Showing papers on "Prison published in 1971"

The Effectiveness of Correctional Programs

Abstract: Justifications for the development of special correctional pro grams and for the choice of sentencing disposition for an individual offender are frequently based on claims of greater rehabilitative efficacy. While considerable evidence exists that some types of offenders have relatively more or less likelihood of recidivism than others, there is, as yet, almost no evidence that available correctional alternatives have any impact on those likelihoods. The article reviews findings from studies of correc tion in California for five critical choices in offender process ing : (1) imprisonment or probation, (2) length of stay in prison, (3) treatment program in prison, (4) intensity of parole or probation supervision, and (5) outright discharge from prison or release on parole. The authors conclude that variations in recidivism rates among these alternatives are, for the most part, attributable to initial differences among the types of offenders processed and that the remaining differences in violation rate bet...

The Justice Structure of the Prison- A Theory and an Intervention

Abstract: ment and obedience orientation; Stage 2, the instrumental exchange orientation; Stage 3, the interpersonal concordance or &dquo;good boy-nice girl&dquo; orientation; Stage 4, the &dquo;law and order&dquo; orientation; Stage 5, the social contract legalistic orientation; and Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation. These stages have been found to occur, and occur in the same age order, in every culture studied (Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey, U. S., Israel). They have been found to correspond to an invariant ; step-by-step movement in the longitudinal development of a group of fifty American males studied every three years from age ten to twenty-

Prison treatment and parole survival: An empirical assessment

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Suicide attempts in a Federal prison.

Abstract: The records of 58 federal offenders at the United States Penitentiary in Lewisburg who had made one or more suicide attempts were examined. The attempts were categorized as to seriousness and related to risk factors. The more serious attempt were positively related to (1) loss of a loved one, (2) method other than cutting, and (3) later separation from mother. These findings are essentially consistent with the pertinent literature.

Differences Among Behavioral Variables, Personal Characteristics, and Personality Scores of Tattooed and Nontattooed Prison Inmates

Abstract: This study was conducted to ascertain differences among be havioral variables, personal characteristics, and personality scores of 101 tattooed and 70 nontattooed inmates at the Utah State Prison. It was found that tattooed inmates had significantly more psychic pain, family discord, self-degradation, social deviancy, impulsiveness, hostility, and depression than nontattooed inmates. The tattooed had lower intelligence quotients, had completed fewer grades in school, and had been involved in more prison rule infractions than the nontattooed inmates. They were more likely to be married, to violate their parole, to have juvenile records, and to misuse drugs.

Group therapy in prison.

Abstract: (1971). Group Therapy in Prison. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 489-496.

Comparison of Hospital and Prison Alcoholics

Abstract: The prison and hospital groups did not differ in the degree of psychological disturbance: the high 16PF Anxiety and HDHQ General Hostility scores obtained by both hospital and prison alcoholics indicate a high degree of `emotional upset' and disturbance of personal relationships manifest in a lack of confidence, sense of guilt and worthlessness, dependency, irritability, tenseness, and hostility towards and suspicion of others. The prison alcoholics, however, were clearly differentiated from those in hospital in terms of social class, age, and style of drinking. These findings should be considered along with the study by McCance and McCance of the outcome of treatment for alcoholics in Scotland (1969). They found that those alcoholics who did poorly were those who showed such characteristics as being single, having no home or steady job, or a record of police arrests and drinking cheap wine. These are the very characteristics which describe the prison alcoholic. These factors, moreover, were found by McCance to be more important than the type of treatment that was given. This indicates the need for the development of other methods of treatment and disposal than those presently in use. It can be argued that: (i) the alcoholic in prison, in terms of degree of psychological disturbance, is in as great a need of treatment as the hospital alcoholics; (ii) the present procedure for dealing with prison alcoholics is costly and ineffective—one alcoholic who had had 100 imprisonments was described as being `on life sentence without remissions since 1945'; (iii) current hospital treatments for alcoholics showing the same features as prison alcoholics are ineffective.

Establishing the Rule of Law in Prisons: A Manual for Prisoners' Rights Litigation - eScholarship

Abstract: ESTABLISHING THE RULE OF LAW IN PRISONS: A MANUAL FOR PRISONERS' RIGHTS LITIGATION By WILLIAM BENNETT TURNER WILLIAM BENNETT TURNER earned his Bachelor of Science Degree from Northwestern University in 1959 and his LL.B. Degree from Harvard University in 1963. He is presently assistant counsel, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Incorporated, San Francisco, California. F tions of life in prison were ignored by the OR plaints MOST OF HISTORY, the condi- com- of OUR prisoners about courts. Judicial review was avoided under the hands-off doctrine. 2 The courts rea- soned that the handling of persons con- victed of a crime was a difficult task that required considerable expertise that they did not possess. Therefore, the courts de- ferred in all matters of treatment of pris- oners to the presumed administrative ex- pertise of prison officials. 3 This immunity from judicial scrutiny led to a tradition of lawlessness in the corrections phase of the criminal process. The elaborate constitutional protections afforded the accused before and during trial stopped at the point of sentencing. What happen- ed to the convicted after sentencing was not a matter of judicial or, indeed, public concern. Yet more than 95 percent of the in- mates of the nation's prisons will return to society, either on parole or upon the expiration of their sentences. 4 The ex- perience of these inmates while in prison will largely determine their chances of becoming productive and law-abiding citizens after release. Thus, what happens in prison is of critical importance not only to the relatively few offenders who are caught and convicted of crimes but also to the nation, which faces a general crisis of crime control. It is perhaps with all this in mind that Chief Justice Burger described the prison system as the most neglected, the most crucial and probably the least understood phase of the admin- istration of justice. ' This Article deals with the rights of prisoners while incarcerated. It is not concerned with sentencing, probation, parole, 6 or postrelease civil disabilities. The author is grateful to his colleagues Stanley A. Bass and Alice Daniel for their helpful suggestions in the preparation of this article. . Landman v. Peyton, 370 F.2d 135, 140 (4th Cir. 1966). 2. Expression of the doctrine is found even in recent cases. E.g., We have consistently adhered to the so-called hands-off policy in matters of prison administration according to which we have said that the basic responsi- bility for the control and management of penal institu- tions, including the discipline, treatment, and care of those confined, lies with the responsible administrative agency and is not subject to judicial review unless exer- cised in such a manner as to constitute clear abuse or caprice upon the part of prison officials. Bethea v. Crouse, 417 F.2d 504, 505-06 (10th Cir. 1969). See also Starti v. Beto, 405 F.2d 858, 859 (5th Cir. 1969); Doug- las v. Sigler, 386 F.2d 684, 68 (8th Cir. 1967). For a collection of judicial formulations of the doctrine see Note, Beyond the Ken of the Courts: A Critique of Judi- cial Refusal to Review the Complaints of Convicts, 72 Yale L.J. 506, 508 n.12 (1963). A more primitive judi- cial attitude toward prisoners was expressed by the Supreme Court of Virginia: He [the convicted felon] has, as a consequence of his crime, not only forfeited his liberty, but all his personal rights except those which the law in its humanity accords to him. He is, for the time being, the slave of the State. Ruffin v. Common- wealth, 62 Va. (21 Gratt.) 790, 796 (1871). 3. Thorough analysis and criticism of the hands-off doc- trine and its various formulations can be found in Note, supra note 2; Note, Constitutional Rights of Prisoners: The Developing Law, 110 U. Pa L. Rev. 985 (1962). 4. See generally CALIFORNIA ASSEMBLY COMMIFrEE ON CIVIL PROCEDURE, DETERRENT EF'EcTs OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONs 32, 34 (May 1968). 5. Address by Chief Justice Burger, Centennial Convoca- tion of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Feb. 17, 1970, in 25 RECORD OF N.Y.C.B.A. 14, 15 (Supp., March 1970). 6. A prisoner's most important legal problem is obtaining early release. Establishing a right to early and fair parole consideration and to procedural due process in the granting and revocation of parole is, however, be- yond the scope of this Article. There are indications that courts may move awar from the notion that parole is a matter of the grace' and unfettered discretion of

Aspects of Penal Policy in Africa, with Special Reference to Tanzania

Abstract: Although the broader purpose of this paper is to review some of the major aspects of current penal policy in Africa, I wish to emphasize the desirability of seeking new approaches to the perennial problem of how to deal with deviants generally, and criminal offenders in particular. The main thrust of penal policy in Africa today—and, indeed, in the world generally—ought, in my view, to be directed toward developing what I will call “alternatives to imprisonment”. I use “imprisonment” here as a short-hand expression to denote the entire process of criminal justice as it works in most countries, in the majority of cases, i.e., from an arrest to a court sentence to prison. Thus I am putting the question: towards what kind of penal system, in its widest sense, ought we to be working? I will suggest that the answer is: towards new and alternative means of dealing with deviance, i.e., any method of treating a person who engages in deviant behaviour other than by sending him through the complete criminal process into prison. Thus this paper will range over a wide area, including the kinds of deviant behaviour to be dealt with, the nature of the process by which the deviant is dealt with and the nature of the sanctions available to deal with deviancy.

Andocides' Part in the Mysteries and Hermae Affairs 415 B.C.

Abstract: 1. In his recent edition of the De Mysteriis, Mr. D. M. MacDowell has advanced the hypothesis that Andocides, contrary to the generally accepted view, was not guilty of mutilating the Hermae, but guilty of parodying the Mysteries; that, even after he had told what he knew about the former affair, he was kept in prison until, eventually, he confessed to the latter, incriminating, amongst others, his father Leogoras, to gain immunity for himself; and that finally, released and repentant, he helped his father to avoid prosecution. These conclusions are reached in an ingeniously argued series of appendices, in which the author displays a refreshing scepticism towards the evidence of Thucydides.

Sexual and aggressive fantasies in violent and non-violent prison inmates.

Abstract: Summary It was hypothesized that violent inmates who refrain from disciplinary violations while in prison would express more fantasy aggression compared to violent inmates with discipline problems and to well disciplined, non-violent inmates. It was also hypothesized that sexual fantasies would be positively correlated with aggressive fantasies in the whole group. 65 inmates at a state prison, classified on the basis of criminal history and prison discipline, took a fantasy Questionnaire (FQ) and an Experimental TAT booklet (ETAT. The results did not support the first hypothesis, though the differences were in the predicted direction. The second hypothesis was fully supported.

Dexamethasone Testing in Prison Inmates

Abstract: Topical dexamethasone responsiveness was determined in a group of 56 volunteer prison inmates. Drops were administered to each volunteer four times daily, thus eliminating the factor of patient reliability in use of the medication. The findings fit closely a prevalence of 0.25 for the steroid responder gene in the general population. An increased prevalence of nontasters to phenylthiocarbamide was found in those more highly responsive to topical dexamethasone. Thyroid function, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI) determination, did not correlate with the topical corticosteroid response, probably because of high dietary iodide intake. Plasma cortisol suppression testing also failed to correlate with corticosteroid response. This was felt to be the result of concomitant diphenylhydantoin administration.

Temporary Prison Release California's Prerelease Furlough Program

Abstract: Since January 1969 inmates in the California state prison system have been eligible for release on 72-hour furloughs within the period beginning ninety days before their release dates. The statewide program is described in this report, and data on the frequency of its use in each institution during the first half of 1969 are presented. During this period 795 inmates were fur loughed from state correctional facilities.

Rehabilitation and Economic Self-Interest

Abstract: For two hundred years the classical doctrine of self-interest has served as a broad philosophical base for the capitalistic system of the Western world. This study suggests that capitalism may be used as a model for the design of a modern prison system in which the economic incentive of self-interest is used to rehabilitate inmates. Under the capitalistic system, avarice is the motivating force that directs man's activity. Self-interest provides the production that society requires and desires. By seeking to maximize his gain, each man provides for the total good. He is paid for behavior that society desires and is not paid if he fails to cooperate with society. Individuals try to please society because doing so serves their selfish interests. In the prison model developed, the individual would be fined a set sum of money as a penalty for his crime. He would be required to pay the stated sum to obtain release from prison. The inmate must earn, from activities within the prison system, all of the wealth ne...