Showing papers on "Primate published in 1977"
TL;DR: Circulating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in daily serum samples throughout the menstrual cycle of seven adult cynomolgus monkeys, showing a composite pattern that strongly resembles that reported for rhesus monkeys.
Abstract: SummaryCirculating levels of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassays in daily serum samples throughout the menstrual cycle of seven adult cynomolgus monkeys. The composite pattern of these hormones in cynomolgus monkeys strongly resembles that reported for rhesus monkeys, and is similar to that in the menstrual cycle of women. Thus, in the face of diminishing supplies and higher costs of rhesus monkeys, the cynomolgus monkey can also serve effectively as a model for studies in primate reproduction.The expert technical assistance and animal care by D. L. Barber, C. K. Turner, and J. Lewis, Jr., are gratefully acknowledged.
105 citations
TL;DR: The successful treatment of yellow fever in a primate model with use of poly (ICLC) suggests a meaningful role for the interferon system in the host defense against this viral infection.
Abstract: Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with a newly developed nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, poly-L-lysine, and carboxymethylcellulose [poly (ICLC)] did not die after challenge with virulent Asibi strain yellow fever (YF) virus. The strain of virus is sensitive to the effects of interferon in vitro and is lethal for rhesus monkeys four to six days after subcutaneous administration of 1,000 plaque-forming units of the virus. The mortality rate was reduced in monkeys initially treated 8 hr before or after inoculation of virus but was unchanged in monkeys initially treated 24 hr after challenge. Treated monkeys developed neutralizing antibody to YF virus. The successful treatment of yellow fever in a primate model with use of poly (ICLC) suggests a meaningful role for the interferon system in the host defense against this viral infection.
73 citations
TL;DR: Primates contain gene sequences for at least two distinct classes of genetically transmitted oncornaviruses, the type C class (isolated from baboons and the type D class described here), which are related to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus isolated from rhesus monkeys.
Abstract: Gene sequences related to a retrovirus (oncornavirus type D) isolated from a lung cell culture from spectacled langur (Presbytis obscurus) are found in multiple copies (20-40 per haploid genome) in langur cellular DNA; partially homologous virogene sequences are present in the DNA of related Old World monkey species. Primates thus contain gene sequences for at least two distinct classes of genetically transmitted oncornaviruses, the type C class (isolated from baboons) and the type D class described here. The langur virus is partially related to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus isolated from rhesus monkeys. Nucleic acid hybridization studies suggest that Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, now infectious among primates, was derived from an endogenous virus of langurs or from another member of the primate sub-family Colobinae.
69 citations
TL;DR: Comparisons of human spermatozoal morphology with those of man's closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla and the orangutan, are examined in the hope that spermatozosal morphology might provide some taxonomic clues about the authors' affinities to the great apes.
Abstract: HUMAN semen has long been known to differ from that of any other mammal in the high proportion of abnormal spermatozoa that it contains1. But there has been almost no opportunity to compare human spermatozoa with those of man's closest living relatives, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus); these are all now endangered species, and the few animals in zoos are not available for experimentation. Recently, workers at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, where all four species are maintained, have perfected a technique for obtaining semen from these rare animals by electroejaculation2. Preliminary studies have suggested that marked morphological similarities exist only between the spermatozoa of the gorilla and man3. We examined these similarities and differences in more detail, in the hope that spermatozoal morphology might provide some taxonomic clues about our affinities to the great apes.
58 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that olfaction may be a more significant factor in primate early attachment than has generally been assumed and addedition of static visual cues did not enhance discrimination, and infants showed little evidence of discriminating the mother by means ofstatic visual cues alone.
Abstract: Infant squirrel monkeys, 8 to 24 weeks of age, were tested for their ability to discriminate their own mother from another lactating mother by means of olfactory cues, visual cues, or a combination of both. Discrimination by olfactory cues was unequivocal. Addition of static visual cues did not enhance discrimination, and infants showed little evidence of discriminating the mother by means of static visual cues alone. These results suggest that olfaction may be a more significant factor in primate early attachment than has generally been assumed.
47 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that age at first conception, a biologically more relevant index than menarche, should be considered as a potentially important adaptive variable when describing primate species.
Abstract: 5 female and 3 male patas monkeys and 6 female and 3 male talapoin monkeys matured in a captive breeding colony. Age at puberty is given, and some variation discussed. The talapoin, a very small monkey, becomes adult at 4 1/2 years for females, 1 or 2 years later for males. The patas, a rather large monkey, becomes adult at 2 1/2 years, for females, and 1 or 2 years later for males. Both these ages for puberty differ from data for the rhesus monkey which has been accepted as generalizable to all Old World monkeys. Possible causes of differences between species in average age at puberty are discussed, including nutrition, environmental inconstancy, and relative size of infant and mother. It is suggested that age at first conception, a biologically more relevant index than menarche, should be considered as a potentially important adaptive variable when describing primate species.
45 citations
TL;DR: Bipedal walking of the six species of anthropoid primates including man were examined by means of the force plate technique and it was emphasized that the similarity of man to the chimpanzees and spider monkey in bipedal walking has some evolutionary significance.
Abstract: Bipedal walking of the six species of anthropoid primates including man were examined by means of the force plate technique. Though each species has a particular pattern of bipedal walking, we can classify two types of patterns in these primates as far as the foot force is concerned. The first type includes the man, chimpanzee, and spider monkey and the second type contains the Japanese monkey, hamadryas baboon, and gibbon. It was emphasized that the similarity of man to the chimpanzee and spider monkey in bipedal walking has some evolutionary significance.
42 citations
TL;DR: The correlation of the temporal occurrence of C. albigena polyspecific associations with the activity of biting and sucking flies, C.Albigena feeding and other activities, and the temporal occurrences of attacks by the crowned eagle-hawk (eagles are the only known predator) is reported.
Abstract: PRIMATE polyspecific associations are likely to be an effective means of reducing the number of fly bites individual monkeys receive1. The probability of acquiring a vector-borne disease, and the severity of that disease increases with the number of fly bites an animal receives2–4. Bait animals placed in groups are known to attract fewer individual mosquitoes per bait individual than are bait animals placed singly3,5. Mean group size of the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena is about 13 in Kibale Forest, Uganda, and the mean group size of Colobus badius and Cercopithecus ascanius are 50 and 35 respectively6. Associations of groups of these species are likely to reduce significantly the number of dipteran bites individual monkeys receive1,7. Other explanations proposed for primate polyspecific associations include increased food location abilities, and increased predator detection and avoidance8,9. I report here the correlation of the temporal occurrence of C. albigena polyspecific associations with the activity of biting and sucking flies, C. albigena feeding and other activities, and the temporal occurrence of attacks by the crowned eagle-hawk (Stephanoaetus coronatus) (eagles are the only known predator of these monkeys). The study was carried out in the Kibale Forest, Ngogo Reserve.
38 citations
TL;DR: These findings, along with establishing the efficacy of the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit to diagnose pregnancy in this macaque, extend previous evidence for utility of cynomolgus monkeys as a primate model for study of steroid hormones in pregnancy.
23 citations
TL;DR: An interspecies assay has thus been developed that recognizes the type-D retroviruses from both Old World monkey (rhesus and langur) and New Worldmonkey (squirrel) species.
Abstract: A competition radioimmunoassay has been developed in which type-D retroviruses from three primate species compete. The assay utilizes the major structural protein (36,000 daltons) of the endogenous squirrel monkey retrovirus and antisera directed against the major structural protein (27,000 daltons) of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus isolated from rhesus monkeys. Purified preparations of both viruses grown in heterologous cells, as well as extracts of heterologous cells infected with squirrel monkey retrovirus or Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, compete completely in the assay. Addition of an endogenous virus of the langur monkey also results in complete blocking. No blocking in the assay is observed with type-C baboon viruses, woolly monkey virus, and gibbon virus. Various other type-C and type-B viruses also showed no reactivity. An interspecies assay has thus been developed that recognizes the type-D retroviruses from both Old World monkey (rhesus and langur) and New World monkey (squirrel) species.
21 citations
TL;DR: The concept that SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are evolutionarily related is supported, and the possibility that a progenitor of type-D retroviruses became genetically associated with primates at a very early time in their evolution is raised.
Abstract: A reverse transcriptase-containing virus has recently been isolated from a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Molecular hybridization studies demonstrate that the squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) is endogenous to this New World primate, yet lacks detectable nucleotide sequence homology with cellular DNAs of representative Old World primates or with the genomes of previously isolated Old World primate retroviruses. The 35,000-dalton major structural protein (p35) of SMRV was purified and shown to possess antigenic determinants distinct from those of known retroviruses. While SMRV was found to lack antigenic determinants broadly shared among mammalian type-C viruses, immunologic crossreactivity was demonstrated between SMRV p35 and the major structural protein (p26) of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a prototype type-D retrovirus of Old World monkeys. These findings support the concept that SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus are evolutionarily related, and raise the possibility that a progenitor of type-D retroviruses became genetically associated with primates at a very early time in their evolution.
TL;DR: The phenomenon of non-restricted variation of NADH-diaphorase in the Rhesus monkeys and other lower primates is compared with the restricted variation of the same enzyme in man.
01 Jun 1977
TL;DR: Two separate studies were carried out with two groups of four adult Rhesus monkeys, and four monkeys were prepared surgically for central cortical EEG operant conditioning, as described previously in cats.
Abstract: : Two separate studies were carried out with two groups of four adult Rhesus monkeys. In the first, specific behaviors were quantified and compared in these animals under three conditions: (1) individually caged, (2) placed in primate restraint chairs, and (3) further immobilized with arm restraints. Behavior was generally attenuated in a progressive manner with increasing restraint. In the second study, four monkeys were prepared surgically for central cortical EEG operant conditioning, as described previously in cats. Food reward was provided for criterion trains of sensorimotor cortex 12-15 Hz activity. All animals demonstrated acquisition of this EEG response.