Inoculated plots exhibited higher disease levels from 1973 to 1976 and lower annual volume increments from 1975 to 1979 than plots which were sprayed with fungicide. Disease/volume-loss relationships were analysed by multiple regression, and it was shown that volume growth was reduced in proportion to increase in disease level.
52 citations
TL;DR: Three field trials to determine the feasibility of increasing wood production of Pinus radiata by fertilisation of thinned stands are described after four years of growth following the fertilisation treatments, finding that the responses obtained were inversely proportional to both the relative growth rates of unfertilised stands following thinning, and to the nitrogen concentration in the foliage of unfERTilised trees.
Abstract: Summary The results of three field trials which were established in 1976 to determine the feasibility of increasing wood production of Pinus radiata by fertilisation of thinned stands are described after four years of growth following the fertilisation treatments. The stands of about 20 years of age were producing an average of 14 m3 ha−1 stem-wood per year. The extra volume of wood growth resulting from fertilisation averaged 4.2 m3 ha−1 a1 for all sites, and 5.9 m3 ha−1 a−1 for the two most responsive sites, the latter being 37% over that obtained from unfertilised stands. Fifty per cent of the extra volume was added to the largest one-third of trees in the stands. A dominant tree of diameter (bhob) 27.0 cm in 1976 became 30.7 cm in 1980 if unfertilised and 32.8 cm if fertilised, an increase of 2.1 cm. The responses obtained were inversely proportional to both the relative growth rates of unfertilised stands following thinning, and to the nitrogen concentration in the foliage of unfertilised trees measu...
30 citations
TL;DR: By exposing Pinus radiata seedlings to Dothistroma pini infection in the field over a period of 3 years, the main infection period in the central North Island of New Zealand was found to be from November to February (late spring to late summer).
Abstract: By exposing Pinus radiata seedlings to Dothistroma pini infection in the field over a period of 3 years, the main infection period in the central North Island of New Zealand was found to be from November to February (late spring to late summer). No infection was obtained when the air temperature was below 7°C or when the leaf wetness period was less than 10 hours.
27 citations
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of this treatment on stand productivity, foliar nutrient, and soil properties was examined and it was estimated, using stem analysis procedures, that the raked area contained 471 m 3 total stem wood/ha compared to 535 m 3 /ha in a control area.
Abstract: After felling of the first crop of Pinus radiata D. Don on rhyolitic pumice soil, an area was cleared of all logging debris. During the ensuing 16 years of the second P. radiata crop all litter material, including that of a precommercial thinning, was raked off this area regularly. Just prior to a late second-thinning at age 16 (from c. 1000 to 250 stems/ha) the impact of this treatment on stand productivity, foliar nutrient, and soil properties was examined. It was estimated, using stem analysis procedures, that the raked area contained 471 m 3 total stem wood/ha compared to 535 m 3 /ha in a control area a reduction in productivity of some 12%. This was considered a real difference as basal areas were identical in the two areas at age 6 years. Analysis of the current year's foliage prior to thinning showed that the only nutrient significantly lower in the raked area was boron - 7.2 ppm compared to 10.6 ppm for the control area. In addition to boron, potassium and manganese were also significantly lower in older foliage, but neither approached levels considered critical for growth. A year after thinning, differences in boron concentrations increased and foliage nitrogen concentrations in the raked area became critical for growth and significantly lower than those in the control area. The biggest difference in soil properties between the two areas occurred at a depth of 5-10 cm, rather than in the surface 5 cm. Consistent with the removal of organic matter, the raked area had lower concentrations of carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Bray 2 phosphorus, and moisture. The cation exchange capacity and levels of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium were also significantly lower in the raked area. The depletion effect was greatest on exchangeable magnesium levels which were not so well buffered as calcium and potassium in this rhyolitic pumice soil. The relatively high reserves of phosphorus and nitrogen in this soil were not seriously depleted by the treatment.
25 citations
19 citations
TL;DR: A 16m Pinus radiata tree was enclosed in a ventilated chamber, and samples of the underlying pasture were covered with a small horizontal chamber for 14 months, and the results suggested that over the six-month dry season, soil water was the major factor controlling transpiration.
19 citations
TL;DR: Rates of litter decomposition have been monitored by means of needle samples in glass-fibre and shade-cloth mesh bags, and branches and cones pegged out in the field, and an harmonic analysis on needle fall is included.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Rates of litter fall in mature stands of Pinus radiata D. Don have been monitored at the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station since 1976. Decomposition trials were laid out in June 1977. Litter fall has been collected on six sites in the Bosboukloof experimental catchment, subdivided into its constituent components, and each component examined for production and annual variation. Total annual litter fall for Bosboukloof is estimated at 3 721 kg/ha. Of this, needle fall constitutes 2 645 kg/ha or 71%. Seasonality of some components is very marked but difficult to express quantitatively. An harmonic analysis on needle fall is included. Rates of litter decomposition have been monitored by means of needle samples in glass-fibre and shade-cloth mesh bags, and branches and cones pegged out in the field. The mass loss for needles after two years was between 40 and 50%, that for branches 10%, and that for cones 3,5%. The mass of accumulated litter on the forest floor has also been sampled to obtain an e...
19 citations
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of harvesting of radiata D.Don (radiata pine), followed by slash-burning, on nutrient losses by leaching was investigated in Kaingaroa State Forest.
Abstract: Tension plate lysimeters were used in Kaingaroa State Forest to determine the impact of harvesting of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine), followed by slash-burning, on nutrient losses by leaching. Soil water was monitored just beneath the mineral soil surface, and at 20-, 45-, and 100-cm soil depths. Both operations increased the leaching of nutrients to lower soil depths; however, the effect was small and short-lived. Nitrogen in the nitrate form exhibited the greatest response as elevated concentrations in soil water persisted to 3 years after logging. The maximum monthly mean nitrate level recorded at a soil depth of 100 cm was 1.3 mg N0 3-N// in the logged area and 2.1 mg// in the burned area, compared to 0.12 mg// in the control. Logging and slash-burning in radiata pine forests on the central volcanic plateau have only a small effect on nutrient leaching losses and do not appear to threaten soil fertility.
TL;DR: Fresh Pinus radiata bark will impair the growth of seedlings and struck cuttings of some species but not of Monstera pertusa, Camellia sasanqua ‘Lucinda’, Rhodondendron ‘Sir Robert Peel’ or Pilea cadierei.
TL;DR: It is suggested from these patterns and from other experimental evidence from this forest that particular soil parent materials produce stress factors which lead to increases in foliar levels of specific amino acids and that these food sources for the invading fungus enhance its growth rate.
Abstract: Summary A Pinus radiata plantation on the northern tablelands of New South Wales was surveyed to determine possible relationships between infection by Dothistroma septospora and environmental parameters including soil parent material, slope, aspect, position on slope, depth of soil to impermeable layer, and presence of weed species. Soil parent material appeared to be the main factor influencing the incidence and severity of infection by Dothistroma. The highest average infection occurred on sulphur-deficient basalt parent materials but infection levels appeared to be influenced also by other soil and topographic factors. It is suggested from these patterns and from other experimental evidence from this forest that particular soil parent materials produce stress factors which lead to increases in foliar levels of specific amino acids and that these food sources for the invading fungus enhance its growth rate.
TL;DR: It is postulated that the different nature of the N×P interaction in eucalypt and pasture soils results from differences in the nitrogen cycle in the two soils.
Abstract: The improved growth of pine plantations on pasture soils compared with that on soils which previously supported native eucalypt forest is primarily explained in terms of soil phosphorus. Pasture development has resulted in a decrease in the P adsorption maximum of about 300 μg g−1 soil, a figure which agrees with the increase in total P due to the application of superphosphate. P adsorption isotherms were used to calculate additions of P to give comparable levels of soil solution P in eucalypt and pasture soils. The growth of pine seedlings in soils thus amended showed a strong N×P interaction. When P was non-limiting, addition of N raised productivity of the eucalypt soil above that of the pasture soil. It is postulated that the different nature of the N×P interaction in eucalypt and pasture soils results from differences in the nitrogen cycle in the two soils.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is postulated that initial development of mortality does not occur from contact between pines but rather occurs at random within disease patches, which are delineated by the old growth stumps and residual root systems colonised by Armillaria root rot.
Abstract: The development pattern of mortality due to Armillaria root rot in first rotation young Pinus radiata D. Don, planted on sites cleared of indigenous forest, was analysed statistically. Rates of progress of mortality differed between study sites, but there were no significant relationships between mortality rate and various stump characteristics such as species and stump density. The pattern of mortality increase over 3 years did not support the concept of radially expanding infection centres, but instead resulted largely in consolidation of existing disease patches and the appearance of new disease centres. It is therefore postulated that initial development of mortality does not occur from contact between pines but rather occurs at random within disease patches, which are delineated by the old growth stumps and residual root systems colonised by Armillaria root rot.
TL;DR: Injection in spring of all undiluted herbicides caused high mortality of the target species, although eucalypts appeared more susceptible than silver wattle.
Abstract: Summary Five herbicides (25% a.i. hexazinone as Velpar L, 20% a.e. dicamba as Banvel 200, 36% a.e. triclopyr amine as Garlon M/3724, 48% a.e. triclopyr ester as Garlon 480 Herbicide and 50% a.e. MCPA amine as Thistle Killem) were evaluated for control of silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) and several eucalypt (Eucalyptias) species in young plantations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) using a stem injection technique. Each herbicide was injected in either spring or winter at three concentrations; these being undiluted product (100%), 1 part product to 1 part water (50%) and 1 part product to 3 parts water (25%). Injection in spring of all undiluted herbicides caused high mortality of the target species, although eucalypts appeared more susceptible than silver wattle. Velpar L, Garlon M/3724 and Garlon 480 Herbicide were also effective in a diluted form when injected in spring. These three herbicides, depending on the concentration used, were the only treatments which resulted in high mortality of the target sp...
TL;DR: The different outcomes of the trial with captive animals and the plantation trial indicate that the effectiveness of a repellent may vary from one situation to another.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Three chemical repellents were tested as a means of protecting Pinus radiata against browsing by antelope: Big Game Repellent (BGR) T & C Buck Repellent (T & C) Synthetic Fermented Egg (SFE) In an initial trial with captive grysbok, BGR proved the most effective but the effect did not last more than 14 days. SFE scorched the seedlings so trials with it were abondoned. BGR and T & C were then tested in a plantation. Both repellents reduced but did not entirely eliminate damage during the first six weeks. There was no significant difference between them as regards effectiveness. Separate tests were made to establish whether the repellents reduced the growth rate of pine seedlings to which they had been applied. T & C had no effect but BGR slightly reduced the growth rate. The different outcomes of the trial with captive animals and the plantation trial indicate that the effectiveness of a repellent may vary from one situation to another. Observations were also made to establish the effect of browsi...
TL;DR: The future of radiata pine may depend on the utilisation of genetically controlled resistance, mature plant resistance and suitable management practices in the event of introduction of P. harknessii into Australia.
Abstract: Summary Western gall rust, caused by Peridermium harknessii J. P. Moore, causes severe disease on nearly all species of hard pines including Pinus radiata, and presents a potential threat to the softwood industry of Australia and New Zealand should the pathogen be accidentally introduced into these countries. The pathogen causes formation of stem galls, which kill young trees and result in stem defect in older trees. In several regions of Australia where P. radiata is the main softwood species, it is likely that environmental conditions may be suitable for outbreaks of disease epidemics. There is some evidence that variation in resistance to western gall rust occurs both within and between native populations of P. radiata. In the event of introduction of P. harknessii into Australia the future of radiata pine may depend on the utilisation of genetically controlled resistance, mature plant resistance and suitable management practices.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that in P. radiata, both seed proteins and cone size indicate quantitative genetic relationships among the populations, and that the three California mainland populations of P. Radata are more closely related to one another than to the insular populations.
Abstract: Antisera were prepared to seed proteins from five populations of Pinus radiata and to seed proteins from six other pine species. Differences between the P. radiata populations detected with these antisera were compared to differences in sizes of cones from the same populations. The strong correlation between antigenic differences and cone size differences provides evidence that in P. radiata, both seed proteins and cone size indicate quantitative genetic relationships among the populations. The data suggest that the three California mainland populations of P. radiata are more closely related to one another than to the insular populations, and that the insular populations are more closely related to each other than to the California populations, to P. attenuata, or to P. muricata. PINUS RADIATA D. Don consists of a complex of populations scattered in coastal and insular habitats along western North America. There are three discrete populations on the California coast, near Aino Nuevo Point, Monterey, and Cambria. The California populations were probably formed by the dispersal of an ancestral population from mainland Mexico, followed by the isolation of favorable habitats that occurred after the late Pleistocene when regions with drier climates expanded (Axelrod, 1980). There are two other populations, with uncertain taxonomic positions, on Guadalupe and Cedros Islands off Baja California. These
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a failure of yellow tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus Sims) at Pouto Forest can be attributed to a combination of factors including multiple nutrient de-ficiencies, exposure, and pest attack.
Abstract: Past failure of yellow tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus Sims) at Pouto Forest can be ascribed to a combination of factors including multiple nutrient de ficiencies, exposure, and pest attack. Marked growth responses to molybdenum application and to sulphur in the presence of molybdenum have been obtained. A small response to boron in the presence of molybdenum was also noted. Deficiencies of molybdenum, sulphur, and boron have not been reported in other New Zealand sand dune forests. At Pouto it is likely that the combination of neutral sand pH, high leaching potential, and absence of fresh sand accretion from the foreshore results in losses of these elements which exceed the natural input. Correction of nutrient deficiency is expected to increase plant vigour to a point where other factors have a negligible effect on the development of an adequate lupin cover. Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) trees are unlikely to be affected by molybdenum deficiency but their sulphur and boron status should be monitored during growth.
TL;DR: The application of superphosphate or rockphosphates to seven- to ten-year-old plantations of Pinus radiata at Fingal, Tasmania, has resulted in improved health and increased growth.
Abstract: Summary The application of superphosphate or rockphosphate to seven- to ten-year-old plantations of Pinus radiata at Fingal, Tasmania, has resulted in improved health and increased growth. Foliar levels of phosphorus and calcium were higher in the fertilised stands, and in many cases foliar levels of potassium, nitrogen and copper also increased. The growth of stands at Fingal, receiving superphosphate and rockphosphate, is still, however, slow compared with other plantation areas of Tasmania and this is attributed to factors, such as drought, which have not yet been elucidated. Applications of urea subsequent to establishment at Fingal has caused only a transient increase in foliar nitrogen levels and has had no effects on growth or health of trees.
TL;DR: In this paper, Granulated sludge from a treatment plant near Adelaide, South Australia, was tested for its fertiliser value in three plantations of Pinus radiata on infertile soils.
Abstract: Summary Granulated sludge from a treatment plant near Adelaide, South Australia, was tested for its fertiliser value in three plantations of Pinus radiata on infertile soils. Over a period of two years, sludge treatments depressed tree growth on one of the sites, gave a small but significant response on the second, and no significant response on the third. The sludge is not recommended as a fertiliser in pine plantations.
TL;DR: It is tentatively concluded that there is a relationship between worm numbers and density of planted P. radiata and, with one exception, generally decreased as planting densities increased.
Abstract: Seasonal estimates of earthworm numbers and biomass were made by hand-sorting from samples taken between November 1975 and August 1976 from five sites, at Tikitere, near Rotorua, New Zealand. Four of these sites were sown pasture, planted with Pinus radiata D. Don. of a uniform age but at different densities. The fifth site was pasture without P. radiata. Measured environmental factors were generally similar for each of the five sites. Similar earthworm faunas were recovered from the five sites, with Allolobophora caliginosa (Savigny) dominant in each. Worm numbers were greatest in the pasture without P. radiata and, with one exception, generally decreased as planting densities increased. It is tentatively concluded that there is a relationship between worm numbers and density of planted P. radiata.
TL;DR: Storage of Pinus radiata logs for three months was compared in the forest and at a sawmill commencing mid-February, finding the onset of fungal degrade was more rapid in the logs stored at the sawmill.
Abstract: Summary Storage of Pinus radiata logs for three months was compared in the forest and at a sawmill commencing mid-February. The onset of fungal degrade was more rapid in the logs stored at the sawmill. Logs with bark could be left for only two weeks at the sawmill and four weeks in the forest without fungal degrade. Debarked logs were sapstained within a week of cutting at both locations. Seasoning rates were determined on logs sprayed with a mixture of 2% sodium pentachlorophenate and 0.5% benzene hexachloride. The spray was effective against bark beetles but not against sapstain and deterioration occurred on sprayed logs abut the same time as unsprayed logs. When the logs were sawn longitudinally after storage for three months flitches from only four of 48 logs were free from stain and decay. The most commonly isolated fungi were Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx and Peniophora sp.
TL;DR: In a pine forest plantation, P. cinnamomi was rarely isolated from the root zones, and never from the roots, of established P. radiata, and death of the trees followed an increase in the soil population density of P. baumomi which appeared to be correlated with increasing soil temp.
Abstract: In a pine forest plantation, P. cinnamomi was rarely isolated from the root zones, and never from the roots, of established P. radiata growing at P. cinnamomi sites. When a P. cinnamomi site was replanted with P. radiata, a third of the young pines died during the first 9 months, about 50% of them yielding P. cinnamomi from roots. Death of the trees followed an increase in the soil population density of P. cinnamomi which appeared to be correlated with increasing soil temp. and high soil moisture.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: A recent example of wind damage in a Pinus radiata D. Don stand on the Canterbury Plains clearly demonstrated that wind damage was greater in the immediate lee of two exposed stand edges as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A recent example of wind damage in a Pinus radiata D. Don stand on the Canterbury Plains clearly demonstrated that: (1) Wind-damage was greater in the immediate lee of two exposed stand edges. One edge was caused by adjacent open ground and the other by a taller stand to windward. (2) There were turbulent eddies and high-force backdrafts in the lee of a tall relatively non-porous stand.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to determine to what extent the crown of a Pinus radiata tree can be harnessed to withdraw moisture from the stem after the tree has been felled, thus reducing the mass of the logs sawn from it and lowering the costs of the logging and seasoning processes.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS A study was undertaken to determine to what extent the crown of a Pinus radiata tree can be harnessed to withdraw moisture from the stem after the tree has been felled, thus reducing the mass of the logs sawn from it and lowering the costs of the logging and seasoning processes. After 31 days, a tree which had been felled in November with its crown left intact showed a mass-loss of no less than 42,3% as against a loss of only 9,85% in the case of a tree which had been cut into logs immediately after felling. In the case of a tree felled in March, the same mass-loss (42,5%) was reached after 56 days. The moisture distribution was almost even throughout the stem after 56 days of “crown drying”. It is argued that although the cut crowns may hamper log-making and extraction operations, the mass-loss and the consequent reduction in harvesting and seasoning costs should be so substantial that “crown drying” could be a feasible proposition. Many unknown factors such as the development of blue stain stil...
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In a pine forest plantation in South Australia Phytophthora cinnamomi was rarely isolated from the root zones, and never from the roots, of established Pinus radiata growing at Ph. cinnmomi sites, and death of the trees followed an increase in the soil population density of Ph.cinnamomz which appeared to be correlated with increasing soil temperature and high soil moisture.
Abstract: In a pine forest plantation in South Australia Phytophthora cinnamomi was rarely isolated from the root zones, and never from the roots, of established Pinus radiata growing at Ph. cinnamomi sites. When a Ph. cinnamomi site was replanted with P. radiata, a third of the young pines died during the first 9 months, about 50% of them yielding Ph. cinnamomi from roots. Death of the trees followed an increase in the soil population density of Ph. cinnamomz which appeared to be correlated with increasing soil temperature and high soil moisture.